Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Adjustable, Short Focal Length Permanent-Magnet Quadrupole Based Electron Beam Final Focus System
Adjustable, Short Focal Length Permanent-Magnet Quadrupole Based Electron Beam Final Focus System
An example, which serves as the experimental context we discuss an alternative scheme that sidesteps these diffi-
for the remainder of this work, serves to illustrate the culties, by tuning the strength of the final-focus array (a
implications of Eq. (1) on the choice of focusing scheme. class of quadrupole triplet) only through the longitudinal
A UCLA/LLNL collaboration has operated an ICS source (z) positioning of the individual fixed-strength PMQs. In
experiment termed the picosecond laser-electron interac- this way, the issue of tunability is separated from both that
tion for the dynamic evaluation of structures (PLEIADES) of alignment and that of achieving high gradient. Indeed,
[8,9], in which a 10 –100 TW, sub-ps, 820 nm laser pulse is one may access extremely large field gradients by using an
collided with a velocity compressed, sub-ps 50 –75 MeV optimum, static intramagnet configuration. Such a magnet
electron beam. With the present generation of large aper- configuration was introduced by Halbach [16]. This mag-
ture quads that UCLA employs, which have a maximum net employs a pure permanent-magnet geometry consisting
gradient of 15 T=m over 10 cm length, the minimum of 16 sections, with magnetization oriented at 0
, 45
,
value of the effective focal length of the final focusing and 90
with respect to their transverse symmetry plane.
triplet f 50 cm, and thus optimum demagnification for This type of magnet has been studied in the context of the
p =p 0:5% is only possible for 0 100 m, or (with compact linear collider (CLIC) program [12,13], and has
"x "n = 0:14 mm mrad) 0 3:2 mm. We thus an- been implemented at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring
ticipate a minimum achievable spot size [Eq. (1)] of (CESR) in the CLEO detector mini- system [17].
32 m. This spot-size estimate, which has been verified in The details of 3D field calculation in the Halbach sec-
simulation, is unacceptably large for the ICS source, which tioned PMQ geometry are discussed in the following sec-
ultimately demands a factor of 4 smaller spot size for tion. This geometry is known to allow field gradients
nonlinear ICS interaction studies, as well as for increased approaching the ratio 2Br =ri , where Br is the remanent
x-ray photon production. field of the PM material, and ri is the pole inner radius. For
In addition, by allowing the beam to expand before final the material used in the present study, NdFeB, Br
focus, space-charge forces (for beams of energy 1:22 T, and thus a 2.5 mm inner radius may produce over
<100 MeV) will increase the emittance [6], giving an 600 T=m, a field gradient that is appropriate for use in the
even larger final spot size. This limitation also precludes PLEIADES ICS experiment.
more elaborate approaches, based on sextupole correction, This can be seen from the following argument. Because
to eliminate chromatic aberrations. At low energy there- the focal length of the system as a whole should be less
fore, transport and final focusing systems must be compact; than 10 cm, the individual PMQ length is chosen to be
short focal lengths are needed. 1 cm. If one restricts, as is appropriate for a triplet con-
From this introduction, it is clear that one must look into figuration, the focusing phase advance (for the initial
the use of much shorter focal length lenses in order to operating energy of 70 MeV) to at most one-half [kq lq
create minimum functions small enough for many mod- B0 =BRlq 0:5] in a single 1 cm lens, then over a
ern electron beam applications. One might consider super- 600 T=m field gradient is deduced. We shall see below
conducting quadrupoles or solenoids, but these devices are that this estimate on appropriate field gradient indeed
neither inexpensive nor easy to build with the necessary yields effective guidelines for optimizing the beam optics
small (cm-scale) dimensions. On the other hand, in the PLEIADES final-focus system.
