Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Training Report
Training Report
Training Report
Bride construction
Telecommunication Engineering
Maintenance of network computerized documentation is maintained in all stages of work, for
Electrical engineering
Design, supply & Installation of high voltage, and low voltage, over head and underground
system.
The specialized knowledge and experience Sierra has acquired in the electrical engineering
sector has made it expert in all aspects of design, supply and installation of Overhead and underground
power system. Further, this sector is specialized to construct high and low voltage distribution system
and also undertakes rehabilitation and maintenance of existing electrical works. Because of the above
reasons, by the Ceylon Electricity Board, Sri Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd., and several
private companies and institutions recognize them as a versatility and skill section by this section
followings special activities also carried out.
2.
Company Clarification
3.
PVS 7721
20th August 1981
4.
Postal Address
5.
Telephone No.
94-01-502931, 94-01-591287
6.
Fax No.
94-01-502932
7.
1227
Chartered Engineers
Graduate Engineers
Company Qualified Engineers
NDT Or JTO
Architect
Quantity Surveyors
Technical Assistant
Supervisors
Drivers
Other Tech/Office Staff
2
122
18
15
1
33
61
264
113
598
8.
9.
Names of Directors
F.A.W. Irugalbandara
Lokuge Don Nimal Nayana
E.A.D.B. Tissa Perera
W.A. Priyantha Perera
10.
Auditors
11.
12.
14.
- Since:1981
- Since:1981
3. Telecommunication Construction
- Since:1981
- Since:1981
- Since:1987
- Since:1997
7. Piling work
-Since : 2000
Subsidiary Companies
1. Sierra Property Development (Private) Limited
2. Sierra Development (Private) Limited
3. Sierra Cables Limited
4. Sierra Holdings
5. Sierra Information Technologies Limited
6. Sierra Machinery & Equipment (Private) Limited
7. Sierra Electronics (Private) Limited
8. Sierra Networks (Private) Limited
9. Alucop Cables Limited
10. Alucop Marketing (Private) Limited
Colombo 10.
189 Residencies
Benison International Property Developers (Pvt) Ltd.,
Engineer
Civil, Structural, M & E Consultants
Borallasgamuwa
Project Engineer
Mr.K.M.Ananda
Contract Amount
SL Rs.143,009,166.55 (Excluding VAT)
Engineering
Manager
Date of commencement
07
March 2005
Mr.
K.
Sivapakkiyam
Date of completion
06 June 2006
Head Office
Contract Period
15 months
Involvement
Maintenance Period
365 days from date of completion
Bonus for Early Completion
Nil
Retention Period
10%
Residence Engineer
Limit of Retention Money
5%Mr.
of contract
price
K.M. Ananda
2.1 PROJECT ORGANIZATION CHART Site Involvement
Planning Engineer
Ms. M. Kondadeniya
Head Office
Involvement
Head of Invoices
Mrs. P. Wijewardena
Head Office
Involvement
Project QS
Ms. Indramala
Head Office
Involvement
Project Coordinator
Mr. T. Hewageegana
Head Office
Involvement
Technical Assistant
Mr. D.P.C.P. Kumara
Site Involvement
Skilled / Unskilled
Labours
Site Involvement
Technical Assistant
Mr. R.M.S.K. Rathnayake
Site Involvement
5 / Unskilled
Skilled
Labours
Site Involvement
Technical AssistantElectrical
Mr. S.M.K.
Wickramasinghe
Site Involvement
3.0 LEVELING
Leveling was done to identify the nature of the site and estimate the volume of soil to be
excavated. The site was approximately level ground and approximately a rectangular. There are no
obstacles in the site to disturb visibility. So the leveling was a easy task and the site was divided into
some rectangular shapes by imaginary grid lines. These grid lines are not same as the foundation grid
lines described in details of foundation. The given BM is at the pavement of the Baseline road and the
level of the BM was given as -600mm.
Initially the grid lines were marked on the ground by measuring the length with tape and
strings. The grid lines were shown below.
Baseline
Road
RL -0.6m
8m
5 m app.
Grid Points
10 m
Construction of site office, consultant office, security office, labour billet, store room, bar
bending yard, toilets, etc...
For each GI pipes 2x 2 timber was bind by using GI binding wires. Then the GI roofing
sheets were nailed to the 2x 2 timber for roof and walls. After that the pavior was constructed by
1:3:6(20mm) lean concrete. For the office, the door and windows were fixed to the 2x 2 timber.
