Paul Jones

American Pageant Chapter 37

1. Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan was an American writer, activist and feminist. Known for reshaping the attitudes
of Americans toward the lives and rights of women, and actively campaigning for those rights
thereafter.
2. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the
African American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the
United States, and he has become a human rights icon: King is recognized as a martyr by two Christian
churches.
3. Ho Chi Minh
Hồ Chí Minh was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary and statesman who was prime
minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).
4. Ngo Dinh Diem
Jean Baptiste Ngo Dinh Diem was the first President of South Vietnam.
5. Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev led the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He served as First
Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the
Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-
Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for
several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy.
6. Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a communist Cuban politician, one of the primary leaders of the
Cuban Revolution, the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then the
President of the Council of State of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He
currently serves as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since its
inception in 1965.
7. John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy, often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of
the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
8. “cult of domesticity”
According to the ideals of the cult of domesticity, women were supposed to embody perfect
virtue in all senses. The women who abided by and promoted these standards were generally literate
and lived in the northeast, particularly New York and Massachusetts. Women were put in the center of
the domestic sphere and were expected to fulfill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and
faithful wife, and a passive, delicate, and virtuous creature. These women were also expected to be
pious and religious, teaching those around them by their Christian beliefs, and expected to unfailingly
inspire and support their husbands.
9. McCarthyism
McCarthyism is the political action of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason
without proper regard for evidence. The term specifically describes activities associated with the period
in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from the late 1940s to the late
1950s and characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on American institutions and
espionage by Soviet agents.
10. Sit-ins
A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons nonviolently
occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.
 11. “massive retaliation”
Massive retaliation, also known as a massive response or massive deterrence, is a military
doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the
event of an attack.
12. “rocket fever”
13. The Feminine Mystique
The Feminine Mystique ignited the contemporary women's movement in 1963 and as a result
permanently transformed the social fabric of the United States and countries around the world and is
widely regarded as one of the most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.
14. Army-McCarthy hearings
The Army-McCarthy hearings were a series of hearings held by the United States Senate's
Subcommittee on Investigations between March 1954 and June 1954. The hearings were held for the
purpose of investigating conflicting accusations between the United States Army and Senator Joseph
McCarthy.
15. Brown vs. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that
declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black
children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional.
16. Montgomery bus boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in
Montgomery, Alabama, USA, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public
transit system.
17. Dienbienphu
Dien Bien Phu is a town in northwestern Vietnam. It is the capital of Dien Bien province, and is
known for the events there during the First Indochina War, the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, during which
the region was a breadbasket for the Viet Minh.
18. U-2 incident
The 1960 U-2 incident occurred during the Cold War on May 1, 1960, during the presidency of
Dwight D. Eisenhower, when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union.
19. Eisenhower Doctrine
The Eisenhower Doctrine was announced by President Dwight David Eisenhower in a message
to the United States Congress on January 5, 1957. Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a country could
request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened
by armed aggression from another state.
20. Sputnik
The Sputnik program was a series of robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union.
21. National Defense Education Act
The National Defense Education Act (NDEA), signed into law on September 2, 1958, provided
funding to United States education institutions at all levels. The act authorized funding for four years,
increasing funding per year: for example, funding increased on eight program titles from 183 million
dollars in 1959 to 222 million in 1960.
22. Twenty-second amendment
The Twenty-second Amendment of the United States Constitution sets a term limit for the
President of the United States.