permanent-magnet-based quadrupoles (PMQs) can access To allow an appreciation of the scope of challenges
high-field gradients, and have been under study recently in encountered in implementing such a tunable, ultrashort
two arenas: linear collider (LC) main accelerator focus- focal length final focusing array, we must present work
ing—to mitigate the cost of the needed power supplies— on: magnet theory and design; beam dynamics simulation;
and final-focus magnets in both circular accelerators [10] fabrication, alignment and testing; and experimental beam
and LCs [11–14]. measurements. In the following treatment, we therefore
In the LC main accelerator application, an effort has employ the following structure: the basic theory and simu-
been made to design a moderate strength, but tunable lation of a single PMQ magnet is discussed in Sec. II; the
magnet [11]. Much of the international linear collider simulation of a focusing lattice is examined in Sec. III;
(ILC) oriented work has been concentrated on tunability, Sec. IV is dedicated to the design and fabrication of the
while simultaneously holding the magnetic center stable, final-focus system; the measurement of the completed
as required for use in the beam-based alignment process. In system is reviewed in Sec. V; and finally, implementation,
addition, both ILC and CESR groups have studied the usage, and beam measurements are presented in Sec. VI.
influence of their respective expected radiation environ-
ments on the magnetization of the permanent-magnet (PM)
II. MAGNET THEORY AND SIMULATIONS
material [15], and found the effects to be small.
On the other hand, the need for extremely large field In this section, a 2D analytical model originally ap-
gradients makes the introduction of significant gradient proached by Halbach and a 3D simulation model are
tuning into a PMQ very challenging. In the present work, presented to illustrate the dependence of the PMQ per-
072401-2
ADJUSTABLE, SHORT FOCAL LENGTH PERMANENT- . . . Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
formance on the geometric and magnetic design parame- composition of a set of smaller geometric components
ters in the Halbach pure PM design. bounded by planar polygons which then are linked to
We first discuss the two dimensional Halbach-type PMQ make up the desired magnet model. Furthermore, each
model, reviewing results that were originally established component can be segmented into smaller subdivisions
by Halbach. These results are then used to guide initial for improved accuracy.
magnetic and beam optics design decisions. The goal of our 3D simulation analysis is to obtain a set
To estimate the achievable gradients one obtains with a of optimized PMQ dimensions which, consistent with a
PMQ, we first assume a permanent-magnet geometry in given remanent field, yield an appropriately high-field
which the magnetization varies continuously with an azi- gradient. Our application demands that the overall dimen-
muthal angle . The field gradient is given by sion of the PMQ be consistent with the beam optics di-
mensions (few cm focal lengths for each lens), and that the
1 1
B0 2Br : (2) beam be passed through the small bore where the strong
ri ro field gradient is produced. The design analysis also must
With Br 1:22 T, ri 2:5 mm, and ro 7:5 mm, we factor in technical difficulties in the manufacturing pro-
have B0 650 T=m. In practice, the field gradient is cess. NdFeB, a rare-earth PM material, was chosen for our
most strongly controlled by the inner radius ri . simulations over other rare-earth types, e.g., SmCo, be-
It is not possible to make a PMQ with a continuously cause of our demand for a higher remanent field range.
varying remanent field, but the use of uniformly magne- Each component wedge block is bounded by two paral-
tized segments can well approximate the pure quadrupole lel trapezoidal planes separated by a length of lz and a
case. This was recognized by Halbach, who studied the given remanent field of Br . By implementing a simple loop
approximation to the ideal geometry that can be achieved algorithm routine in RADIA, 16 wedge blocks are sequen-
by segmenting the magnet into M geometrically identical tially stacked side-by-side where the final model design, as
pieces, which have magnetization rotated appropriately in seen in Fig. 1, is created. The final optimum PMQ dimen-
each segment, as shown in Fig. 1. The segmentation of the sions giving compact geometry and desired field gradient
magnet into M sections diminishes the field gradient pre- determined from the simulations are ri 2:5 mm, ro
dicted in Eq. (2) by a factor a2 . For the Halbach geometry 7:5 mm, and lz 10:0 mm. The field gradient that pre-
considered with 16 segments, the coefficient of quadrupole dicted from this parameter set is B0 573 T=m. Note that
term, a2 , is found to be 0.94 —the field gradient is dimin- the gradient found in RADIA simulation is lower than that
ished by only 6% from the ideal geometry. deduced from Eq. (2) mainly due 3D (edge) effects. The
The model analysis above omits the effect of finite field gradient and the magnetic field profiles plotted in the
length of the PMQ. In order to address these effects, the bore region are shown in Fig. 2. The effective magnetic
magnetostatic simulation code RADIA [18] was used in 3D length determined from the simulation is leff 10:4 mm
modeling and numerical analysis of a 16-piece Halbach (see Fig. 2).
