Materials Thermodynamics (EBT324)

Exp. 1

1. OBJECTIVE
1.1 To develop a simple calorimeter.
1.2 To determine enthalpy of reaction that difficult to be carried out straight
forwardly.
2. INTRODUCTION
Hesss Law states that the heat evolved or absorbed in a chemical process is the
same whether the process takes place in one or in several steps. This is also known as
the law of constant heat summation. [1] To illustrate Hesss Law, the example thermal
equations are shown below:
A + B = AB
H = dH1
AB + B = AB2
H = dH2
Then,
A + 2B = AB2

H = dH1 + dH2

H or the change in enthalpy arose as a unit of measurement meant to calculate

the change in energy of a system or the change in the internal energy of a system, by
simultaneously measure the amount of heat and work exchanged. [2] Enthalpy of the
reaction or energy change of a reaction H, is the amount of energy or heat absorbed
in a reaction. If the energy is required, H is positive while if the energy is released,
H is negative. [3]
A calorimeter is a device used to measure heat of reaction. A styrofoam cup is
used as a calorimeter which used to determine the heat released or absorbed in a
chemical reaction. Due to its good insulated walls, the heat exchange with the
environment can be prevented. In order to measure heat of reaction, we often enclose
reactants in a calorimeter, initiate the reaction, and measure the temperature difference
before and after the reaction. [4]

3. EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
3.1 Glass stir stick
3.2 Beaker (100ml and 400ml)
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Materials Thermodynamics (EBT324)

Exp. 1

3.3 Thermometer
3.4 Graduated cylinder
3.5 Chemicals
3.5.1 Hydrochloric acid solution (HCI) 2M
3.5.2 Natrium carbonate (Na2CO3)
3.5.3 Natrium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)
4. PROCEDURE
4.1 Determination of enthalpy for reaction (i)
1) 30ml of HCI was put into calorimeter and was stirred carefully with a
glass stir stick until a constant temperature is needed. The temperature
was measured and recorded as a starting temperature, T1.
2) A mass of 2.00 gram of Na2CO3 was accurately found and recorded.
3) Solid Na2CO3 was placed into the HCI in the calorimeter and stirred
gently with the glass stir stick.
4) The temperatures were recorded for every 30 second until the
temperatures are constant.
5) A graph of temperatures vs times was plotted and the highest
temperature, T2 was calculated.
6) The enthalpy for reaction (i) was calculated.
4.2 Determination of enthalpy for reaction (ii)
1) 30ml of HCI was put into calorimeter and was stirred carefully with a
glass stir stick until a constant temperature is needed. The temperature
was measured and recorded as a starting temperature, T1.
2) A mass of 3.00 gram of NaHCO3 was accurately found and recorded.
3) Solid NaHCO3 was placed into the HCI in the calorimeter and stirred
gently with the glass stir stick.
4) The temperatures were recorded for every 15 second until the
temperatures are constant.
5) A graph of temperatures vs times was plotted and the highest
temperature, T2 was calculated.
6) The enthalpy for the reaction (ii) was calculated.
7) The enthalpy for the reaction (iii) was calculated with using of enthalpy
from the reaction (i) and (ii).
5. LAB QUESTIONS
5.1 What is the Hesss Law?
Hess's law states that energy changes are state functions, which allows
us to calculate the overall change in enthalpy by simply summing up the
changes for each step of the way, until product is formed. All steps have to
proceed at the same temperature and the equations for the individual steps
must balance out. The sum of enthalpy in the two steps is exactly same as the
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Materials Thermodynamics (EBT324)

Exp. 1

one-step reaction. The principle underlying Hess's law does not just apply to
Enthalpy and can be used to calculate other state functions like changes in
Gibbs' Energy and Entropy.
5.2 C (s) + 2H2 (g)
CO2 (g)
H = ?
Calculate the enthalpy of the above reaction and determine the reaction is
exothermic or endothermic. Three equations needed to calculate the enthalpy
are :
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
C (s) + 2H2 (g) CH4(g)

H= -393kJ/mol
H= -586kJ/mol
H= +753kJ/mol
H= -226kJ/mol

So, H = (-393kJ/mol) + (-586kJ/mol) + (753kJ/mol)

= -226 kJ/mol
Therefore it is exothermic reaction.

