Sa 2 Chap 11

Chapter 11:
Displacement Method of Analysis: SlopeSlope-Deflection Equations
Structural Analysis 7th Edition in SI Units

Russell C. Hibbeler
Displacement Method of Analysis: General

Procedures
Disp method requires satisfying eqm eqn for the
structures
The unknowns disp are written in terms of the
loads by using the loadload-disp relations
These eqn are solved for the disp
Once the disp are obtained, the unknown loads
are determined from the compatibility eqn using
the load disp relations
Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations
Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Procedures
When a structure is loaded, specified points on it
called nodes, will undergo unknown disp
These disp are referred to as the degree of
freedom
The no. of these unknowns is referred to as the
degree in which the structure is kinematically
indeterminate
We will consider some e.g.s

Procedures
Any load applied to the beam will cause node A to
rotate
Node B is completely restricted from moving
Hence, the beam has only one unknown degree of
freedom
The beam has nodes at A, B & C
There are 4 degrees of freedom A, B, C and C

Slope--deflection equation
Slope
Slope deflection method requires less work both to
write the necessary eqn for the solution of a
problem& to solve these eqn for the unknown disp
& associated internal loads
General Case
To develop the general form of the slopeslope-deflection
eqn, we will consider the
typical span AB of the
continuous beam when
subjected to arbitrary loading
Slope
Angular Disp
Consider node A of the member to rotate A while
its while end node B is held fixed
To determine the moment MAB needed to cause this
disp, we will use the conjugate beam method

Slope
Angular Disp
M A' = 0
1 M AB L 1 M BA 2 L
=0
L
L

2 EI 3 2 EI 3
M B' = 0
1 M BA L 1 M AB 2 L
+ AL = 0
L
L

2 EI 3 2 EI 3
Slope
Angular Disp
From which we obtain the following:
M AB =
4 EI
A
L
M BA =
2 EI
A
L
Similarly, end B of the beam rotates to its final

position while end A is held fixed
We can relate the applied moment MBA to the
angular disp B & the reaction moment MAB at the
4 EI
2 EI
wall
M BA =
M AB =

Slope
Relative linear disp
If the far node B if the member is displaced relative
to A, so that the cord of the member rotates
clockwise & yet both ends do not rotate then equal
but opposite moment and shear reactions are
developed in the member
Moment M can be related to the disp using
conjugate beam method

Slope
Relative linear disp
The conjugate beam is free at both ends since the
real member is fixed support
The disp of the real beam at B, the moment at end
B of the conjugate beam must have a magnitude of
as indicated
M B' = 0
2L 1 M
L
1 M
2 EI (L ) 3 2 EI (L ) 3 = 0
6 EI
M AB = M BA = M =
L2
Slope
Fixed end moment
In general, linear & angular disp of the nodes are
caused by loadings acting on the span of the
member
To develop the slopeslope-deflection eqn, we must
transform these span loadings into equivalent
moment acting at the nodes & then use the loadloaddisp relationships just derived

Slope
Slope
Slope--deflection eqn
If the end moments due to each disp & loadings are
added together, the resultant moments at the ends
can be written as:
I

M AB = 2 E 2 A + B 3 + FEM AB = 0
L
L
I

M BA = 2 E 2 B + A 3 + FEM BA = 0
L
L

Slope
Slope
Slope--deflection eqn
The results can be expressed as a single eqn
M N = 2 Ek [2 N + F 3 ] + FEM N = 0
M N = internal moment at the near end of the span
E , k = modulus of elasticity & span stiffness
N , F = near and far end slopes or angular disp of the span at the supports
= span rotation of its cord due to a linear disp
FEM N = fixed end moment at the near end support

Slope
Pin supported end span
Sometimes an end span of a beam or frame is
supported by a pin or roller at its far end
The moment at the roller or pin is zero provided the
angular disp at this support does not have to be
determined
M N = 2 Ek [2 N + F 3 ] + FEM N
0 = 2 Ek [2 N + F 3 ] + 0

Slope
Pin supported end span
Simplifying, we get:
M N = 3Ek [ N ] + FEM N
This is only applicable for end span with far end
pinned or roller supported

Example 11.1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam where EI is
constant.

Solution
Slope-deflection equation
2 spans must be considered in this problem
Using the formulas for FEM, we have:
( FEM ) BC
wL2
6( 6 2 )
=
=
= 7.2kN .m
30
30
( FEM ) CB
wL2 6(6 2 )
=
=
= 10.8kN .m
20
20

Solution
Note that (FEM)BC is ve and
(FEM)AB = (FEM)BA since there is no load on span AB
Since A & C are fixed support, A = C =0
Since the supports do not settle nor are they displaced up or
down, AB = BC = 0
I
M N = 2 E [2 N + F 3 ] + FEM N
L
I
M AB = 2 E [2(0) + B 3(0)] + 0
8
EI
=
B
(1)
4
Solution
Similarly,
M BA =
EI
B
2
(2)
M BC =
2 EI
B - 7.2
3
(3)
M CB =
EI
B + 10.8
3
(4)

