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Gravity Wall Design Methodology
Gravity Wall Design Methodology
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weight of aggregate
Only 80% of the weight of aggregate and soil is included in the overturning calculations, W
(see AASHTO 2002 5.9.2).
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'
'
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Calculate Forces
Coulomb active earth pressure coefficient (see AASHTO 2002 5.5.2-1)
Ka =
cos 2 ( + ' )
sin( + ) sin( )
cos (' )cos(' )1 +
cos(' ) cos('+ )
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(lb)
(ft)
(lb*ft)
weight of wall
Wb + Wa + Wte + Ws
xw
modified weight
xw
earth pressure
Pv
xPv
Pv*xPv
DL surcharge
Qdv
xQdv
Qdv*xQdv
earth pressure
Ph
xPh
Ph*xPh
DL surcharge
Qdh
xQdh
Qdh*xQdh
LL surcharge
Qlh
xQlh
Qlh*xQlh
Vertical Forces
Horizontal Forces
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Overturning
For overturning, the modified weights using 80% of the aggregate weight (including the soil
over the tail extension) are used for all overturning calculations.
MV
MH
FS
MV / MH
The overturning safety factor should be greater than 1.5 for private projects (NCMA 4.3 and
ICBO 2006 1806.1). A minimum safety factor of 2.0 may be required for highway
applications (AASHTO 2002 5.5.5).
Check that FS > 1.5
Sliding
Friction on the base of the wall is used to resist sliding failure. Frictional resistance must be
determined both between the wall assembly and the base and between the base and the
foundation soil (or through the foundation soil).
The sliding resistance is calculated as the smaller result of the following equations:
For base to foundation soil failure, use:
Rs(foundation soil) = (W + Pv + Qdv) tan + Bw*c
Bw = wt + wte + tb
where represents foundation soils, Bw is base width (block width plus
H:1V distribution through base), and c represents foundation soil cohesion
For block to base material sliding, use:
Rs(footing) = b (W + Pv + Qdv)
where b represents a composite coefficient of friction for the base
The composite friction coefficient is calculated using contributory areas. The base of the
standard Stone Strong 24 SF unit is 80 percent open and 20 percent concrete. On a unit
width basis, the contributory area is 0.73 sf of concrete and 2.94 sf of aggregate.
If a tail extension is used, the area of the tail extension must also be calculated and the
total area is also increased accordingly. Thus, the equation for composite friction
coefficient across the base becomes:
b = (2.94*p - unit fill/base + 0.73*p - block/base + wte*p - extension/base)/(3.67 + wte)
where p is the partial friction coefficient for the indicated materials (dimensions in ft)
13478 Chandler Road, Omaha, Nebraska 68138
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0.8*tan b
lower tan b
or tan u
0.60
0.8*tan u
tan b
0.75
Since the unit fill aggregate is typically placed to a moderately loose state, the friction angle
for the screened unit fill aggregate typically controls for the interface between the unit fill
and the base aggregate.
If actual test data for the project specific materials is not available, or for preliminary design,
the following conservative friction angles are suggested for base material:
Well Graded,
Densely Compacted
Screened Aggregate,
Compacted
Screened Aggregate,
Loose to Moderate
Relative Density
42
40
36
Crushed Aggregate
>75% w/ 2 fractured faces, medium natural rock or recycled concrete
40
38
35
Cracked Gravel
>90% w/ 1 fractured face
36
35
32
Note:
Physical testing of specific aggregates is recommended. When test data is not available, these typical
values may be used at the discretion of the user. The licensed engineer of record is responsible for all
design input and for evaluating the reasonableness of calculation output based upon his/her knowledge
of local materials and practices and on the specific design details.
13478 Chandler Road, Omaha, Nebraska 68138
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horizontal forces
FV
Rs (footing)
b FV
Rs (foundation soil)
[FV*tan() + Bw*c]
min Rs
FS
min Rs / FH
or
FV
weight of base
tb * b
Mv
MH
wu + wte + tb - 2*e
contact pressure qc
FV / Bf' + tb*b
bearing resistance qb
FS
qb / qc
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Seismic Design
Seismic components of force are calculated according to the procedures in FHWA 4.2h.
The maximum acceleration Am = (1.45 - A)*A where A is the peak horizontal ground
acceleration.
The seismic earth pressure coefficient is calculated with the following equation:
Kae =
cos 2 ( + )
sin( + ) sin( )
cos( ) cos 2 ( ) cos( + )1 +
cos( + ) cos( + )
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Note: Examples to demonstrate method of analysis only - not intended to conform w/ AASHTO
safety factors
c = 0 psf
= *30 = 15
Forces/Geometric Properties
Center of Gravity
xblock 22.7 from face, with 2 additional inches removed due to rounding 1.73 total
xw = [(1.73+0.5*(9 ft-3 ft)*tan(6.34))*(2,250 lb + 1,787 lb) ]/4,037 lb = 2.06 ft
wu = (44 in-2 in)/12 = 3.5 ft
Soil force components
Ka =
= 0.313
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Overturning
FS = [3,680 lb/ft*2.06 ft + 238 lb*(3.5 ft+9 ft/3*tan(6.34))] / [1,564 lb*9 ft/3]
= 1.81 > 1.5
OK!
