INTRODUCTION:

Fish morphology refers to the variety of anatomical design among fish species.
Body architecture can be discussed in terms of the characteristic depth, predation style
and other swimming specializations required for the survival success of a given species.
External Organs:
Although they are incredibly diverse in form, most fish share common
morphological characteristics, such as fins, gills, scales, lateral line and caudal
peduncle. Two basic body forms show the anatomical features of most fish: the soft rayfinned fish and the spiny ray-finned fish. The ancestral body plan, represented by
the soft-rayed fish, is best adapted for endurance swimming and cruising. These fish
typically have one dorsal fin and an adipose fin.
The laterally compressed and dorsoventrally deepened body of the spiny-rayed
fishes is adapted for maneuverability in spatially complex habitats. These fish typically
have two dorsal fins; the first with spiny projections and behind it, a soft-rayed fin.

Image 1: Soft Rayed

Image 2: Spiny Rayed

The caudal peduncle is the slender region between the base of the last dorsal
and anal fin rays and the caudal fin base. The depth of the caudal peduncle is
significant for propulsion.

The lateral line is a sensory system made up of

mechanoreceptors that detect vibrations in the water around the fish. Fish have several
fins, including the dorsal, adipose, caudal, anal, pelvic and pectoral fins. Each of these
fins plays an important role in maneuvering, braking, turning or propulsion. Fins are
often highly variable in function, position and shape.

Function of each organ:

Eyes: Used for sight, fish can detect colors and see short distance with their
eyes. They use their vision to escape predators and find food.

Nares: Similar to nostrils, except nares are used for smelling only (nostrils are
used for both smelling and breathing).

Mouth: The mouth is used to consume food.

Operculum: The operculum is the bony flap that protects the gills from harm. It
opens and closes to allow water to pass over the gills.

Pectoral Fin: The pectoral fin allows for abrupt changes in side-to-side direction
and speed. It also acts as a brake to decrease speed while swimming.

Pelvic Fin: The pelvic fin stabilizes the fish while swimming and allows for upand-down movement in the water.

Vent: The vent removes waste and extra water. It is also the outlet for eggs or
milt (sperm) during spawning.

Anal Fin: The anal fin stabilizes the fish while swimming.

Caudal Fin: The caudal fin moves, propels or pushes the fish through the water.

Adipose Fin: The adipose fin is not pictured; it is not present on a lot of fish
species. Its purpose is unknown. Trout, salmon and catfish have an adipose fin. It
is the small, thick, fleshy fin located between the dorsal and caudal fins.

Dorsal Fin: The dorsal fin helps maintain balance while swimming.

Scales: Scales protect the fish from injury.

Barbels: Barbels are not pictured. They are the "whiskers" found on the head
area of fish such as catfish or bullheads. On the catfish and bullheads, barbels
are thought to be a sensory organ to help track down prey or food. Sturgeon also
have barbels.

CRAB ANATOMY
External Features:

Antenna (pl. antennae): The long segmented appendages located behind the
eyestalks. These allow the crab to interact with its environment by touch and
chemoreception.

Antennule (pl. antennules): Shorter segmented appendages located between

and below the eyestalks, sensory organs; these also use chemoreception to
"smell" and "taste".

Appendages: Ten legs (five pairs) including a claw-bearing pair with spines used
for feeding and defense, followed by three pairs of sharply pointed walking legs,
and a pair modified as flat swimming paddles at the rear, swimming legs.

Apron: Abdomen of a crab, which is folded under the body; male's is narrow and
long. A mature female's is semicircular, like the dome of the capitol building.

Carapace: The shell covering the body. It provides protective covering. It is made
of chitin and covers cephalothorax of the crab.

Cheliped: The first pair of legs, carries the large claw which is used for defense
and obtaining food. Male's claws are blue tipped with red; female's are red.

Eyes: Visual organs mounted on the ends of eyestalks. The eyestalks contain
cells that release hormones that inhibit molting and the development of gonads.

Lateral spines: Paired points on the widest outside edges of the carapace.

Mouth: Opening to the digestive system, located between the antennae. The
mouth contains jaws that hold and push food into the esophagus.

