ELE205 Electronics 2

Filters-2
Linga Reddy Cenkeramaddi
Department of ICT
UiA, Grimstad
February 2016

FILTERS Contd.

FILTERS
Varying

the frequency of a sinusoidal source alters the impedance

of inductors and capacitors. The careful choice of circuit elements
and their connections enables us to construct circuits that pass a
desired range of frequencies. Such circuits are called frequency
selective circuits or filters.

The

frequency range that frequencies allowed to pass from the

input to the output of the circuit is called the passband.

Frequencies

not in a circuits passband are in its stopband.

IDEAL FILTERS
|H(jw)|

|H(jw)|
1

Stopband

passband

Stopband

w
wc
Ideal low-pass filter
(LPF)

passband

wc
w
Ideal high-pass filter
(HPF)
|H(jw)|

|H(jw)|
1

Stop
band

passb
and

wc1

Stopband

wc2

Ideal band-pass filter

(BPF)

Stop
band

passb
and

wc1

passband

wc2

Ideal band-reject filter

(BRF)

Low-Pass FILTERS
The input is a sinusoidal voltage source with
varying frequency. The impedance of an
inductor is jL.
At low frequencies, the inductors impedance is
very small compared to that of resistor
impedance, and the inductor effectively functions
as a short circuit. vo=vi.
As the frequency increases, the impedance of the
inductor increases relative to that of the resistor.
The magnitude of the output voltage decreases.
As , inductor approaches to open circuit.
Output voltage approaches zero.
5

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
H ( s)
H ( j )

R
L

R
L
R
L

H ( j )

2 RL 2

R
L

j RL

( ) tan 1 RL

CUTOFF FREQUENCY
Cutoff frequency is the frequency at which the magnitude of the
transfer function is Hmax/2.
For the series RL circuit, Hmax=1. Then,
R
1
R
L

c
H ( j c )
2
2
L
2
c RL

At the cutoff frequency (wc) = -450.

For the example R=1, L=1H, c=1 rad/s

EXAMPLE
Design a series RL low-pass filter to filter out any noise above 10 Hz.
R and L cannot be specified independently to generate a value for c.
Therefore, let us choose L=100 mH. Then,

R c L (2 )(10)(100 10 3 ) 6.28
Vo ( )

R
L

2 RL 2

Vi

20

2 400 2

Vi

F(Hz)

|Vi|

|Vo|

1.0

0.995

10

1.0

0.707

60

1.0

0.164

A SERIES RC CIRCUIT
1) Zero frequency =0: The impedance of the
capacitor is infinite, and the capacitor acts as an
open circuit. vo=vi.
2) Increasing frequency decreases the impedance of the capacitor
relative to the impedance of the resistor, and the source voltage divides
between the resistor and capacitor. The output voltage is thus smaller
than the source voltage.
3) Infinite frequency =: The impedance of the capacitor is zero, and
the capacitor acts as a short circuit. vo=0.
Based on the above analysis, the series RC circuit functions as a lowpass filter.
9

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

H (s)

1
RC

1
RC

H ( j )

1
RC

1 2
RC

H max H ( j 0) 1
1
1
RC
(1)
H ( j c )
2
1 2
2
c RC

1
c
RC

10

Relating the Frequency Domain

to the Time Domain
Remember

the natural response of the first-order RL and

RC circuits. It is an exponential with a time constant of

Compare

L
R

or RC

the time constants to the cutoff frequencies for

these circuits and notice that

HIGH-PASS FILTERS
At =0, the capacitor behaves like an open
circuit. No current flows through resistor.
Therefore vo=0.
As the frequency increases, the impedance of the
capacitor decreases relative to the impedance of
the resistor and the voltage across the resistor
increases.
When the frequency of the source is infinite, the
capacitor behaves as a short circuit and vo=vi.

12

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
H ( s)

s
j

(
)

H
j
1
1
s RC
j RC

H ( j )

1 2

RC

( j ) 900 tan 1 RC

13

SERIES RL CIRCUIT
s
j
H ( j )
H (s)
R
s L
j RL
H ( j )

2 RL

H max H ( j) 1

c
1
H ( j c )
2
2
c2 RL
c

R
L
14

LOADED SERIES RL CIRCUIT

H (s)

RL sL
RL sL
RL sL
RL sL

Ks
H (s)
,
s c

s
, KR / L
K
RL
R RL
RL
R RL

RL
R RL

R
L

The effect of the load resistor is

to
reduce
the
passband
magnitude by the factor K and
to lower the cutoff frequency by
the same factor.

15

BANDPASS FILTERS
At =0, the capacitor behaves like an open
circuit, and the inductor behaves like a short
circuit. The current through the circuit is zero,
therefore vo=0.
At =, the capacitor behaves like a short
circuit, and the inductor behaves like an
open circuit. The current through the circuit
is zero, therefore vo=0.
Between these two frequencies, both the
capacitor and the inductor have finite
impedances. Current will flow through the
circuit and some voltage reaches to the load.
16

CENTER FREQUENCY
At some frequency, the impedance of the capacitor
and the impedance of the inductor have equal
magnitudes and opposite signs; the two impedances
cancel out, causing the output voltage to equal the
source voltage. This special frequency is called the
center frequency o. On either side of wo, the output
voltage is less than the source voltage. Note that at
the center frequency, the series combination of the
inductor and capacitor appears as a short circuit and
circuit behaves as a purely resistive one.
17

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
H (s)

s2

H ( j )

R
L
R
L

s
s LC1
RL

1
LC

2 2

R 2
L

RL

( j ) 90 tan 1
2
LC
0

18

CENTER FREQUENCY AND

CUTOFF FREQUENCIES
At the center frequency, the transfer function will be real, that
means:
1
1

j o L

j o C

0 o

LC

At the cutoff frequencies, the magnitude of H(j) is Hmax/2.