Sliding
b = [(0.8*3.67 ft*tan(35)) + (0.2*3.67 ft*0.8*tan(40))]/(3. 67 ft) = 0.69
Use the smaller of the following:
Rs = 0.69*(4,037 lb/ft + 238 lb/ft) = 2,950 lb/ft
Rs = (4,037 lb/ft + 238 lb/ft)*tan(30) + 0 = 2,468 lb/ft
FS = 2,468 lb/ft / 1,564 lb/ft = 1.58 > 1.5
OK!
Bearing
Nq = e*tan(30) * (tan(45+30/2))2 = 18.40
Nc = (18.40-1)/tan(30) = 30.14
N = 2*(18.40+1)*tan(30) = 22.40
e = [1,564 lb/ft*9 ft/3-4,037 lb/ft*(2.06 ft 3.5 ft/2)-238 lb/ft*(3.5 ft/2+9 ft/2*tan(6.34))]
/ [4,037 lb/ft + 238 lb/ft] = 0.69 ft
Bf= 3.5 ft+0.75 ft-2*0.69 ft = 2.88 ft
qc = (4,037 lb + 238 lb/ft)/2.88 ft + 0.75 ft*125 pcf= 1,580 psf
qb = 0*30.14+(9+9)/12*125pcf*18.40+0.5*125pcf*2.88 ft*22.40 = 7,479 psf
FS = 7,479 psf/1,580 psf = 4.73 > 2.0
OK!
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OK!
Interface Shear
Rs = 362 lb/ft +(1,500 lb/ft + 1,191 lb/ft + 106 lb/ft)*tan(35.2)= 2,335 lb/ft
FS = 2,335 lb/ft /695 lb/ft = 3.36 > 1.5
OK!
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OK!
Interface Shear
Rs = 362 lb/ft +(750 lb/ft + 596 lb/ft + 26 lb/ft)*tan(35.2)= 1,330 lb/ft
FS = 1,330 lb/ft /174 lb/ft = 7.65 > 1.5
OK!
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Note: Examples to demonstrate method of analysis only - not intended to conform w/ AASHTO
safety factors
Example section 10.5 ft tall wall, 150 psf surcharge, 18x3 tail extension, clay backfill
Uniform soil (sand) - = 120 pcf = 26
c = 150 psf
= 3/4*26 = 19.5
Ka =
= 0.372
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6/28/09
Overturning
FS = [5,509*2.61 ft + 967 lb*(3.5 ft+18 in/12+10.5 ft/3*tan(-3.63))]
/ [2,265 lb*10.5 ft/3+539 lb*10.5 ft/2] = 1.77 > 1.5
OK!
Sliding
b = [(0.8*3.67 ft*tan(35))+(0.2*3.67 ft*0.8*tan(40))+0.84*18 in/12]/(3.67 ft+18 in/12) = 0.74
Use the smaller of the following:
Rs = 0.74*(6,061 lb/ft + 967 lb/ft) = 5,201 lb/ft
Rs = (6,061 lb/ft + 967 lb/ft)*tan(26) + 150 psf*(3.5 ft+18 in/12+9 in/12) = 4,290 lb/ft
FS = 4,290 lb/ft / (2,265 lb/ft + 539 lb/ft) = 1.53 > 1.5
OK!
Bearing
Nq = e*tan(26) * (tan(45+26/2))2 = 11.85
Nc = (11.85-1)/tan(26) = 22.25
N = 2*(11.85+1)*tan(26) = 12.54
e = [2,265 lb/ft*10.5 ft/3+539 lb/ft*10.5 ft/2-6,111 lb/ft*(2.61 ft3.5 ft/2-18 in/24)
-967 lb/ft*(3.5 ft/2+10.5 ft/2*tan(-3.63))] / [6,061 lb/ft + 967 lb/ft] = 1.12 ft
Bf= 3.5 ft+18 in/12+0.75 ft-2*1.12 ft = 3.51 ft
qc = (6,061 lb + 967 lb/ft)/3.52 ft + 0.75 ft*120 pcf = 2,099 psf
qb = 150 psf*22.25+(9+9)/12*120pcf*11.85+0.5*120pcf*3.52 ft*12.54 = 8,119 psf
FS = 8,119 psf/2,099 psf = 3.86 > 2.0
OK!
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= 1/2*26 = 13
Ka =
= 0.311
OK!
Interface Shear
Rs = 362 lb/ft +(1,900 lb/ft + 1,487 lb/ft + 122 lb/ft)*tan(35.2)= 2,837 lb/ft
FS = 2,837 lb/ft /(1,043 lb/ft+348 lb/ft) = 2.04 > 1.5
OK!
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OK!
Interface Shear
Rs = 362 lb/ft +(2,041 lb/ft + 44 lb/ft)*tan(35.2)= 1,833 lb/ft
FS = 1,833 lb/ft /(376 lb/ft+209 lb/ft) = 3.14 > 1.5
OK!
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OK!
Interface Shear
Rs = 362 lb/ft +(696lb/ft + 5 lb/ft)*tan(35.2)= 856 lb/ft
FS = 856 lb/ft /(42 lb/ft+70 lb/ft) = 7.64 > 1.5
OK!