PMQ. The magnetostatic object can be formulated as a We now discuss two of the most relevant factors con-
tributing to changes in the performance of the NdFeB
based PMQ: relaxation in PMQ due to intramagnetic in-
teractions, and partial demagnetization due to temperature
variations. The results of the demagnetization studies in
RADIA are used to determine whether the coercivity and
remanence in the NdFeB material are adequate.
The close proximity and high remanent fields of the
segments can influence the overall magnetic characteristics
of the assembled PMQs through mutual magnetic interac-
tions. Relaxation modeling was performed by iterative
calculations of the field strength and the magnetization of
each wedge block under the influence of the other 15
wedge blocks, until the values reach the specified precision
in the stabilized magnetization.
With the NdFeB magnet parameters from the material
datasheet and the calculation precision set in RADIA,
the simulation showed a negligible relaxation in the
chosen geometry of the PMQ. However, a permanent-
magnet material with a high coercivity is still desirable
for its high resistance against opposing external fields
FIG. 1. A cross section of the 16 segment PMQ and the and its resistance to temperature variation induced
magnetization orientations shown as arrows. demagnetization.
072401-3
J. K. LIM et al. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
550
B’ (T/m)
500
450
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y (mm)
Radia simulation
0.3
Hall magnetic-sensor
0.2
By (Tesla)
0.1
0.0
-10 -5 0 5 10
z (mm)
FIG. 2. (Color) 3D code RADIA PMQ field: a comparison of
PMQ field profile measurements using a Hall probe to RADIA FIG. 3. (Color) Magnetic field spatial dependence showing de-
simulation results (top), the field gradient (middle), and the crease in slope as temperature value increases (top); percentage
effective magnetic length taken at r 2:0 mm (bottom). loss of field gradient as a function of temperature (bottom).
072401-4
ADJUSTABLE, SHORT FOCAL LENGTH PERMANENT- . . . Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
700
shown as a function of a temperature change. This loss is
small under 100
C, but it increases dramatically above
120
C. This behavior is similar to that obtained from 600
simulations reported in Ref. [19].
Geometric imperfections in PMQ due to fabrication and
assembly errors, and their effect on magnet performance 500
B' (T/m)
are investigated here in simulation. We concentrated our
efforts in three causes of PMQ imperfections: angular
orientation errors in the magnetic easy axis; sector-to- 400 1%
sector geometric errors; and PMQ bore aperture radius 2%
errors. From simulations, approximate allowable toleran- 3%
300
ces in mechanical errors for the individual modules are
obtained. A complete error budget, including alignment 5%
errors, is discussed in later sections. 200
In the first imperfection category, the following set of -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
800
600
700
500
600 400
B' (T/m)
B' (T/m)
300
500
1%
2% 200
2.55 mm
400
3% 100
2.50 mm
5% 2.45 mm
300 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y (mm) y (mm)
FIG. 4. (Color) Field gradient dependence on magnetization FIG. 6. (Color) Field dependence on magnet bore radius: r
orientation errors. 2:45 mm (top), 2.50 mm (middle), and 2.55 mm (bottom).
072401-5
J. K. LIM et al. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
072401-6
ADJUSTABLE, SHORT FOCAL LENGTH PERMANENT- . . . Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
to be the optimal design. We have adopted this design 270 T=m. In addition to replacing the first PMQ with a
philosophy in our PMQ-based final-focus system. weaker PMQ, the two following lenses consist of a single
PMQ as opposed to a double PMQ in the original configu-
B. Simulations using TRACE3D ration. TRACE3D simulation of this weaker focusing array
which show system tunability down to 30 MeV, as has been
We employ the quad triplet configuration suggested by
recently verified experimentally.
the thin-lens analysis of the previous section, compactly
Detailed multiparticle simulation studies, performed
indicated by F-DD-FF. The double strength (half-focal
with a sophisticated higher-order matrix calculation code,
length) lenses are created by concatenating two identical
ELEGANT, of effects arising from the presence of errors on
magnets of the type discussed in Sec. II. The double-length
the performance of the PMQ final-focus system are pre-
magnets are moved in tandem, to act as a movable single
sented in the following section.
