Bunched Beam Injection in a Plasma

Accelerator

S. Ya. Tochitsky1, P. Musumeci2, C. E. Clayton1, C. Pellegrini2, J.B.

Rosenzweig2 and C. Joshi1

Department of Electrical Engineering, 2Department of Physics, University of California at Los

Angeles, 405 Hilgard avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90025

Abstract An experiment on phase-locked injection of ~ 100 fs electron bunches in a plasma

beat wave accelerator is presented. We consider using an IFEL microbunching technique to
produce ultrashort electron bunches prebunched at the exact wavelength of the plasma wave
340 Jim (~lTHz). It is proposed to generate 100 MW of 1 THz radiation by difference
frequency generation in a nonlinear crystal, mixing the same two CC>2 lines as used to drive the
plasma accelerator.

INTRODUCTION

Laser -Plasma acceleration of particles is utilizing a relativistic plasma wave driven

by a high-power laser beam. Plasma wave allows to couple energy of a transverse
electromagnetic wave of laser field into a longitudinal electric field of the wave, thus
making acceleration possible. The acceleration gradient has reached in experiments
values from 3 to 100 GeV/m for the plasma density (no) 1016 cm"3 and 1019 cm"3,
respectively [1]. So far all schemes of high gradient acceleration have shown 100 %
energy spread. This is physically due to the experimental difficulties related to the
generation and the injection of an electron beam in the high gradient accelerating
field wave with a typical period of 10-300 jim. It is obvious that if the injected
electron beam samples all the phases of the accelerating field, the energy spectrum at
the output will be continuous. The goal of second generation experiments is to reduce
the energy spread to make an electron beam produced by a plasma accelerator usable
for different applications.
There are two principle approaches to tackle this problem: optical injection of
electrons in the plasma wave and injection of prebunched electrons in a plasma
accelerator. For a 1019 cm"3 plasma density, which corresponds to a plasma
wavelength 10 jim, perhaps the only way for a phased injection is production and
injection of ultrashort electron bunches using different all-optical injection schemes:

CP647, Advanced Accelerator Concepts: Tenth Workshop, edited by C. E. Clayton and P. Muggli
© 2002 American Institute of Physics 0-7354-0102-0/02/$19.00
786
LILAC, LIP A, colliding beams (see these proceedings for more information).
However, forlower plasma densities and, therefore, longer plasma wavelength it
becomes possible to produce a high quality electron bunch (bunches) with a duration
short compared to the plasma wavelength. Injection of prebunched electrons that are
synchronized to the high gradient electric field wave is commonly called phase
locking. Several methods have been considered for injection of a phase-locked e-
beam in a plasma accelerating structure [2]. However this has not yet been
experimentally demonstrated.
In this paper we describe an experiment on phase-locked injection of ~ 100 fs
electron bunches in a plasma beat wave accelerator proposed at Neptune Laboratory
(UCLA). It is suggested to use an IFEL technique to produce ultrashort electron
bunches prebunched at the exact wavelength of the plasma wave. For Neptune plasma
accelerator the plasma wavelength is 340 jim (~lTHz). We propose to generate 100
MW of 1 THz radiation by difference frequency generation (DFG) in a nonlinear
crystal, mixing two CO2 lines. Co-propagating the radiation with the electron beam
inside a short undulator achieves the bunching at the required wavelength. Moreover,
because the electromagnetic radiation is generated from the same laser that excites the
relativistic plasma wave, phase-locking could be achieved. In the first part of the
paper we describe the scheme and report preliminary experimental results on
generation of THz radiation using noncollinear DFG in GaAs. Then we present
results of modelling IFEL microbunching and address a beam loading problem.

EXPERIMENT ON INJECTION OF PREBUNCHED

ELECTRONS

The Neptune Laboratory at UCLA is being used to explore advanced accelerator

concepts including Plasma Beat Wave Acceleration (PBWA) of electrons. Here a
plasma beatwave with acceleration gradient 1-3 GeV/m is driven by a 100 ps two-
wavelength TW CO2 laser pulse at 10.6 and lO.Sjim [3]. For PBWA, electrons from a
photoinjector are injected in a plasma accelerating structure. The injected electron
beam comes from an RF gun followed by a linac which can produce up to 0.5 nC in
several ps at 12 MeV [4]. At present the PBWA experiment is operating and a long
(>340 jim) electron bunch is injected in the plasma structure and accelerated with 100
% energy spread. Production of the monoenergetic beam require a bunch length of
about 40 jim.
In Fig.l we show a proposed scheme for phase-locked injection of electrons in the
plasma beat wave accelerator. As shown in the picture, a high-power CO2 laser beam
is focused by a F/5-F/18 optic at the interaction point (IP) and drives the relativistic
plasma beatwave. A small fraction (~ 4%) of two-wavelength CO2 laser radiation is
splitted by a NaCl beamsplitter, and then sent onto a nonlinear crystal. Here, by
difference frequency generation, as discussed in the next section of this paper, we
should generate up to 100 MW of 1 THz radiation. This 340 jim wave originates from
the mixing of the same two wavelengths that drive the plasma beat wave, so that it

787
has a well-defined phase relationship with the accelerating structure. The THz beam
is made collinear with the electron beam and is sent through a planar undulator using
a mirror with a hole. This off-axis
off-axis parabolic mirror has also the function
function of focusing
THz radiation to a spot size of 7 mm located at the end of a 0.5 m long undulator. As
Spectrometer