H max H ( jo )

o
1
LC

2 2
o

1 R
LC L

LC1 LC1 2

R
L

1 R
LC L

o R 2
L

19

1 c

c
1
LC

2 2
c

R 2
c L

1
R
c L

c1RC 1

L
1

c2 L c R 1 / C 0
R c RC

c1 2RL
c 2

R
L

R
2L

2RL 2 LC1
2RL 2 LC1

It is easy to show that the center frequency

is the geometric mean of the two cutoff
frequencies

o c1 c 2
20

BANDWIDTH AND THE QUALITY FACTOR

The bandwidth of a bandpass filter is defined as the difference
between the two cutoff frequencies.

c 2 c1
2RL

2RL 2 LC1 2RL 2RL 2 LC1

The quality factor is defined as the

ratio of the center frequency to
bandwidth

o
Q

1
LC
R
L

L
CR 2

21

CUTOFF FREQUENCIES IN TERMS OF

CENTER FREQUENCY, BANDWIDTH
AND QUALITY FACTOR

c1
c 2

o2
2
2

o2
2
2

1
1

c1 o
1
2Q
2Q

1
1

c1 o
1
2Q
2Q

22

EXAMPLE
Design a series RLC bandpass filter with cutoff frequencies 1 and 10
kHz.
Cutoff frequencies give
us two equations but we
have 3 parameters to
choose. Thus, we need
to select a value for
either R, L, and C and
use the equations to find
other values. Here, we
choose C=1F.

fo

f c1 f c 2 (1000)(10000) 3162.28Hz

1
1

2.533 mH
2
2
6
o C 2 (3162.28) (10 )
fo
3162.28

0.3514
Q
f c 2 f c1 10000 1000
L

L
2.533(10 3 )

143.24
R
2
6
2
CQ
(10 )(0.3514)

23

EXAMPLE
L
sL( sC1 )
C
Z eq ( s )

1
sL sC sL sC1

H ( s)

s2

s
RC
s
RC

1
LC

This transfer function and the transfer function for the series RLC
bandpass filter are equal when R/L=1/RC. Therefore, all parameters of
this circuit can be obtained by replacing R/L by 1/RC. Thus,

1
LC

RC

R 2C
L

1
c1 2 RC

c 2

1
2 RC

2 RC1 2 LC1
2 RC1 2 LC1
24

BANDPASS FILTER WITH

PRACTICAL VOLTAGE SOURCE
Ri
Vi(s)

sL

1/sC

H ( j )

+
Vo(s)

R
L
1
LC

2 2

H ( s)

R Ri 2
L

R
1
H max H ( jo )
R Ri
LC

R Ri

R
L
R Ri
L

s2

1
LC

R Ri
1
R Ri
c1

2L
2
L
LC

R Ri
1
R Ri
c 2


2L
2 L LC

C
R Ri
25

The addition of a nonzero

source resistance to a
series RLC bandpass filter
leaves
the
center
frequency unchanged but
widens the passband and
reduces the passband
magnitude.

26

Relating the Frequency Domain to the

Time Domain
The natural response of a series RLC circuit is related to the neper
1
frequency 2RL and the resonant frequency o LC

o is also used in frequency domain as the center frequency.

The bandwidth and the neper frequency are related by

The natural response of a series RLC circuit may be under-damped, overdamped,

or critically damped. The transition from overdamped to criticallydamped occurs
when o2 2. The transition from an overdamped to an underdamped response
occurs when Q=1/2. A circuit whose frequency response contains a sharp peak at
the center frequency indicates a high Q and a narrow bandwidth, will have an
underdamped natural response.

27

R=200, L=2H,
C=0.5F
R=200, L=1H,
C=1F
R=200, L=0.2H,
C=5F

28

BANDREJECT FILTERS
R
vi +

R
+
L
C

vo

vi

R
+
L
C

vo

vi

+
L

vo

At =0, the capacitor behaves as an open circuit and inductor behaves as a

short circuit. At =, these roles switch. The output is equal to the input.
This RLC circuit then has two passbands, one below a lower cutoff
frequency, and the other is above an upper cutoff frequency.
Between these two passbands, both the inductor and the capacitor have
finite impedances of opposite signs. Current flows through the circuit.
Some voltage drops across the resistor. Thus, the output voltage is smaller
than the source voltage.
29

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
sL sC1
s 2 LC1
H (s)
2 R
1
R sL sC s L s LC1
H ( j )

1
LC

1
LC

2 LR
2

( j ) tan

1
LC
L
R 2C

R
L

c1 2RL
c 2

R
2L

1
LC

2RL 2 LC1
2RL 2 LC1
30

31