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Study On Heat Transfer Area of A Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger With Wavy Surfaces
Study On Heat Transfer Area of A Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger With Wavy Surfaces
of Mechanical Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering
1. Introduction
Fins are surface extensions widely used in different types of heat
exchangers for increasing the rate of heat transfer among a solid surface
Keywords and phrases: wavy surface, heat transfer area, heat exchanger.
16
and surrounding fluid. Often geometrically modified fins are incorporated, which beside increasing the surface area density of the heat
exchanger, also improve the convection heat transfer coefficient. Some
examples of such enhanced surface compact cores include Offset-strip
fins, Louvered fins, Wavy fins, Plain fins and Pin fins. Of these, wavy fins
are particularly attractive for their simplicity of manufacture, potential
for enhanced thermal-hydraulic performance and ease of usage in both
plate-fin and tube-fin type exchangers [1]. However, because of sinusoidal
curve of wavy surface, calculating precise value of heat transfer area has
been a problem. In this paper, a new method is offered to calculate heat
transfer area. Kays and London introduced a parameter , in order to
calculate total heat transfer area, S = .V . Here; V represents total
volume of the heat exchanger. Thus, depending on the designing process,
which can be Sizing Rating process, calculating total volume is necessary.
Then, using experimental parameter of , approximating total heat
transfer area is possible. What makes this method difficult to use is chain
dependence of equations of pressure drops, heat transfer coefficient, heat
exchanger efficiency, outlet temperatures and total volume to each other.
This difficulty when will be understood more that we face with a sizing
problem. In this case, calculating total volume of the heat exchanger is
possible just at the end of the designing process and naturally after doing
all calculations of related to pressure drops, heat transfer coefficients,
heat exchanger efficiency and outlet temperature talking about total heat
transfer area is possible. So, existing can be so helpful and a strong tool
in optimization process.
Nomenculture
N number of wavelength
Nu Nusselt number
Af
Pr Prandtl number
J
C specific heat
kg .k
Re Reynolds number
St Stanton number
Dh
hydraulic diameter
17
f friction factor
Kg
mass velocity
m2 .s
W
h convective coefficient
m2 .k
V total volume
Greek symbols
j colburn factor
m2
W
K thermal conductivity
m2 .k
m2
plates
3
m
K c contraction coefficient
Kg
fluid density
m3
K e expansion coefficient
L wavelength length
Kg
m mass flow rate
wavelength
N c number of channel
f fin efficiency
N L number of layers
w surface efficiency
18
19
wavy fin
evaporators coils. CO2 flows inside horizontal tubes while air flows
across the coil and over the fins, on the outside the tubes. C. Wang, W.
Tao and Y. Du [13] investigated effect of waffle height on the air-side
performance of wavy fin-and-tube heat exchangers under dehumidifying
conditions. A total of 12 samples of heat exchangers, including eight
having wavy fins and four having plain fins configurations were
examined by them. The results showed that the effect of waffle height on
the heat transfer enhancement ratio, compared to the plain-fin
counterpart, is pronounced only for smaller fin pitch and larger waffle
height, while its effect on the pressure drop is very pronounced
throughout the test range and is almost two times higher than in dry
conditions.
2. Mathematical Description
Heat transfer data are correlated based on the following dimensionnless numbers:
Colburn factor: j = St. Pr 2 3
(1)
Stanton number: St =
Nu
Re.Pr
(2)
Nusselt number: Nu =
h.D h
K
(3)
Prandtl number: Pr =
C p .
K
Reynolds number: Re =
G.D h
(4)
(5)
20
Here, - NTU method was used for predicting the heat exchanger
performance. The effectiveness of a heat exchanger when both fluids are
unmixed is:
1
= 1-exp
NTU 0.22 {exp[-C* NTU 0.78 ]-}
*
(6)
NTU =
C* =
UA tot
Cmin
(7)
Cmax
Cmin
(8)
fi =
(9)
w, 1 = 1 (1 f , 1 )
Sf, 1
S1
(10)
S1
1
1
=
+
U
h1 f , 1 h2 f , 2S2
(11)
(12)
Where is the ratio of the total surface on one side to the total
surface on both sides.
i =
b1
b1 + b2 + 2a i
(13)
In this formula, is the ratio of total surface area to the total volume
on one side of the heat exchanger.
