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Line-Line Short Circuit of Synchronous Machine Illustration of Computer-Aided Machine Analysis
Line-Line Short Circuit of Synchronous Machine Illustration of Computer-Aided Machine Analysis
Line-Line Short Circuit of Synchronous Machine Illustration of Computer-Aided Machine Analysis
Abstract
The sudden unbalanced short circuit of the 3-phase synchronous machine constitutes one of the most
difficult problems of conventional machine analysis, whether traditional or unified. It is, however, readily
susceptible to numerical integration using digital computers. The general approach, which is believed to
have a wide application, is illustrated by the simple case of the 2-winding single-phase machine, and is then
extended to the practical problem of the salient-pole machine with damper windings. Predicted and test
results are found to be in good agreement.
List of symbols
/ = direct current
/ = instantaneous current
k = coupling factor
L = self inductance
L* = damped self inductance
M = mutual inductance
M* = damped mutual inductance
p = d\dt
R = resistance
V = direct voltage
v = instantaneous voltage
X = synchronous reactance
x' = transient reactance
x" = subtransient reactance
Z + = positive-sequence impedance
Z_ = negative-sequence impedance
6 = cut + 8 = rotor angle
8 = initial rotor angle
to = 2vf
Subscripts
a armature
d direct-axis armature
D direct-axis dampers
F field
q quadrature-axis armature
Q quadrature-axis dampers
Introduction
Fig. 1
Diagram of the single-phase machine
161
a = RJa + J^a'a
+ MaFiF)
VF =
'F
-.
dt
aA
a"'a
MCOSC/
dt
di
BL
(2)
Discussion
(3)
The problem can, in fact, be successfully tackled by undergraduates with virtually no previous knowledge of synchronous machines.8 On the other hand, it might be argued that
this type of solution gives no general information such as,
for example, the influence of the various parameters, and
that the classical treatment, although very difficult, does
ultimately present the result in terms of quantities, e.g. the
Fig. 2
Short-circuit currents of
the single-phase machine
VF = 21V, 1F = O-83A
predicted
experimental
a First two cycles (8 = 180)
b First two cycles (S= 103)
c Steady state
2.2
Approximate solution
The simplest approximation is to neglect the resistances. This implies that the voltage VF applied to the field
is also zero. After this, only derivatives remain in eqn. 1, so
that instant integration is possible, giving
LFiF M c o s 6ia = LFIF
Laia M cos diF = M cos 8lF
(4)
. _
'F
Fig. 3
VF = 51 V, Ip = 1 5 A, Pioad = 11 5 n , 8 = 177
predicted
experimental
8O-
(5)
f
8O
4O
?\ ft"
-8O
I6O
4O
27T
7TW27T
' \l
.I ! i
-I6O
8O "
"V
Fig. 4
,163
vD = 0
vQ = 0
= 0
RF + LFp
MFDp
0
_MFp sin 6
a(ss) ~
MFDp
RD -f LDp
0
0
MFp sin 6
M^/7 sin 6
i? Q + JLJ3/>
MQp COS #
Af^p sin 6
MQp COS 0
sin a>t
1 - k2 sin2 cot Fa
-v/(l
(8)
(9)
'Q
(7)
'F
'D
= RI+p(LI)
- RI + Lpl + coGI
(10)
= L-\V
RI - OJGI)
-I2OL
Fig. 5
Currents for lineline short circuit
vF = 2ov, if = O-83A
predicted
experimental
a First two cycles (S = 96)
b First two cycles (8 = 185)
c Steady state
164
Approximate solution
Once again, with the predicted results confirmed, it is
interesting to examine the approximate solutions obtained by
neglecting the resistances. The analysis follows the same
pattern as the single-phase case, but the detailed algebraic
work, which is now more involved, is relegated to Appendix
8.1. With VF and all the resistances zero, the voltage equations may be integrated immediately to give the four fluxlinkage equations. These are first processed to give the
currents immediately after the short circuit. In particular, the
field and armature currents are
4r
. _
la
-4 "
Fig. 6
= - 127
00
16 r
AAr
-8O-
-I6O-
Fig. 7
165
'- (1 + sin 8)
where Xd is the direct-axis synchronous reactance. Conventional analysis6 gives, for the r.m.s. value,
(12)
'0/
(15)
Z_
where Ko/ is the r.m.s. line voltage before short circuit. The
worst switching angle is 90, as shown in Fig. la, and the
critical parameter is the subtransient reactance x"d. This is a
very small quantity, compared with which the resistances
cannot be neglected in the machine under test.
Expressions for the steady-state currents are also derived
in Appendix 8.1. These are
sin 0
coMF{xd +
cos 2
a>Mf
1 -
(13)
01
a(ss)
Xd
(sin 6 - j8 sin 30 + j82 sin 50- ...)