lens. This asymmetric triplet is first studied using TRACE3D
[20], an envelope code based on a first-order matrix de-
scription of the transport. The optimum lattice configura- C. Simulations using ELEGANT
tion was studied with this code to establish tuning There are several types of intratriplet alignment errors
conditions and performance predictions across a wide which may have profound effects upon the performance of
range of beam energies. Further, as is discussed below, the final-focus system. The two most serious are rotated
the code is employed as a tuning guide in the experimental (skew) PMQs and transverse magnetic center offset error.
application of the focusing system. A third source of error not addressed in the previous
TRACE3D studies demonstrated the focusability of a wide section is the effect of chromatic aberrations.
range of beam energies by dynamically configuring the Understanding the effects of these errors requires use of
drift spaces between PMQ lenses. Two examples of such a more powerful tool for analysis, the higher-order enve-
simulation studies are illustrated in Fig. 8 for two different lope and tracking code ELEGANT [21]. The effects of these
beam energy settings: 72 and 92 MeV. The following beam errors are examined here separately. Solutions for mitigat-
parameters (informed by upstream measurements at ing the effects of the mechanical errors in the final-focus
PLEIADES) served as input: rms emittances of "x system’s overall design are discussed below which effec-
7 mm mrad, "y 15 mm mrad and functions of x tively correct errors to within tolerances allowed.
2:0 m, y 0:9 m. TRACE3D results, shown in Fig. 8, il- A systematically rotated field in a quadrupole magnet is
lustrate that the magnet spacings L1 , L2 , and L3 between expected when the 4-fold symmetry of the quadrupole is
quadrupole magnets expand with increasing electron beam broken by an error in manufacturing process, for instance
energy, as expected, in order to increase the focal power of of uneven wedge sector shapes and incorrectly magnetized
the triplet as it is applied to a more rigid beam. blocks. In addition, errors in angular placement of the
Lower beam energy operation, below 60 MeV, is not PMQs with respect to the beam line may also produce a
possible in a system where 560 T=m PMQs are utilized. To skewed magnet.
access this lower energy range one may employ a weaker In the simulation code, the skew rotation term is indi-
focusing lens configuration. The following system has vidually introduced in each quadrupole. In our study, we
been recently implemented for lower energy (20 – outline a tolerance envelope in rotation by applying a
35 MeV) ICS experiment mode: weak focus—strong de- systematic error. A clockwise rotation error is applied to
focus—strong focus (WF-SD-SF). Here the weak PMQ is focusing quadrupoles and a counterclockwise rotation er-
created by boring out an existing PMQ to a larger inner ror applied to defocusing quadrupoles. Based on the sim-
radius, which produces a measured field gradient of plified model constructed, ELEGANT simulations are
generated for three different cases of magnet rotation angle
errors: 0, 0.01, and 0.02 radians. The normalized emittan-
ces in both transverse dimensions display growth propor-
tional to the rotation error, as shown in Fig. 9. The final rms
beam spot size grows from 20 to 34 m when a 0.01 rad
systematic rotation error was introduced. The beam spot
size produced of course grows progressively worse with
increasing rotation; in the case of 0.02 rad rotation error, a
200% growth in final beam spot size is found.
In actuality, all of the PMQs shared the same magnet
characteristics, as they are all created by slicing each
magnet from a long assembly. Thus, a rotation error due
to a segment or magnetization variability found in one
FIG. 8. (Color) Beam energy: 72 MeV (top) and 92 MeV particular magnet is found also in the other magnets and
(bottom). therefore an azimuthal rotation error is essentially elimi-
072401-7
J. K. LIM et al. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
18
εnx
40 εnx 17
16 εny
εny 15
14
εn (mm mrad)
30
εn (mm mrad)
13
12
20 11
10
9
10 8
7
072401-8
ADJUSTABLE, SHORT FOCAL LENGTH PERMANENT- . . . Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
FIG. 11. (Color) ELEGANT simulation of chromatic effects: x and y phase space plots at the focal point;
p=p 0 case (1st and 2nd)
and
p=p 0:5%, showing chromatic aberrations (3rd and 4th).
