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Squat Depth Article
Squat Depth Article
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229152368
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1,192
4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
Michael D Kennedy
Jason Carey
University of Alberta
University of Alberta
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE
AND
ON
Neuromusculoskeletal Mechanics Research Program, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; 2Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada; and 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Bryanton, MA, Kennedy, MD, Carey, JP, and Chiu, LZF. Effect of
squat depth and barbell load on relative muscular effort
in squatting. J Strength Cond Res 26(10): 28202828, 2012
Resistance training is used to develop muscular strength and
hypertrophy. Large muscle forces, in relation to the muscles maximum forcegenerating ability, are required to elicit these adaptations. Previous biomechanical analyses of multi-joint resistance
exercises provide estimates of muscle force but not relative muscular effort (RME). The purpose of this investigation was to
determine the RME during the squat exercise. Specifically, the
effects of barbell load and squat depth on hip extensor, knee
extensor, and ankle plantar flexor RME were examined. Ten
strength-trained women performed squats (5090% 1 repetition
maximum) in a motion analysis laboratory to determine hip extensor, knee extensor, and ankle plantar flexor net joint moment (NJM).
Maximum isometric strength in relation to joint angle for these
muscle groups was also determined. Relative muscular effect
was determined as the ratio of NJM to maximum voluntary torque
matched for joint angle. Barbell load and squat depth had significant interaction effects on hip extensor, knee extensor, and ankle
plantar flexor RME (p , 0.05). Knee extensor RME increased with
greater squat depth but not barbell load, whereas the opposite
was found for the ankle plantar flexors. Both greater squat depth
and barbell load increased hip extensor RME. These data suggest
that training for the knee extensors can be performed with low
relative intensities but require a deep squat depth. Heavier barbell
loads are required to train the hip extensors and ankle plantar
flexors. In designing resistance training programs with multi-joint
exercises, how external factors influence RME of different muscle
groups should be considered to meet training objectives.
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METHODS
Experimental Approach to the Problem
Figure 3. The effects of barbell load at varying squat depths A) and squat depth at varying barbell loads B) on ankle plantar flexor relative muscular effort.
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Squat depth
308448
458598
608748
758898
9081048
10581198
308448
458598
608748
758898
9081048
10581198
308448
458598
608748
758898
9081048
10581198
Knee extensor
Hip extensor
50% 1RM
60% 1RM
70% 1RM
A
A
A
90% 1RM
A
A
A
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A
B;
B;
B;
B;
B;
B
B;
C; D
C; D
C; D
C
C
C
C
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A
B
B
B
B
B; C
B
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
B;
B;
B;
B;
B;
B;
C;
C;
C;
C;
C
C
A
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A; B
A; B
A; B
A; B
A
A; B
A
A
80% 1RM
B;
B;
B
B;
B;
C
C
D
D
D
D
*Barbell load in column has significantly (p # 0.05) greater relative muscular effort than barbell load indicated by alphabets.
Procedures
Knee extensor
Hip extensor
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
1RM
A; B; C; D; E
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A; B
A; B
A
A; B
A; B
A; B
A; B
A; B
A; B
A; B
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A; B; C
B
B
B
B
B
B; C; D
B; C
B
B; C; D
B
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
A;
B;
B;
B;
B
B
B;
B;
B;
B;
B
C; D; E
C; D; E
C; D; E
C;
C;
C;
C;
D; E
D
D; E
D; E
*Squat depth in column has significantly (p # 0.05) greater relative muscular effort than squat depth indicated by alphabets.
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Figure 4. The effects of barbell load at varying squat depths A) and squat depth at varying barbell loads B) on knee extensor relative muscular effort.
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Figure 5. The effects of barbell load at varying squat depths A) and squat depth at varying barbell loads B) on hip extensor relative muscular effort.
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RESULTS
Hip extensor, knee extensor, and ankle plantar flexor RME
for a representative participant squatting a barbell load of 90%
1RM are presented in Figure 2. Note that this participant
squatted below 1198; however, because not all participants
squatted to this knee flexion angle, data beyond 1198 were
not statistically analyzed. ANOVA revealed significant interactions between barbell load and squat depth (p , 0.01) on
hip extensor, knee extensor, and ankle plantar flexor RME.
Ankle Plantar Flexor Relative Muscular Effect
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DISCUSSION
This study examined the RME of the hip extensors, knee
extensors, and ankle plantar flexors throughout a typical
range of barbell loads and squat depths during the squatting
exercise. In resistance exercise, muscular strength and
hypertrophy adaptations are stimulated by imposing tension
on active muscles (7). As a function of the size principle,
large tensions, approximately 80% MVC or higher, are
required to recruit, and therefore train, all high-threshold
motor units (17). We determined how barbell load and squat
depth affected RME, which is an estimate of muscle tension
in relation to maximum muscle force. The key findings show
that barbell load has a more pronounced effect than squat
depth on ankle plantar flexor RME, whereas the opposite is
observed for the knee extensors. Hip extensor RME is influenced by both barbell load and squat depth. Previous investigations of lower-extremity NJM in squatting have reported
similar findings, notably that knee extensor NJM increases
with squat depth (23) and hip extensor and ankle plantar
flexor NJM increase with barbell load (6). These findings
are important for using the squat exercise in practice because
load and range of motion will have different influences on
the mechanical effort of the hip extensors, knee extensors,
and ankle plantar flexors. Specifically, to maximize the
mechanical effort required of the knee extensors, greater
squat depths are required, whereas ankle plantar flexor effort
is increased by increasing the barbell load.
Although squat depth did influence the hip and knee
extensor RME, this influence was not linear. The largest
and smallest hip and knee extensor RMEs were found in
the deepest (10581198) and shallowest (308448) portions,
respectively. However, RME was constant in the mid-range
(608748 to 9081048). Wretenberg et al. (23) similarly
reported knee extensor NJM to be greater in full vs. parallel
squats. Furthermore, in the sit-to-stand task, which requires
the same muscle and joint actions as the concentric phase of
the squat, lowering chair height increases knee extensor
RME (12). Thus, the effect of depth on knee extensor
RME seems to be uniform for squat-type movements,
regardless of whether they are performed for exercise or as
an activity of daily living, and across different populations.
In concert with previous research (12,23), our findings
relating to squat depth may be applied to the debate over
how deep an individual should squat in training. Many sources in the exercise literature suggest that squats be performed
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Squatting exercise is commonly used in resistance training
programs to strengthen the hip extensors, knee extensors,
and ankle plantar flexors. This research finds that the RME
of each muscle group is dependent on both squat depth and
barbell load. Large muscular tensions in relation to the
strength of the muscle, which RME is an indicator of, are
required to elicit muscle strength and hypertrophy adaptations. Therefore, squat depth and barbell load should be
considered as variables when using squatting exercise
depending on which muscle groups are important to train.
Across a range of populations, including athletes, individuals
with lower-extremity injuries, and elderly individuals, strong
knee extensors are important for performance (11,13,16,18).
VOLUME 26 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2012 |
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Garrett Melenka for writing Matlab
scripts used for data analysis. This research was funded by
a Graduate Research Grant from the National Strength and
Conditioning Association Foundation.
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