F(ss) -
(16)
2OJMFX'
v/2Ko/sin0
. (14)
. ,,
-jTT
Art
27T
-I2O 1 -
Fig.8
Comparison of computer method with that of Ching and Adkins for line-line short circuit
Vp = 20V, IF = O-83A
computer
Ching and Adkins
a First two cycles (5 = 96)
b First two cycles (8 = 185)
c Steady state
166
Conclusions
The main conclusion is undoubtedly that the lineline short circuit, which is exceptionally difficult to treat by
conventional methods, turns out to be remarkably straightforward when treated by computer-aided analysis. The analysis
is carried out in terms of the fundamental voltage equations
of the machine. No current or voltage transformations have
been employed, nor have the resistances been neglected; the
computed current waveforms are complete, not merely the
fundamental component. The computed and measured values
are in close agreement throughout. One feels that the computer has rendered obsolete the traditional approach to
transient problems of this type, since the computer approach
is general and applicable to all terminal conditions. Further,
any form of variations in the inductance parameters due to
saliency, winding distribution etc. can easily be incorporated
in the program.
Table 1
COMPARISON
OF HARMONIC
COMPONENTS
Order of
harmonic
Computer
solution
Armature
current
Fundamental
3
5
7
9
1000
0-285
0 082
0 024
0 007
1-000
0-291
0 085
0-025
0 007
Field
Direct current
2
4
6
8
1000
0-800
0-230
0 067
0019
1000
0-817
0-238
0 069
0 020
current
Vp = 2 0 V; lp =
Approximate
solution
0-83A
References
xd + VO
7
8
Appendixes
8.1
iF = I'F
iD =
I'D
'Q
' =
MFD
LD
0
MD sin 6
0
0
LQ
MF sin 0
M D sin 9
MQ COS 0
'F
Mo cos 0 Ld sin 0 + Lo
LFI'F + MFDI'D
MFDI'F + LDI'D
0
l(MFI'F + MDr'D) sin 8,
(18)
Writing /> = (i> - I'F) + I'F, iD = (iD - I'D) + I'D, and re-
iF I'F
~V2ia
>D I'D
-
'Q
(19)
(20)
167
where
r*
iY
LF - LF
Fl>
M* =
MF-
MDMFD
'-'d ^d
f x'd
(21)
J-T)
F F
1 y
dXq
\.*d
where x'd Ld M}fLF\?, the direct-axis transient reactance.
8-2
(22)
sin 6 sin 5
V2ia =
the
and
d.c.
a.c.
where
(23)
nD - rD~\ _ r-(M /L )
L iQ \ " L 0
FD
-(MD/LD)
sin ei
(M G /L e ) cos
riF F - - iFi
V2/J
(24)
r^j
Xd + -v
(25)
MFDMp
Introducing these values into eqn. 22 with 8 = 0 gives the
steady-state currents of eqn. 13.
From eqn. 18, the flux linkages with the field are given by
LFJ'F + MFD1'D. The initial value of this expression at / = 0
is LF1F, so that, throughout the subtransient phase, the
saturation corresponds to a field current of IF, the value
before the short circuit was applied. With the aid of eqn. 25
Fig. 9
Circuits for a.c. standstill tests
a Test circuit
b Equivalent circuit
standstill tests. With the notation of the test circuit of Fig. 9a,
the results obtained are tabulated in Table 2.
On the assumption of an equivalent circuit of the type
shown in Fig. 9b, the armature and field tests both lead to
the same value of mutual inductance, which confirms that
similar saturation conditions have been attained. Tests for
various rotor angles showed that the harmonic content of
the mutual inductance between the armature and the field was
less than 1 %; this was neglected. The complete list of parameters is given in Table 3. The total field-circuit resistance,
which differed between tests, is indicated in the individual
figure captions.
Table 3
MACHINE PARAMETERS
Table 2
Winding 1
Winding 2
V\
/.
Vl
W21
462- 5
86- 4
86- 6
800
120
125
armature
field
f/damper
q damper
40 14 65
w
85
field
armature
^/damper
482
1 18
75
37- 3
84- 2
r/damper
armature
60-2 3 04
34
18- 35
219- 5
7-0
117-5
60-2 3 04
33
18- 25
70
90
fieJd
^damper
168
armature
-phase machine
Single-phase machine
4-25
10
deg
0
0
90
La == 0-00872H
== 1-305H
M == 01005H
= 01500
Ld =
LF
L = 0-00436 H
n
LF = 1305 H
MF =
LQ =
MFD =
MD == Mp =
Ra =
RD = RQ =
LD
007106H
00635H
0-229H
OO1361H
O-O75fi
1-40O