In this procedure the labour billet, store room consultant office and labour toilets were
constructed. But the labour billet was constructed as a three stories and for floor the plywood sheets
were used.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Some Grid lines were located to make the setting work easy. The grid line arrangement A
was
shown below.
B
B
WEST BLOCK
EAST BLOCK
D
10
E
1
The foundation was covered whole. According to the grid lines the foundation cover grid lines
1-1 to 9-9 and grid lines A-A to E-E. So only few spaces are available for site activities.
In raft foundation it was designed to construct foundation beams and slabs. The general
arrangement of the raft foundation beams and slab for west block was shown in Appendix. The larger
foundation beam in the west block is 1800 mm in height and 1200 mm in width along the grid line 3-3.
BH02 :
BH03 :
The Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) were conducted at every 1.0 / 1.5 m interval throughout
the depth up to bed rock.
The investigation for water table was done during a considerably wet season and the results are,
BH01 :
BH02 :
It was recommended that the shallow type foundation could be adopted for this building.
13
Then there was a problem in the final level to excavate for raft foundation. The Bench Mark
(BM) used for the site is on the pavement of the Baseline road. The Architecture use the BM level as
-600 mm for his design and the Structural Engineer used that as 0 mm. So it was give problem in
excavating upto the final level by backhoe. But the final level for excavation was given as -2400mm in
drawings.
Until this problem solved it was decided to excavate in two layers and the top layer of 1.5 m
thick layer was excavated by using back hoe.
14
15
Excavated soil
Boundary Wall
H Iron
32 mm rods
Excavated soil
Fig. 9.2 Earth supporting by mild steel plate
After that the mild steel plates were supported to the H irons by welding with another H
irons. After supporting work was finished the soil below the mild steel plate was excavated manually
for constructing raft foundation.
Mild Steel plate
Boundary Wall
H Iron
32 mm rods
Excavated soil
Fig 9.3 Supporting mild steel plate H irons
16
10.0 DEWATERING
Due to the heavy rain after the excavation, the area was filled by rainwater. So it was necessary
to dewater the accumulated water. It was done by using pumps and the water with mud allowed going
through the drainage channel adjacent to the road, after it was filtered to remove soil. Otherwise the
soil will make blockage in drainage channel. After the dewatering it the soil was allowed to dry for
compacting.
2) Rammers
3) Vibrators
4) Vibratory
In our site the Vibratory Roller was used to compact the soil. In excavation in some places the
soil was excavated around 10 mm more than required. So it is required to fill soil and compact. And all
other places also compacted.
11.1 EARTH COMPACTING PROCEDURE
Prior to the compaction work all the tests should be carried for the filling material. The most
important test is Proctor test from whish the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for
the particular soil can be found. After that the soil was filled by layer by layer and then the water was
sprinkled to bring the moisture content of the soil to the optimum moisture content. Then the earth is
compacted by Vibratory Roller. In our site for the filling was needed in some places. So it was filled by
core dust due to the soil was clay & have high moisture content and while compacting by using
Vibratory Roller it was
difficult.
was
Vibratory Roller.
compacted
by
18
Then
it
A
B
19
E
1
C1
M1
M3
M2
E
20
Points to be located.
Points where TL was used.
M
Measured distance
Check length
After all the grid lines were set-out, the beam edges and the column edges were marked by
using setsquare and tape.
reinforcement
column
were fixed.
reinforcements
21
of
the
When fabricating & placing the reinforcement the followings are required.
With respect to, diameter, spacing, fabrication, clear cover and alignment.
The cover is strong enough to prevent the corrosion & fire resistant.
The cover is depended on following factors,
22
Exposure Condition.
All reinforcement when placed should be free from dirt, mud, oil, grease or any other
mater, which can adversely affect the concrete or reinforcement or reduce the bond.
57 x Up to second floor
14.0 FORMWORK
Shuttering is the one of most important part of the concreting. They mould the concrete
to the require size & shape and also kept in required position & alignment. It must provide sufficient
23
As far as the shuttering is concerned for the vertical surfaces plywood sheets fixed to 2 x 4
wooden frame were used. The space between two adjacent 2 x 4 rafters is 600 mm. The thickness of
the plywood sheets which was used is 18 mm. The shuttering shall have a smooth and even surface and
appropriate to the concrete finish required. The surface of timber shuttering that would come in contact
with the concrete shall be thoroughly cleaned and coated with mould oil to prevent adhesion of
concrete to formwork. 1.2 m x 2.4 m normal plywood sheets were used for formwork.
