Limit Fits and Gauges

Ch 4
MEC 263
Arijit Sen
Faculty
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IUBAT

Limits fits and tolerances

Due to inevitable inaccuracy of manufacturing
method it is not possible to make any part
precisely to the given dimension and it can be
made to lie between two limits maximum and
minimum.
The difference between those two are called
permissible tolerance.
If the difference is in one side then it is called
unilateral tolerance and if it is in both positive
and negative side then it is called bilateral
tolerance.

Limits fits and tolerances

Generally in Engineering, any component
manufactured is required to fit or match with
some other component. The correct functioning
of the two component in match depends on the
correct size relationship between the two.
if the shaft rotate inside a hole there should be enough
clearance.
If the system required no relative movement between shaft
and hole then should be enough interference between shaft
and whole so that the force of elastic compression can grip
them.

Why Tolerance are specified?

Variation in the properties of materials being
machined introduce error.
The production machine themselves have
some inherent variance and have the
limitation to produce accurate parts.
It is impossible for an operator to make
perfect setting.

Different ways of expressing tolerance

Specifying limiting dimension
Diameter of the hole: 25.00 to 25.02 mm
Diameter of the shaft: 24.99 to 24.97 mm

Unilateral or one limiting dimension.

Diameter of the hole: 25.00 +0.02 mm
Diameter of the shaft: 24.99 0.02 mm

Bilateral or both side tolerance

Diameter of the hole: 25.01 0.01mm
Diameter of the shaft: 25.00 0.01mm

Fits
Clearance fit: maximum shaft size is smaller
than minimum hole size
Transition fit: maximum shaft is larger than
minimum hole size but smaller than maximum
hole size
Interference fit: minimum shaft size is larger
than maximum hole size

Selective Assembly

Basic Hole Shaft System

End View

Basic Hole Shaft System

Terminology
Tolerance Zone

Zero Line

Minimum Shaft
Diameter
Maximum Shaft
Diameter

Minimum Hole
Diameter
Maximum Hole
Diameter

Ref: R. K. Jain, Page 271

Terminology

Basic Size
Actual Size
Limits of Sizes
Maximum Limit of Size
Minimum Limit of Size
Deviation /Actual
Deviation
Limit Deviation

Upper deviation
Lower Deviation
Fundamental Deviation
Zero Line

Ref: R. K. Jain, Page 277

Ref: R. K. Jain, Page 279

Different Formulae
Table 4.2 : Formulae for fundamental deviations of
shafts sizes upto 500mm
Table 4.2 A: Formulae for fundamental deviations of
holes sizes upto 500mm
Table 4.5 : Formulae for fundamental deviations of
shaft and hole sizes above 500mm and upto 3150 mm.
Table 4.1A : Formulae for tolerance grade of shaft and
hole sizes upto 500mm
Table 4.1B: Formulae for fundamental deviations of
shaft and hole sizes above 500mm and upto 3150 mm
Diameter Step: R. K. Jain. Page 276, 2nd paragraph

Problem
Find out the maximum and
minimum diameter for a 25mm
shaft and hole pair designated
H8d9.

Problem

Find out the maximum and

minimum diameter for a
50mm shaft and hole pair
designated C8ef9. Assume
D<40.

Plug Gauge and Ring Gauge

Taylors Principle
According to Taylors principle Go and No Go gauges
should be designed to check maximum and minimum
material limits which are checked below:
Go Limit: is applied to that limit of the two limits of size
which corresponds to the maximum material limit
consideration, i.e. upper limit of a shaft and lower limit
of a hole.
No Go Limit: is applied to that limit of the two limits of
size which corresponds to the minimum material limit
consideration, i.e. lower limit of a shaft and upper limit
of a hole.