This document summarizes key concepts from chapters 5-8 of chemistry including:
- Dalton's atomic theory which states that elements are composed of atoms that combine in whole number ratios.
- Definitions of common chemistry terms like atoms, ions, isotopes, and the periodic table.
- Explanations of molecules, ions, and ionic and molecular compounds.
- Introduction of concepts like the mole, molar mass, and percent composition.
- An overview of types of chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, and displacement reactions.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Improved Instrumental Techniques, Including Isotopic Analysis, Applicable To The Characterization of Unusual Materials With Potential Relevance To Aerospace Forensics
This document summarizes key concepts from chapters 5-8 of chemistry including:
- Dalton's atomic theory which states that elements are composed of atoms that combine in whole number ratios.
- Definitions of common chemistry terms like atoms, ions, isotopes, and the periodic table.
- Explanations of molecules, ions, and ionic and molecular compounds.
- Introduction of concepts like the mole, molar mass, and percent composition.
- An overview of types of chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, and displacement reactions.
This document summarizes key concepts from chapters 5-8 of chemistry including:
- Dalton's atomic theory which states that elements are composed of atoms that combine in whole number ratios.
- Definitions of common chemistry terms like atoms, ions, isotopes, and the periodic table.
- Explanations of molecules, ions, and ionic and molecular compounds.
- Introduction of concepts like the mole, molar mass, and percent composition.
- An overview of types of chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, and displacement reactions.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document summarizes key concepts from chapters 5-8 of chemistry including:
- Dalton's atomic theory which states that elements are composed of atoms that combine in whole number ratios.
- Definitions of common chemistry terms like atoms, ions, isotopes, and the periodic table.
- Explanations of molecules, ions, and ionic and molecular compounds.
- Introduction of concepts like the mole, molar mass, and percent composition.
- An overview of types of chemical reactions like synthesis, decomposition, and displacement reactions.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
○ Isotopes-Atoms with the same number All Elements are composed of of protons but different number of tiny indivisible particles called neutrons. atoms. ○ Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)-1/12th the Atoms of the same element are mass of a carbon-12 atom. identical. The atoms of any one ○ Atomic Mass-Weighted average mass of element are different from those the atoms in a naturally occurring of any other element. sample of the element. Atoms of different elements can ○ Periodic Table-An arrangement of the physically mix together or can elements according to similarities in chemically combine with one their properties. another in simple whole-number ○ Periods-Horizontal rows of the periodic ratios to form compounds. table. Chemical reactions occur when ○ Periodic Law-When the elements are atoms are separated, joined, or arranged in order of increasing atomic rearranged. Atoms of one number, there is a periodic repetition of element, however, are never their physical and chemical properties. ○ Group-Vertical column of elements in changed into atoms of another the periodic table. element as a result of a chemical ○ Representative Elements-Group A reaction. elements. Exhibit a wide range of both ○ Atom-Smallest particle of an element physical and chemical properties. that retains the properties of that ○ Metals-High electrical conductivity and element. a high malleability. ○ Electrons-Negatively charged ○ Alkali Metals-Group 1A elements. subatomic particles. ○ Alkaline Earth Metals-Group 2A ○ Cathode Ray-A glowing beam elements. formed between an +Anode and a – ○ Transition Metals-Group B elements cathode. Travelled from the cathode along w/ inner transition metals. to the anode. ○ Inner Transition Metals-Group B ○ Protons-Positively charged elements. subatomic particle. ○ Non Metals-Generally nonlustrous and ○ Neutrons-Subatomic particle with no that are generally poor conductors of electricity. Some are gases at room charge but w/ a mass nearly equal to temperature. that of a proton. (mass# - atomic#) ○ Halogens-Group 7A Nonmetals, ○ Nucleus-Central core of an atom and Chlorine and Bromine included. composed of protons and neutrons. ○ Noble Gases-Group 0 non-metals, ○ Atomic Number-Number of protons sometimes called the inert gases because in the nucleus of an atom of that they undergo few chemical reactions. element. ○ Metalloids-Elements with properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. • Chapter 6 • Chapter 7 ○ Molecule-Smallest electrically ○ Mole (mol)-Represents neutral unit of a substance that still representative particles of that has the properties of the substance. substance. ○ Molecular Compounds-Compounds ○ Avogadro’s Number-Experimentally composed of molecules. determined number 6.02*1023, in ○ Ions-Forms when atoms or group of honor of Amedeo Avogadro di atoms loses or gains electrons. Quaregna. ○ Cation-Any atom or group of atoms ○ Representative Particle-Species that has a positive charge. present in a substance: usually ○ Anion-Atoms or groups of atoms atoms, molecules, or formula units that have a negative charge. (ions). ○ Ionic Compounds-Compounds ○ Gram Atomic Mass (GAM)-Atomic composed of cations and anions. mass of an element expressed in ○ Monatomic Ions-ions consisting of grams. only one atom. ○ Gram Molecular Mass (GMM)-Any ○ Polyatomic Ions-Ions consisting of molecular compound is the mass of 1 more than one atom. mol of that compound. ○ Binary Compounds-Compounds of ○ Gram Formula Mass (GFM)-Equals two elements. the formula mass expressed in ○ Ternary Compounds-Compound grams. consisting of three or more elements. ○ Molar Mass-The mass (in grams) of ○ Chemical Formula-Shows the kinds one mole of the substance. and numbers of atoms in the smallest ○ Standard temperature & Pressure representative unit of the substance. (STP)-Standard temperature is 0 ○ Formula Unit-The lowest whole degrees Celsius. Standard pressure is number ratio of ions in the 101.3 kPa, or 1 atmosphere (atm). At compound. STP, 1 mol of any gas occupies a ○ Law of Definite Proportions-The volume of 22.4 L masses of the elements are always in ○ Percent Composition- Percent by the same proportions. mass of each element in a ○ Law of Multiple Proportions- compound. Whenever two elements form more ○ Empirical Formula-Gives the lowest than one compound, the different whole-number ratio of the atoms of masses of one element that combine the elements in a compound. with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole number. • Chapter 8 ○ Molecular Formula- Shows kinds ○ Chemical Equation- and numbers of atoms present in a ○ Skeleton equation-Chemical molecule of a compound. equation that does not indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products involved in the reaction. ○ Catalyst-Substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction but that is not used up in the reaction. ○ Combination Reaction-2 or more substances combine to form a single substance. ○ Decomposition reaction- A single compound is broken down into two or more products. ○ Single-Replacement Reaction-One element replaces a second element in a compound. ○ Activity Series of Metals-Lists metals in order of decreasing reactivity. ○ Double-Replacement Reactions- involve an exchange of positive ions between two reacting compounds. ○ Combustion Reaction-An element or a compound reacts with oxygen, often producing energy as heat and light. ○ Complete Ionic Equation- Equation that shows dissolved ionic compounds as their free ions. ○ Spectator ions- Ions that are not directly involved in a reaction. ○ Precipitate-Insoluble salt.
Improved Instrumental Techniques, Including Isotopic Analysis, Applicable To The Characterization of Unusual Materials With Potential Relevance To Aerospace Forensics