Sponge: Egg masses. Numbers of eggs vary, some may contain as many as
8,000,000. They are attached to swimmerets.

Swimmerets (pleopods): Paired abdominal appendages under the apron of the

female crab on which the eggs are carried until they hatch.
Swimming Legs- The last paired abdominal appendages, flattened for
swimming.

Walking legs: 3 pairs. Used for movement; crabs are capable of walking forward
or diagonally, but usually they walk sideways.

Image 1: Dorsal External View

Image 2: Ventral External View

SHRIMP ANATOMY
External Features:

Abdomen: The tail, consisting of six body segments and the telson/uropods.

Antenna (pl. antennae): Long, paired, usually flagellate appendage projecting

from the front of the cephalothorax.

Antennule: Short, paired, usually flagellate appendages projecting from the front
end of the cephalothorax.

Carapace: The "head shield" cuticular structure arising from the posterior margin
of the cephalon, extending anteriorly and posteriorly, and covering the
cephalothoracic somites of the body.

Rostrum (pl. rostra): Anteromedian projection of the carapace between the eyes.

Maxilliped: One of a pair of three sets of thoracic appendages, arising posterior

to the primary mouthparts. The two anterior pairs are often modified for feeding,
while the third pair is often pediform, resembling the pereopods.

Pereopod: One of the five posterior paired appendages or legs of the

cephalothorax.

Pleopod: One of the biramous paired appendages typically arising ventrally from
each of the anterior five abdominal somites. They are primarily swimming organs.

Telson: Terminal unit of the abdomen bearing the anus.

Uropod: Paired, biramous appendage attached to the sixth abdominal somite,

usually combining with the telson to form a tailfan.

Image 1: Shrimp Anatomy

SELAR

Local Name
English Name
Scientific

Selar Kuning
Yellowstripe Scad, Yellow-banded Trevally
Selaroides leptoplepis (Syn: Caranx

Name

Carangidae)

leptolepis)

(Family:

SENANGIN

Local Name
English Name
Scientific

Senangin
Indian Salmon, Threadfin Salmon, Fourfinger Threadfin
Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Syn: Polydactylus rhadinus) (Family:

Name

Polynemidae)

GERUT

Local Name
English Name
Scientific Name

Gerut
Javelin Grunter, Lined Silver Grunter
Pomadasys kaakan (Family: Haemulidae)

TONGKOL

Local Name
English Name
Scientific Name

Tongkol
Tuna, Bonito, Kawakawa
Euthynnus affinis (Family:Scombridae)

SIAKAP

Local Name
English Name
Scientific Name

Siakap, Kakap Putih

Asian Seabass, Barramundi, Giant Perch
Lates calcarifer (Family: Latidae)

KERAPU

Local Name
English Name
Scientific Name

Kerapu
Grouper
Epinephelus amblycephalus (Family: Serranidae)

BAWAL

Local Name
English Name
Scientific Name

Bawal Putih, Bawal Selatan

Silver Pomfret, White Pomfret
Pampus argenteus (Family: Stromateidae)

KERISI

Local Name
English Name
Scientific Name

Kerisi Merah
Notchedfin Threadfin Bream
Nemipterus peronii (Family: Nemipteridae)

SEBELAH

Local Name
English Name
Scientific Name

Sebelah
Malayan Flounder
Pseudorhombus malayanus (Family: Paralichthyidae)

SUSU

Local Name
English Name
Scientific Name

Ikan Susu
Milkfish
Chanos chanos (Family: Chanidae)

TENGGIRI

Local Name
English Name
Scientific Name

Tenggiri
Spanish Mackerel, Seerfish
Scomberomorous maculatus (Family: Scombridae)

KETAM

Local Name
English Name
Scientific Name

Ketam Bunga
Blue Swimmer Crab, Flower Crab
Portunus pelagicus (Family: Portunidae)

UDANG

Local Name
English Name
Scientific

Udang Putih
Indian White Shrimp, Banana Prawn
Penaeus indicus (Syn: Fenneropenaeus

Name

Penaeidae)

indicus)

(Family: