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CIEXYZ
Color Coordinate System

Lecture 3

Color Representation
CIEXYZ Color Space
CIE Chromaticity Space
HSL,HSV,LUV,CIELab

1931 The Commission International de lEclairage (CIE)

Defined a standard system for color representation.

The CIE-XYZ Color Coordinate System.

In this system, the XYZ Tristimulus values can describe
any visible color.

The XYZ system is based on the color matching experiments

Trichromatic Color Theory

Calculating the CIEXYZ

Color Coordinate System

tri=three chroma=color

CIE-RGB

Every color can be represented by 3 values.

60

e1
e2
e3

40
20
0

400

500

600

700

Wavelength (nm)

Primary Intensity

80

r()

2
1

b()

g()

0
400

500

600

700

Wavelength (nm)
Space of visible colors is 3 Dimensional.

David Wright 1928-1929, 1929-1930 & John Guild 1931

17 observers responses to Monochromatic lights between 400700nm using viewing field of 2 deg angular subtense.
Primaries are monochromatic : 435.8 546.1 700 nm
2 deg field.
These were defined as CIE-RGB primaries and CMF.

XYZ are a linear transformation away from the observed data.

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CIEXYZ
Color Coordinate System

Luminous-Efficiency function of
the human eye

1) CMFs are non-negative over visible wavelengths.

(i.e. any color is represented by 3 positive values).
2) Equal amounts of the Primaries produce white.
(i.e. X=Y=Z for stimulus of equal luminance at
each wavelength).
3) The y color matching function is defined to match
the luminous-efficiency function of the human eye.

Luminous Efficiency

CIE Criteria for choosing Primaries X,Y,Z and

Color Matching Functions x,y,z.
1

0.6

0.2
400

500

600

700

Wavelength (nm)

4) Primaries are as tight as possible around the

set of possible colors (Maxwell triangle Projects
to equilateral in XYZ space).

CIEXYZ
Color Coordinate System

CIE-RGB to CIE-XYZ

Z
CIE-RGB Chromaticity space (rg).
* Cr, Cg, Cb must enclose the Gamut.
* Line Cb-Cr is defined by Y being Luminance Function.
(the Alychne = line of zero luminance).
* Line Cr-Cg is tangent at 650+ (z is zero beyond 650).
* Thus Cr is defined.
* Equal Energy (x=y=z=1/3) puts constraint on Cb-Cg
* Tight around Gamut -> line Cb-Cg is close to green.
* Cb and Cg are defined.

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CIE RGB space to XYZ space.

Map Cb Cg Cr to x=(0,0) y=(0,1) z=(1,0)

CIE Color Standard - 1931

1.8

Tristimulus values

CIE-RGB to CIE-XYZ

1.4

z()
y()

x()

0.6
0.2
400

500

600

700

Wavelength (nm)

y is predefined.
Non negative over the visible wavelengths.
(X,Z Several Hundreds, Y 0..100).
The 3 primaries associated with x y z color
matching functions are unrealizable
(negative power in some of the wavelengths).
Integral over the CMF gives equal values.
CMF are linear transformation away from
CIE-RGB and from LMS.

CIE Color Standard - 1964

Stiles and Birch data (1959):
Color Matching Experiment with:
10 Deg view
Primaries: 444.4 525.3 645.2

CIE-XYZ10

Colorimeters

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Color matching functions vs

LMS - cone photoreceptor responses
CIE RGB
Primaries are monochromatic : 435.8 546.1 700 nm

XYZ Tristimulus System

Cone Spectral Sensitivity

1

x()
y()
z()

1.4

Relative sensitivity

Tristimulus values

1.8
L
M
S

0.75

1
0.6

0.5

X
1.9023 -1.4000 0.3544
Y = 0.6371 0.3933 -0.0093
Z
0.0007 0.0033 1.7462

R
G
B

0.25

0.2
400

500

600

700

400

Wavelength (nm)

500

600

700

Wavelength (nm)

The cone responses form a 3D linear system.

Cone responses are equivalent for metamers.
thus
The cone spectral sensitivities and the XYZ color
matching functions are related by a 3 x 3 linear
transformation.
X
1.9023 -1.4000 0.3544
Y = 0.6371 0.3933 -0.0093
Z
0.0007 0.0033 1.7462

L
M
S

CIEXYZ
Color Coordinate System

CIEXYZ
Color Coordinate System

x y z Color Matching Functions

Y

Tristimulus values

1.8
1.4

z()
y()

x()

0.6
0.2
400

500

600

Wavelength (nm)

700

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CIE Chromaticity Diagram

X
=x
X+Y+Z
Y
=y
X+Y+Z
Z
=z
X+Y+Z

X
Y

0.9
520

530
540

510

550

CIE Chromaticity Diagram

(ax,ay,az)

x+y+z = 1

505

560
570

500

580

0.5

590

495

600
610
490

650

485
480
470
450

0.0
0.0

0.5

1.0

A common representative of color signal: [x,y,Y]