21
The mass velocity through the minimum frontal flow area is:
Gi =
mi
Af , i
(14)
h = j.G.C p . Pr 3
P1 =
G12
2m, 1
(15)
m, 1
2
- 1
(1 + K c, 1 - 1 ) + 2
out
,
1
in, 1
in, 1
S
- (1 - 12 - k e, 1 )
+ f1 1
A1 m, 1
out , 1
(16)
L =
2a
2 2x
1 +
cos
dx
(17)
22
N =
(18)
Also, the number of channels for hot stream can be calculated from,
Nc =
D-S
2a
(19)
So, based on the new method, the heat transfer area for hot and cold
streams are respectively:
(20)
(21)
2
2 2x
1 +
L =
cos
dx =
0
2a + 1
2a
2x
(22)
2
2a + 1
E ( m) =
1 m sin 2 ( )d =
2
E (m) + sin( ) .
1
1
1.3
cos( ) . A2m +
A4 m 2 +
A m3 + ...
2
2.4
2.4.6 6
A2 =
1
3
1
, A4 =
+ sin 2 ( ) ,
2
2.4 4
A6 =
3.5
5
1
+
sin 2 ( ) + sin 4 ( )
2.4.6 4.6
6
23
(23)
(24)
E ( m) =
1 m sin 2 ( )d =
R(t ) =
t1
( x 2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
(t t2 )
2. sin 1
(25)
(26)
3. Method Validation
3.1. Case study
To validate new method a case study has been done. A plate-fin heat
exchanger with wavy fins has been designed for heat recovery from
exhaust gases in a Micro turbine cycle. The operating conditions and fin
properties are according to Table of (1) and (2) respectively.
Table 1. Operating conditions
Variables
Data
694
865
670
24
475
1.06
1.4676
1.45
11.5-3/8 W
17.8-3/8 W
Fin Height(mm)
10.49
9.53
10.49
Hydraulic diameter(mm)
3.23
3.02
2.12
Fin thickness(mm)
0.152
0.254
0.152
Wavelength(mm)
9.53
9.53
9.53
Spacing(mm)
1.96
1.98
1.96
2.21
2.20
1.42
1152
1138
1686
0.847
0.822
0.892
25
11.5-3/8 W
17.8-3/8 W
Height(mm)
1075
961
1075
Width(mm)
700
700
700
Depth(mm)
500
500
500
0.375
0.336
0.375
11.5-3/8 W
17.8-3/8 W
Air
Gas
Air
Gas
Air
Gas
L (mm)
21.93
21.93
21.93
21.93
21.93
21.93
26.25
36.75
26.25
36.75
26.25
36.75
Nc
315.85
225.35
317.28
226.37
489.50
349.25
NL
51
50
51
50
51
50
b(mm )
10.49
10.49
9.25
9.25
10.49
10.49
194.54
190.51
172.32
168.75
301.50
295.26
26
transfer maximum available heat, the layer numbers for cold stream will
be N L + I . Here, the first and last layers are cold stream and hot fluid
flow between them. Therefore, it is reasonable that the heat transfer area
for cold stream be a little more than hot and this is what it is seen in this
method. What is different for the first and last layers is temperature
distribution and heat transfer coefficient.
11.5-3/8 W
17.8-3/8 W
Hot Stream
0.69%
7%
4%
Cold Stream
1.1%
9.4%
2.5%
27
N s = (1- )
(T1 -T2 )2
R
+
T1T2
Cp
P
P
P + P
1
2
(27)
E (90 K )
E (90 K )
0.05
1.569
0.55
1.441
0.1
1.566
0.60
1.418
0.15
1.561
0.65
1.388
0.2
1.554
0.70
1.355
0.25
1.545
0.75
1.318
0.30
1.534
0.80
1.276
0.35
1.521
0.85
1.228
0.40
1.505
0.90
1.171
0.45
1.487
0.95
1.102
0.50
1.467
1.00
1.00
(28)
28
Conclusion
The surfaces with wavy patterns are one of the popular surface in
Plate-fin heat exchanger. However, due to sinusoidal curve of this
surfaces calculating heat transfer area is difficult. In this study, a new
method to determine precise value of heat transfer area is presented. The
validation of method has been examined by three types of wavy fins in a
plate-fin heat exchanger. The result shows high level of accuracy in
presented method. The result showed that data is presented by Kays and
London to calculate total heat transfer area for 11.5-3/8W has 9.4% error
while for the other surfaces is acceptable from engineering view.
Consequently, this method can be used in the optimization process.
References
[1]
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vortex structure and laminar heat transfer in wavy-plate-fin cores, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, (47) (2004), 1719-1730.
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29
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[13]
C. Wang, W. Tao and Y. Du, Effect of Waffle height on the Air-Side performance of
wavy Fin-and-Tube heat exchangers under dehumidifying conditions, Journal of
Heat Transfer Engineering, (21) (2000), 17-26.
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[15]
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