For the edge beam there was no space to do formwork. So the formwork was done by using
polythene sheets as shown below.
In some places there were some H irons used for shoring. After concreting it should be
removed. So shuttering was provided to prevent concrete not to be bonded with them as shown below.
24
15.0 CONCRETING
Concrete can be mixed either manually at the site or ready mixed at a batching plant. But
ready mixed concrete was used for this project.
15.1 HAND MIXING
It is used for such as screed concrete. The dry ingredients are measured separately in a
gauge box for preparing concrete. First the sand is spread on the flat plywood and then cement is
emptied on top of it and mixed thoroughly by using shovel at least three times. Then the mixture was
uniformly distributed on the platform and aggregate was spread on it. Then whole ingredients were
mixed. Then required amount of water was added and mixed at least three times. The mixture was
turned by a shovel while the water is being added. The mixed should be consumed within 90 minutes
from adding of water. When the concrete mixed by hand, according to specification 25% cement
should be added.
27
The vibrator should be inserted vertically in the concrete but never closer to the formwork.
The vibrator should not be placed directly on the reinforcement because it can be loosen.
intervals.
28
Mixture
(Cement : Sand : Aggregate)
1:3:6
1:2:4
1:1:3
1:1:2
Requirement
Screed for Foundation
( Not used )
( Not used )
For Raft Foundation
GRADE 15
Slump
Standard Deviation
Margin
23N/mm2
0.55
Cement Type
15N/mm2
100mm
8N/mm2
13N/mm2
Ordinary Portland
29
River Sand
Granite
3.15
Fine agg.
Water 1
Coarse agg.
2.65
2.75
20mm
2.70
Cement
275Kg
Coarse agg.
151.25L 859.2Kg
GRADE 30
Slump
Standard Deviation
Margin
43N/mm2
0.4
Cement Type
River Sand
Granite
30N/mm2
150mm
8N/mm2
13N/mm2
Ordinary Portland
30
1139Kg
Fine agg.
2.65
Coarse agg.
2.75
20mm
2.69
Cement
Water
Fine agg.
0.92L
460Kg
184L
822.3Kg
Coarse agg.
927.3Kg
31
aYbcdB
Location
( Bottom / Top )
Bar Type
Bar Spacing
Bar Diameter
Bar Mark
32
18.0 SAFETY
Unaccepted accident causes pain, permanent disabilities, human suffering or death. This
affects the victim and other working resulting in loss of morale and even a fear of performing certain
tasks. Therefore to reduce accidents in construction site safety-conscious, supervision, proper
education, discipline, job safety organization, safety devices and good equipment are required.
Hazard in Construction
Work site
Material
(Property & Equipment)
Work man
Environment
Theft
Damage
injury hazard
Health hazard
Disturb
(Noise, Dust)
37
Hazard under construction industry and the remedial measures that will implement to overcome
each of identified hazards:
1. Demolition and site clearance
2. Excavation and earthworks
3. Scaffolding and means of access
4. Lifting appliances and lifting gear
5. Temporary electrical supplies
6. Welding gas and electric arc
7. Site transport and mobile plant
8. Static mechanical plant and equipment
9. Overhead and underground services
Lack of discipline.
Distraction.
38
39
Remedial measures
Supervision of work
Spacing Check for suitable spacing to spread loading evenly and not more than 4 ft (1.2m)
apart.
41
Employers are obliged by low to provide the following items to prevent from hazard:
a. Wearing safety helmets should extend to all workplaces where a risk of head injury is
present.
b. Eye protectors or shields for specified operations.
c. Respirators when dangerous fumes and dusts are present and adequate ventilation is
not practicable.
d. Ear protectors when the working machinery noise levels cannot be satisfactorily
reduced and in other noisy conditions.
e. Normal wet weather protective clothes when men are required to continue working in
rain.
Finally the supervisor should institute a planned and regular examination of work methods
wherever there is a risk on skin disease and should be on the lookout.
23.0 CONCLUSION
46
47