Qualitative Analysis: Refers to analyses in which substances are identified or

classified on the basis of their chemical or physical properties, such as chemical

reactivity, solubility, molecular weight, melting point, radioactive properties (emission,
absorption), mass spectra, nuclear half-life, etc
Quantitative Analysis: Refers to analyses in which the amount or concentration of an
analyte may be determined (estimated) and expressed as a numerical value in
appropriate units. Qualitative Analysis may take place without Quantitative Analysis, but
Quantitative Analysis requires the identification (qualification) of the analyte for which
numerical estimates are given.
Titration: A quantitative analytical process, operation, or method of determining the
concentration of a substance in solution by adding to it a standard reagent of known
concentration in carefully measured amounts until a reaction of definite and known proportion is
completed, as shown by a color change or by electrical measurement, and then calculating the
unknown concentration.
Acid: Any of a class of substances whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste,
the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals to form
salts, or it is a substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, or any substance
that can act as a proton donor, or a substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a
covalent bond.
Base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions or more generally, donate electron pairs. A
soluble base is referred to as an alkali if it contains and releases hydroxide ions (OH).
Neutralization: A reaction between an acid and a base that yields a salt and water.
Acid Base Titration.
An acid-base titration is the determination of the concentration of an acid or base by exactly
neutralizing the acid/base with an acid or base of known concentration. This allows for
quantitative analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution.
In aqueous solutions, addition of bases to water leads to an increase in the pH of the solution,
while the addition of acids leads to a decrease in the pH. The changes in the pH can be
followed using either specific dyes, called - indicators, or a pH electrode. Acids and bases

neutralize, or reverse, the action of one another. By adding a known amount of acid to a basic
solution, until it completely reacts with it, the amount of the base can be determined. This
procedure is called: acid - base titration. During neutralization, acids and bases react with each
other to produce ionic substances, called salts.
Acid-base reactions involve a proton transfer
The acid donates a proton to the base
Acid-base reactions are also known as neutralization reactions
Acid + Base -----> Salt + Water
HCl + NaOH -----> NaCl + H2O

Equivalence point is the point at which the moles of H + are equal to the moles of
OH- . An indicator is used to show the equivalence point during a titration.
Titrant or titrator: (A standard solution of known concentration, a common one is aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution usually placed in burette)
Analyte or titrand: (solution of unknown concentration usually in flask)
Burette: A uniform-bore glass tube with fine gradations and a stopcock at the bottom, used
especially in laboratory procedures for accurate fluid dispensing and measurement.
Indicators: An acid-base indicator is a weak acid or a weak base that changes color when it is
transformed from the molecular to the ionized form, or vice versa.
Or a substance that indicates the degree of acidity or basicity of a solution through characteristic
color changes. Acid-base titration is performed with a phenolphthalein indicator, when it is a
strong acid - strong base titration.
Pipette: A narrow, usually calibrated glass tube into which small amounts of liquid are suctioned
for transfer or measurement.
Erlenmeyer flask: A conical laboratory flask with a narrow neck and flat broad bottom.
Mole; Standard unit for measuring everyday quantities of such minute entities as atoms or
molecules. It is defined as mass in grams of this amount of a substance, numerically equal to

the molecular weight of the substance, also called gram-molecular weight.

Molarity: The molar concentration of a solution, usually expressed as the number of moles of
solute per liter of solution.
Molar Solution: Aqueous solution that contains 1 mole (gram-molecular weight) of solute in 1
liter of the solution
Molality: The molal concentration of a solute, usually expressed as the number of moles of
solute per 1,000 grams of solvent
Molal Solution: Concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute divided by 1000
grams of solvent.
Normality: The concentration of a solution, expressed in gram equivalent weights of solute per
liter of solution.
Normal Solution: An aqueous solution containing one equivalent of the active reagent in grams
in 1 liter of the solution
Equivalent weight: The weight of a substance that will combine with or replace one mole of
hydrogen or one-half mole of oxygen. The equivalent weight is equal to the atomic weight
divided by the valence
Gram equivalent weight: The weight of an element or compound expressed in grams on a
scale in which carbon-12 has an equivalent weight of 3 grams in those compounds in which its
formal valence is 4.