6. DISCUSSION
Table 1: Change of temperature for reaction (i)

Time (s)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180

Temperature (C)
29.4
31
31.4
31.4
31.2
31.2
31.2

Table 2: Change of temperature for reaction (ii)

Time (s)
0
15
30
45
60
75
90

Temperature (C)
28.8
24
23
22.8
22.6
22.6
22.6

Calculation:
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Materials Thermodynamics (EBT324)

Exp. 1

For reaction (i) :

Na2 CO 3

Mass of

Na2 CO 3

RMM of

= 2.00g
= (2x23) + 12 + (3x16) =106

Mass of HCl = 1.189 x 30 = 35.67g

T = 30.9 29.4 =1.5C
q=sx

RMM of Na2 CO3

x ( mass of Na2 CO 3 +mass of HCl ) x T
mass of Na2 CO3

q = 4.18 x

106
x ( 2.00+35.67 ) x 1.5
2.00

= +12.52 kJ/mol
= -enthalpy
= -12.52 kJ/mol (Exothermic)

For reaction (ii) :

Mass of
RMM of

NaHCO3
NaHCO3

= 3.0g
= 23 + 1 + 12 + (3x16) = 84

Mass of HCl = 1.189 x 30 = 35.67g

T = 24 28.8 = -4.8C
q=sx

RMM of Na2 CO3

x ( mass of Na2 CO 3 +mass of HCl ) x T
mass of Na2 CO3

84
x ( 3.0+35.67 ) x4.8
q = 4.18 x 3.00
= -21.72 kJ/mol
= -enthalpy
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Materials Thermodynamics (EBT324)

Exp. 1

= +21.72 kJ/mol (Endorthermic)

For reaction (iii),
2NaCl(aq) +

H2O

(l) +

CO2

(g)

Na 2 CO 3

(s) + 2HCL(aq)

H 1=+12.52kJ /mol
2

NaHCO3

(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) +

2 H2 O

(l) +

2CO 2

(g)

H 2=+2(21.72) kJ / mol
= +43.44 kJ/mol
2

NaHCO3

(s)

Na 2 CO 3

(s) +

H2O

(l) +

CO2

(g)

H 3=+55.96 kJ /mol

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Materials Thermodynamics (EBT324)

Exp. 1

Graph of Temperature versus Time

32
31.5
31
30.5
Temperature (C)

30
29.5
29
28.5
28
0

20

40

60

80

100 120 140 160 180 200

Time (s)

Figure 1: Graph of Temperature versus time for reaction(i)

Graph of Temperature versus Time

35
30
25
20
Temperature (C) 15
10
5
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Time (s)

Figure 2: Graph of temperature versus time for reaction (ii)

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Materials Thermodynamics (EBT324)

Exp. 1

The enthalpy change of reaction of solid natrium carbonate,

solid natrium hydrogen carbonate,

NaHCO3

Na 2 CO 3

and

was determined by reaction (i) and

reaction (ii) respectively.

Based on the result calculated, it can be obtained that the enthalpy of reaction
(i) is 12.52kJ/mol while the enthalpy of reaction (ii) is +21.72kJ/mol. The enthalpy
of reaction (iii) can be calculated by adding up the reverse of reaction (i) with reaction
(ii). Since reaction (i) was reversed and reaction (ii) was doubled to get reaction (iii),
the enthalpy of reaction (i) become +12.52kJ/mol and reaction (ii) become
43.44kJ/mol. Therefore, the enthalpy of reaction (iii) is 55.96kJ/mol.
In reaction (i), the enthalpy shows a negative sign means that it was an
exothermic reaction. Heat will be released from the system to the surrounding. In
reaction (ii), positive sign was shown by the enthalpy. It was an endothermic reaction,
means that heat will be absorb from surrounding into the system. Reaction (iii) is an
endothermic reaction.
From the experiment have been done, experimental results was deviate from the
theoretical results. This is due to some errors that occur when experiment was carried
out. When solid was poured into calorimeter, time was needed to close the lip of
calorimeter. However, there was some heat loss to the environment. This will cause
the measurement of temperature inaccurate. Besides that, impurity of calorimeter used
will also affect the accuracy of temperature measured. Therefore, to enhance the
results of experiment, it should be introduce a more closed calorimeter to prevent heat
loss and before start an experiment, make sure the apparatus used was clean properly.

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Materials Thermodynamics (EBT324)

Exp. 1

7. CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, we can conclude the experiment was carried out successfully and
the objectives of this experiment were achieved. A simple calorimeter can used to
measure enthalpy of a chemical reaction. As we can see from this experiment, as both
reactions were added different chemical, we can observe different results. For reaction
(i), the enthalpy shows a negative sign with value of -12.52 kJ/mol means that it was
an exothermic reaction. Meanwhile for reaction (ii), the enthalpy shows a positive
sign with value of +21.72 kJ/mol showing it was an endothermic reaction.

8. REFERENCES
[1]
Hesss Law.
[2]

(n.d.).

Retrieved

on

February

23,

2016

from

http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/hess.html
Heat of Reaction. (n.d.). Retrieved on February 25, 2016 from
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/S

[3]

tate_Functions/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Reaction
Enthalpies of Reaction. (n.d.). Retrieved on February 27, 2016 from:

[4]

http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/heatreac.html
Calorimetery. (n.d.). Retrieved on February 29, 2016

from

http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/calorimetry.html
[5]

The

Dynamic

Chemistry.

Retrieved

on

March

1,

2016

from

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/T
hermodynamic_Cycles/Hess's_Law

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