12
Nevertheless, a simplified fabrication procedure for pro-
10
ducing a high quality, and ultrahigh gradient PMQ may be
f
072401-9
J. K. LIM et al. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
B. Mover system
Before implementing the PMQ system on PLEIADES,
general problems associated with the application of this
focusing system in the experimental environment had to be FIG. 14. (Color) Rendered CAD drawing of the final-focus
solved. Addressing the mechanical tolerances and space assembly.
constraints of the PMQ system, while maintaining an
environment consistent with ultrahigh vacuum (UHV)
and magnetic fields, required careful integration. feedthroughs. The entire mechanical assembly is supported
Precision machining of all parts eliminated the need for by the main flange using a massive precision ground stand,
adjustable alignment in the movers. Computer controlled which affords five-axis alignment, as shown in Fig. 14.
custom vacuum linear motion feedthroughs were utilized An initial set of disks were machined to place each PMQ
to control each quadrupole’s longitudinal position, which into the mechanical center of the assembly ( 0:000500 ).
was precisely constrained by a rail system. Motion of the Using optical techniques along with a pulsed-wire system,
PMQs was set by use of stepper motors and LabVIEW the magnetic center of each PMQ was found relative to the
control software. The entire magnet axis of the system was assembled mechanical centers. New discs, if needed, were
aligned by use of a pulsed-wire system and optical tech- then machined with appropriate offsets to eliminate these
niques. Other features of the assembly include a ceramic errors. Fiducials were placed inside the front and back
ablation disc at the front of the assembly to protect the PMQ for optical alignment.
magnets from misaligned high-intensity laser damage
(during the ICS experiment), and a scintillating disc at
V. PMQ SYSTEM MEASUREMENTS
the (beam entrance) side of the assembly, for locating
mis-steered electron beams. Various measurements on the PMQs were performed
From a mechanical design approach, the system had to using pulsed wire and Hall probe. In comparison with the
meet the following requirements: independent (preinstal- 3D magnetic simulations and tolerance studies, the quad-
lation) correction of magnetic center to mechanical center rupole magnet properties indeed agree well with predicted
errors for each PMQ assembly, independent position con- values. More details of measurement techniques are dis-
trol of PMQs to within 100 m in the beam line direction, cussed in the following sections.
magnetic center-to-center transverse placement with Measurements of the PMQs were made with the pulsed-
10 m precision for each PMQ along the range of motion, wire technique [23]. The test setup included a single meter-
insertion of assembly into a standard 400 inner diameter long, 50 m diameter BeCu wire which was stretched out
(ID) vacuum chamber, and compatibility with vacuum at a through the PMQ magnetic field region and anchored at
nominal pressure of <106 Torr. end mounts. One end was fixed, while the other end had a
A mechanically simple design was chosen to comply pulley over which the wire was tensioned by a hanging
with these stringent requirements. A precision-machined weight. A pulse of 20 –50 V, with a duration of a few msec
stainless steel Conflat flange was fabricated to serve as a to sec, and a repetition rate of 1 Hz was produced from a
reference monument, mechanical support, and vacuum high voltage pulser triggered by a function generator.
seal. Three precision ground rods were fitted into the flange When the current pulse is passed along the wire through
by means of expansion and shrinkage fits. the PMQ magnetic region, it interacts with the PMQ B field
Pairs of magnets were supported by precision-machined and deflects the wire. A detector consisting of a photodiode
aluminum disks, each with three linear bearings press fit sensor and a diode laser was employed to quantify the
into the outer diameter. The disks and bearings move along deflection. Two sets of laser-sensors were used in order
the rods, and are controlled by vacuum linear motion to measure both transverse deflections simultaneously.
072401-10
ADJUSTABLE, SHORT FOCAL LENGTH PERMANENT- . . . Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
072401-11
J. K. LIM et al. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
Dipole/Spectrometer
Compton scattering Steering magnets (energy spread)
interaction point
CCD for x-ray
detection
FALCON laser
820 nm, 1 J, 50 fsec
PMQ final focus system
Quadrupoles
(emittance and beam matching)
FIG. 17. (Color) Schematic drawing of the PLEIADES interaction beam line.