Color Naming

CIE-RGB Primaries

0.9
520

530
540

510

550
505

green

yellow- 570
green
580
yellow

500

560

0.5

590

495

orange 600

490

cyan

485

blue
480

610

white
pink

red

650

magenta

purple

470
450

0.0

0.5

1.0

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Blackbody Radiators and

CIE standard Illuminants

0.8

3000K

Relative energy

CIE Standard Illuminants:

A - tungsten light
B - Sunset
C - blue sky
D65 - Average daylight
E - Equal energy white (x=y=z=1/3)

Blackbody Radiators

3500K

0.6
9000K

4000 3000
5000
2000
6000
7000
8000
A
B
10000
E
20000
C
D65

0.4
0.2
0

0.2

0.4
x

Wavelength (nm)

0.6

0.8
http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/java/colortemperature/index.html

Television Primaries and Gamut

R 1G 1B 1 - Primaries used for PAL
R2 G 2B 2 - Primaries used for NTSC
D65 - reference white for PAL
C - reference white for NTSC

0.8

NTSC
PAL

G2
G1

0.6
y
0.4

D65
E

R1
R2

0.2
0

B1
B2

0.2

0.4
x

0.6

0.8

CIE Chromaticity + Gamut applet :

http://www.cs.rit.edu/~ncs/color/a_chroma.html

Signal Lights

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Chromaticity in Polar Coordinates

XYZ Color Space

Given a reference white.

Hue vs Saturation

Dominant Wavelength
wavelength of the spectral color which added
to the reference white, produces the given color.

0.8

550

0.6
0.4

630

490
Reference
white

0.2
0

Chromaticity in Polar Coordinates

0.4

0.6

0.8

Chromaticity in Polar Coordinates

Given a reference white.

Given a reference white.

Complementary Wavelength

Purity

wavelength of the spectral color which added

to the given color, produces the reference white.

0.8

the ratio of the lengths between the given color and

reference white and between the dominant wavelength
and reference white. Ranges between 0 .. 1.

0.8

0.6

0.6

570

0.4

0.2

0.4
485

Reference
white

Reference
white

0.2
0

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.2

0.6

0.8

0.4

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

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EXAMPLE:

Chromaticity in Polar Coordinates

Reference white is CIE standard illuminant - C.

Dominant Wavelength of color S1 is D1
of color S2 is D2.

0.8

Complementary Wavelength of color S 1 is D1.

S2 does not have a complimentary wavelength.

Dominant/complimentary
Wavelength

0.6
Excitation Purity of S1 is the ratio CS 1/CD 1
of S2 is the ratio CS2/CD2
of S3 is the ratio CS3/CD3

Y
purity

0.4

reference white

0.8

0.2

D2

0.6

S2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.4

D1
S1
C

D1

0.2
0

S3
D3

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Color Description
Hue (red, green, yelow, blue ...)
Saturation (pink,bright red, ....)

Lightness (black, grey, white ....)

(Value)

Munsell Color System (1915)

Equal perceptual steps in Hue Saturation Value.
Hue:

R, YR, Y, GY, G, BG, B, PB, P, RP

(each subdivided into 10)

Chroma: 0 ... 20
Value: i0 ... 10

(neutral ... saturated)

(dark ... pure white)
10/

Value

White

5/

5R

10R

5YR
10YR

10RP
G

Hue

Saturation

5Y

5RP
R

/2

/4

/6 /8

/10

10Y

10P
5P

5GY
/2

10PB

10GY

/4

Brightness
5PB
10B

/6
/8

5B
Black

1/

5G
/10

10GB 5GB

10G

Example:
5YR 8/4

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Munsell Book of Colors

Atlas of thr Munsell Color System (1915)

MayuraDraw

Color Polytopes

Applets:
http://www.cs.rit.edu/~ncs/color/a_spaces.html
http://www.nacs.uci.edu/~wiedeman/cspace/me/rgbhsv.html

PowerPoint

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Photoshop

Color Space Summary

Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) High Dimensional

3 Dimensional Spaces:
LMS Human Cone responses. Given by the cone sensitivity
curves.
CIERGB Based on color Matching Experiments by Wright+Guild.
Defined by Primaries R G B (monochromatic
435.8 546.1 700 nm) and cmf r g b.
CIE-XYZ Standard Color space. Linear transformation of above
that confirms to set of constraints.
Defined by Primaries X Y Z (unrealizable) and cmf x y z.
Munsell Color Space
Perceptually equally spaced samples in 3 dimensions:
Hue, Chroma, Value.

Color Picker