Solution
Equilibrium eqn
The necessary fifth eqn comes from the condition of moment
equilibrium at support B
Here MBA & MBC are assumed to act in the +ve direction to be
consistent with the slope-deflection eqn
M BA + M BC = 0
(5)

10
Solution
Equilibrium equation
Sub eqn (2) and (3) into eqn (5) gives :

B =
6.17
EI
Re - sub this value into eqn (1) to (4) gives :

M AB = 1.54kNm; M BA = 3.09kNm;
M BC = 3.09kNm; M CB = 12.86kNm
Solution
Equilibrium equation
Using these results, the shears at the end spans are
determined.
The free-body diagram of the entire beam & the shear &
moment diagrams are shown.

11
Analysis of Frames: No sidesway

A frame will not sidesway to the left or right
provided it is properly restrained
No sidesway will occur in an unrestrained frame
provided it is symmetric wrt both loading and
geometry

Example 11.6
Determine the moments at each joint of the frame. EI is constant.

12
Solution
Slope-deflection eqn
3 spans must be considered in this case: AB, BC & CD
( FEM ) BC
5wL2
=
= 80kN .m
96
( FEM ) CB
5wL2
=
= 80kN .m
96
Note that A= D= 0 and AB = BC = CD = 0

Solution
We have
I
M N = 2 E [2 N + F 3 ] + FEM N
L
M AB = 0.1667 EI B
M BA = 0.333EI B
M BC = 0.5 EI B + 0.25 EI C 80
M CB = 0.5 EI C + 0.25 EI B + 80
M CD = 0.333EI C
M DC = 0.1667 EI C

13
Solution
The remaining 2 eqn come from moment equlibrium at joints B
& C, we have:
M BA + M BC = 0
M CB + M CD = 0
Solving for these 8 eqn, we get:
0.833EI B + 0.25 EI C = 80
0.833EI C + 0.25 EI B = 80

Solution
Solving simultaneously yields:
B = C =
137.1
EI
M AB = 22.9kNm;
M BA = 45.7 kNm
M BC = 45.7 kNm; M CB = 45.7 kNm

M CD = 45.7 kNm; M DC = 22.9kNm
14
Analysis of Frames: Sidesway

A frame will sidesway when it or the loading acting on it is
nonsymmetric
The loading P causes an unequal moments at joint B & C
MBC tends to displace joint B
to the right
MCB tends to displace joint C
to the left
Since MBC > MCB, the net result
is a sidesway of both joint B & C
to the right

When applying the slopeslope-deflection eqn to each
column, we must consider the column rotation,
as an unknown in the eqn
As a result, an extra eqm eqn must be included in
the solution
The techniques for solving problems for frames
with sidesway is best illustrated by e.g.

15

When applying the slopeslope-deflection eqn to each
column, we must consider the column rotation,
as an unknown in the eqn
As a result, an extra eqm eqn must be included in
the solution
The techniques for solving problems for frames
with sidesway is best illustrated by e.g.

Example 11.9
Explain how the moments in each joint of the two-story frame. EI
is constant.

16
Solution
We have 12 equations that contain 18 unknowns

Solution
No FEMs have to be calculated since the applied loading acts at
the joints
Members AB & FE undergo rotations of 1 = 1/5
Members AB & FE undergo rotations of 2 = 2 /5
Moment eqm of joints B, C, D and E, requires
M BA + M BE + M BC = 0
(13)
M CB + M CD = 0
(14)
M DC + M DE = 0
(15)
M EF + M EB + M ED = 0
(16)

17
Solution
Similarly, shear at the base of columns must balance the applied
horizontal loads
Fx = 0 40 VBC VED = 0
40 +
M BC + M CB M ED + M DE
+
= 0 (17)
5
5
Fx = 0 40 + 80 VAB VFE = 0
120 +
M AB + M BA M EF + M FE
+
= 0 (18)
5
5

Solution
Sub eqn (1) to (12) into eqn (13) to (18)
These eqn can be solved simultaneously
The results are resub into eqn (1) to (12) to obtain the
moments
at the joints

18

Sa 2 Chap 11

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Chapter 11:

Displacement Method of Analysis: SlopeSlope-Deflection Equations

Structural Analysis 7th Edition in SI Units

Displacement Method of Analysis: General

Displacement Method of Analysis: General

Displacement Method of Analysis: General

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Similarly, end B of the beam rotates to its final

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Sub eqn (2) and (3) into eqn (5) gives :

Re - sub this value into eqn (1) to (4) gives :

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Analysis of Frames: No sidesway

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Note that A= D= 0 and AB = BC = CD = 0

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

M BC = 45.7 kNm; M CB = 45.7 kNm

Analysis of Frames: Sidesway

Analysis of Frames: Sidesway

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Analysis of Frames: Sidesway

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

Chapter 11: Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations

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