072401-12
ADJUSTABLE, SHORT FOCAL LENGTH PERMANENT- . . . Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
FIG. 18. (Color) The PMQ final-focus assembly after installation at PLEIADES. The vacuum cube enclosing the IP is shown
on the left.
lated upstream of the PMQs to produce a moderately mediate determination of the emittance provides the linac
focused waist at the entrance to the first PMQ. The first operator with feedback on the quality of the linac tune, as
step in this process is the determination of the rms Twiss well as giving the Twiss parameters needed for matching
parameters of the beam exiting the accelerator, which is the beam into the PMQs.
done using the quadrupole scan emittance measurement Once the Twiss parameters have been determined, they
technique. In the quad scan measurement, the current in the are used as input to a TRACE3D model of the beam line.
first electromagnetic (EM) quad in Fig. 17 is varied while Given the beam parameters at the first element of the
the rms beam size is measured after a known drift length. model, and those desired at some latter point, TRACE3D
Taking into account the finite length of the quadrupole can perform a matching function, in which a user defined
magnet (using a ‘‘thick lens’’ analysis) the final beam set of model parameters is adjusted in an algorithm to
size in each transverse direction, f , follows the well- produce the desired final beam. In this case, we adjust
known relation [25] the strengths of EM quad doublet and triplet to produce a
p p p beam waist (- 0) in both transverse dimensions at the
2f cos K lq K lq sin K lq 2 11;i entrance to the PMQs with an rms size around 350 m. An
p p
p
example of the output of this matching process is shown in
sin K lq Fig. 19. The choice of rms beam size at the final-focus
2 p ld cos K lq cos K lq
K entrance is a compromise between emittance and aberra-
p p
p tion considerations, and will be discussed further below.
sin K lq
K ld sin K lq 12;i p Once the TRACE3D model has determined the proper
K settings for the upstream optics, measuring the beam size
p 2 at two pop-in beam profile monitors and comparing the
ld cos K lq 22;i ; (13)
results with the model predictions allows a partial check of
the model. With good agreement found between model and
where lq;d are the EM quad and drift lengths, respectively, measurement, TRACE3D is used again to determine the
K is the focusing strength of the quad given by its magnetic proper spacing of the PMQs. The result of this matching
field gradient and the beam momentum, K eB0 =p, and process is shown in Fig. 20. Here the spacing between
the initial Twiss parameters are i 11;i =", -i 3 PMQ holders is adjusted to produce the smallest
12;i =", and i 22;i =", where " is the rms emittance. function possible at the IP.
Because quad scans must be performed as part of the The linac operator uses the TRACE3D values of upstream
routine operating procedure, the process was automated quad strengths and PMQ positions as a starting point. One
using LabVIEW based control system software. The im- important practical consideration the operator must take
072401-13
J. K. LIM et al. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
FIG. 19. (Color) TRACE3D (screen shot) model of the beam line used to compute the focusing strength of the upstream EM quads for
proper matching into the PMQs.
into account is steering the beam onto the axis defined by described above. This light is collected by a CCD cam-
the PMQ mover system. This is needed both to minimize era/lens system and digitized using a computer frame
the effects of chromatic and spherical aberrations in the grabber. A typical and highly repeatable beam spot is
PMQs and to precisely define the direction of the ICS shown in Fig. 21. In this case we focused a 70 MeV,
x rays generated. There are two steering magnets located 200 pC beam to less than 20 m rms size in both trans-
between the EM quad triplet and the PMQs that are used verse dimensions. This is a significant improvement over
for this job. Steering is also made easier by imaging the the previous final-focus system, which achieved spot sizes
beam on a plastic scintillator mounted on the upstream face of roughly 50 m, rms.
of the first PMQ holder. This scintillator has a 5 mm
diameter hole that is mounted concentric to the PMQ
aperture. With these tools, proper beam steering is accom- D. Emittance measurements with the PMQs
plished using the two steering magnets to iteratively move A variation of the quad scan technique for emittance
the beam to the center of the scintillator hole and observe measurement is the so-called three screen or moving
the motion (or lack of motion) of the beam at the IP while screen measurement, in which there is a focusing lens
moving the final PMQ holder. followed by a drift space and measurement screen.
The process described above has been used to focus the However, in this case the beam size is measured while
electron beam at the PLEIADES IP using the PMQ system. varying the drift length instead of the lens strength. In the
The spot size was measured using OTR generated by the simplified thin-lens analysis (where the focal length is f
beam colliding with the interaction cube diagnostic as 1=Klq ) the equation analogous to Eq. (13) is
072401-14
ADJUSTABLE, SHORT FOCAL LENGTH PERMANENT- . . . Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
FIG. 20. (Color) Typical TRACE3D output (screen shot) specifying the spacing between PMQs and their position with respect to the
beam focus.
2
z "0 1 zz
2
0
2res ; (14)
072401-15
J. K. LIM et al. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
Thus, the analysis of the moving screen technique to the Through longitudinal motion of the PMQs, the final-focus
‘‘moving quads’’ measurement is valid in the present sce- system was capable of adjusting to consistently produce a
nario. One such dataset and analysis is shown in Fig. 22. small beam spot size at different input beam energies. This
The effects of limited image resolution can be clearly seen variability, over 40% in beam energy, has produced varia-
in these measurements. The expected parabolic depen- tion of x-ray photon energies over the range between 40 to
dence of 2 on z is observed well away from the minimum 140 keV.
beam sizes, but the data give a nearly flat dependence in the Recently, the final-focus system was successfully recon-
zone near z0 . In the case studied in Fig. 22, normalized figured by boring out the initial isolated PMQ’s inner
initial emittances measured at 58.2 MeV beam energy diameter to lower its gradient, and removing one of each
using the EM quad triplet are "x 16:6 mm mrad and of the downstream PMQ pairs. This new system has al-
"y 9:7 mm mrad, while the normalized emittances ob- lowed production of an optimum beam focus at as low as
tained with the PMQ scan are "x 16:3 mm mrad and 20 MeV electron beam energy. This new capability has
"y 12:9 mm mrad. During the initial period of running allowed use of PLEIADES to pursue ongoing dynamic
the final-focus system, beam spot sizes as low as rms pump-probe experiments which investigate dynamic dif-
18 m were measured in both transverse dimensions after fraction in different heavy-metal materials.
optimization.
As noted, this is an upper limit on the actual beam size, VII. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
due to the resolution limitations in the measurement sys- An adjustable short focal length final-focus system
tem. We note from Fig. 22 that the value of the res based on an asymmetric (F-DD-FF) triplet configuration
obtained from the best fit of the quad scan data to composed of unprecedented ultrahigh field gradient, with
Eq. (14) is also 18 m. With the value of res determined experimental value 560 T=m, PMQs has been developed.
by the fit to the data, we deduce that the minimum beam The design issues concerning the PMQs themselves were
size in each transverse dimension in Fig. 22 would have studied in detail using the 3D magnetostatic simulation
been in the range of 15 m in the absence of image code RADIA. The PMQ array was fabricated, measured, and
resolution problems (e.g., geometric and chromatic aberra- placed on a precision moving system. It was then imple-
tions). In order to observe such small sizes, a reconfiguring mented at the ICS final-focus system beam line at LLNL
of the optics between the interaction region OTR surface PLEIADES. This effort led to creation of ultrasmall beam
and the viewing CCD camera will be undertaken in the spot sizes, and an enhanced performance of a high-
future. One of the most critical needed capabilities the brightness ICS x-ray source, with adjustability demon-
PMQ-based final-focus system, that of tunability over a strated over a wide range of input beam energies, and
wide range of beam energies, has been demonstrated. thus produced x-ray energies.
-9
5x10
-9
2x10
-9 x
1x10 y
0
0 10
-0.002 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
z (m)
FIG. 22. (Color) Quadrupole scan of the final-focus beam at LLNL PLEIADES, performed by moving the entire PMQ assembly.
072401-16
ADJUSTABLE, SHORT FOCAL LENGTH PERMANENT- . . . Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 072401 (2005)
The principles behind the short focal length, adjustable [7] J. B. Rosenzweig and P. Chen, Phys. Rev. D 39, 2039
PMQ-based final-focus system are quite attractive for ad- (1989).
vanced applications. At UCLA, a similar system, with few [8] S. Anderson et al., Appl. Phys. B 78, 891 (2004).
cm focal lengths, is presently being implemented in the [9] D. J. Gibson et al., Phys. Plasmas 11, 2857 (2004).
[10] W. Lou, D. Hartill, D. Rice, D. Rubin, and J. Welch, in
final focus of a nonlinear ICS experiment in the Neptune
Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference,
laboratory. As the emittance is expected to be a factor of 3 Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1997 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ,
lower in the Neptune experiment, this test should allow 1998), Vol. 3, p. 3236.
demonstration of the emittance preservation at a level [11] J. T. Volk et al., in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator
much closer to the state-of-the-art in high-brightness pho- Conference, Chicago, IL, 2001 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ,
toinjector systems. Additionally, the current experience in 2001), Vol. 1, p. 217.
creating very high gradient, small-bore quadrupoles is of [12] F. Zimmermann, R. Assmann, G. Guignard, D. Schulte,
continuing interest for application to linear collider final- and O. Napoly, in Proceedings of the European Particle
focus systems, as the demonstrated gradient achieved here Accelerator Conference, Vienna, 2000 (EPS, Geneva,
exceeded the CLIC efforts by over 15%. Finally, we note 2000).
that standard F-DD-F PMQ triplets using longitudinal [13] F. Zimmermann, R. Assmann, G. Guignard, D. Schulte,
and O. Napoly, CERN Technical Report No. CERN-SL-
position tuning, with much larger bore and lower gradients
2000-057 AP, 2000.
have been used at LANSCE for proton radiographic mi- [14] S. C. Gottschalk, W. D. Kimura, and D. H. Dowell, in
croscopy [26], an application which does not require large Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference,
demagnification, but nonetheless demands very high Chicago, IL, 2001 (Ref. [11]), Vol. 5, p. 3218.
strength quadrupoles. [15] R. B. Brown and J. R. Cost, IEEE Trans. Magn. 25, 3117
(1989).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [16] K. Halbach, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 169, 1 (1980).
[17] W. Lou, D. Hartill, D. Rice, D. Rubin, and J. Welch, Phys.
The authors would like to thank G. Andonian and J. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 1, 022401 (1998).
England for their assistance with simulations. The authors [18] P. Elleaume, O. Chubar, and J. Chavanne, in Proceedings
also thank G. Anderson for the assistance in fielding ex- of the Particle Accelerator Conference, Vancouver, BC,
periments. This work was performed under the auspices of Canada, 1997 (Ref. [10]), Vol. 3, p. 3509.
the U.S. Department of Energy under Contracts No. DE- [19] J. Chavanne, O. Chubar, P. Elleaume, and P. V.
FG-98ER45693 and No. DE-FG03-92ER40693, and by Vaerenbergh, in Proceedings of the European Particle
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract Accelerator Conference, Vienna, 2000 (Ref. [12]), p. 2316.
No. W-7405-Eng-48 and the LLNL ILSA program under [20] K. Crandall and D. Rusthoi, Los Alamos National
Contract No. LS04-001-B. Laboratory Technical Report No. LA-UR-97-886, 1997.
[21] M. Borland, Advanced Photon Source Technical Report
No. LS-287, 2000.
[22] A. Chao and M. Tigner, Handbook of Acccelerator
Physics and Engineering (World Scientific, Singapore,
[1] J. S. Fraser, R. L. Sheffield, E. R. Gray, and G. Rodenz, in 1999).
IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 32, 1791 (1985). [23] R. Warren, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
[2] P. Chen, J. M. Dawson, R. W. Huff, and T. Katsouleas, 272, 257 (1988).
Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 693 (1985). [24] D. T. Palmer, S. Anderson, and J. B. Rosenzweig, in
[3] J. B. Rosenzweig, B. Breizman, T. Katsouleas, and J. J. Su, Physics of High Brightness Beams (World Scientific,
Phys. Rev. A 44, R6189 (1991). Singapore, 2000), p. 439.
[4] R. W. Schoenlein et al., Science 274, 236 (1996). [25] J. B. Rosenzweig, Fundamentals of Beam Physics (Oxford
[5] I. V. Pogorelsky et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 3, University Press, Inc., New York, 2003).
090702 (2000). [26] T. Mottershead et al., in Proceedings of the Particle
[6] L. Serafini and J. B. Rosenzweig, Phys. Rev. E 55, 7565 Accelerator Conference, Portland, OR, 2003 (IEEE,
(1997). Piscataway, NJ, 2003), Vol. 1, p. 702.
072401-17