NaCl BS
µm + 10.3 |im
800 GW, 10.6 |im µm From
Electron

Neptune
Final Laser
OAP OAP f’=100 cm DFG
IP

Focus 100 MW,

f’=30cm
=30cm Triplet THz
THz IFEL 340 µm
buncher
LINAC
RF
Gun
100 fs e-bunches 5 ps e-bunch, 12
12
MeV

1 THz, 340 µm 1 THz, 340 µm

urn
Plasma wave Electromagnetic wave

FIGURE 1. Experimental layout for THz Inverse Free Electron Laser microbunching.

aresult of the IFEL interaction the electron beam propogating through the undulator
magnetic field is microbunched on the scale of 340 µm;jim; then it is focused with the
final focus triplet at the IP and finally it is accelerated by the relativistc plasma
final
beatwave. Absolute phase between electrons and the plasma wave can be adjusted
simply by using a delay line. The distance between the end of the undulator and the
possibility that debunching
IP is up to 2 m. There is a possibility debunching effects,
effects, taking place
place in the
the
transport between the THz prebuncher and the plasma, will cause bunch lengthening.
This issue is ought to be studied experimentally. Note that in the successful
successful STELLA
experiment where tolerances are tighter because of the shorter wavelength (10 jim),µm),
the IFEL accelerator was located 2.3 m downstream of the IFEL prebuncher [5].

HIGH-POWER SOURCE OF THz RADIATION

The key element of a laser-driven IFEL prebuncher is a powerful

powerful source of optical
difference frequency
radiation. We propose to use difference frequency mixing process in a nonlinear
crystal to produce high-power driving THz radiation (>100 MW) for the IFEL
buncher. It is known that low DFG efficiency
efficiency is a serious problem for the FIR

788
spectral range. The highest FIR power generated by now using this method is a few
kW [6]. At the same time 100 ps, two-wavelength €62 laser pulses from the Neptune
Lab system are naturally very well suited for producing high-power FIR radiation.
Nonlinear frequency conversion efficiency increases significantly for short pulses:
first owing to the power increase and second, this power can be coupled into a crystal
because of the higher surface damage threshold for shorter pulses. According to the
Manley-Rowe relations, the maximum power conversion efficiency can reach 3% for
TW 10 (impulses.
Three methods to generate high-power 340 jim radiation by CO 2 laser difference
frequency mixing in a nonlinear crystal have been considered. They are: standard
birefringent phase matching, quasi-phase matching with periodic structures, and
noncollinear phase matching in isotropic materials. A comparative analysis shown
that the later has the highest potential for FIR DFG [7]. Noncollinear mixing of two
laser beams is possible in any crystal which possesses anomalous dispersion between
the incident CO2 laser radiation and FIR difference frequency radiation. Zernike [8]
and Aggarwal et al. [9] have demonstrated noncollinear mixing of two €62 laser
beams in liquid helium cooled InSb and GaAs samples. Several reasons make GaAs
a good candidate for generation of high-power 340 jim radiation. It has a relatively
high value for the electro-optic nonlinear coefficient d=43 pm/V. GaAs with high
resistivity (> 108 Qcm) is transparent in the FIR beyond 200 jim at room temperature
as well as in the 10 jim region of the €62 laser [10]. High-quality, single crystals with
a diameter of 15 cm and length up to 10 cm are commercially available. The expected
surface damage threshold could reach 10 GW/cm2 for 100 ps €62 laser pulses.
For noncollinear phase-matched mixing of two laser lines of frequencies GOi and 0)2
(coi>co2) to generate the difference-frequency radiation at 0)3, the conditions of photon
energy and momentum conservation require that

co3 =co1 -69 2 ;k 3 = k i - k 2 (i)

where ki, k2 and ks are the respective vectors for radiation of frequencies GDI (10.3
jim), 0)2 (10.6 jim), 005 (340 jim). Fig 2a. shows the direction of propagation of the
incident beams and that of the difference frequency radiation inside the crystal.
Refractive indices for insulating GaAs are ni~n2=3.28 at 10 jim region, and n3=3.61
at 340 jim [10]. According to Aggarwal et al. [9], for these values of refractive index
we obtain 0=0.72° and 9=21.64°. The corresponding external phase-matching angle
is 2.38 degrees. The angle at which FIR radiation propagates inside the crystal is
greater than the critical angle for total internal reflection. Therefore, as it shown in
Fig.2b, the output face of the GaAs crystal has to be cut at 21 degrees to release the
newborn radiation.
Preliminary measurements of the DFG efficiency were done with a 3 cm long sample
of (111) oriented GaAs. The measurements were performed with a two-wavelength
output of a CO2 master oscillator which provided 50 mJ in a 200 ns pulse. Fig. 2b

789
presents a schematic diagram of the experiment. The laser beam was compressed to a
spot size of 1 mm in order to increase the conversion efficiency.
efficiency. By adjusting
adjusting the
distance between a ZnSe beamsplitter and a mirror we set the angle necessary for

ω1
Θ
ϕ
ω2 ω3
a Filter llay
Go
l
Cel

10.3 +10.6 µm
GaAs
b
FIGURE noncollinear DFG
FIGURE 2. Schematic wave vector diagram for noncollinear DFG (a)
(a) and optical scheme of an
FIR DFG
experimental set up for FIR DFG in GaAs(b).

produced was detected by a Gollay cell. The interaction length is limited by the
length over which two crossed beams are overlapped and, according to calculations,
was approximately 12 mm. We have observed FIR pulses with peak output power
P340≈100 mW
P340-100 P10.3≈20 kW and Pio.6~80
mW at peak input power Pio.3~20 P10.6≈80 kW. It corresponds to a
-6
6
10 efficiency value. In order to compare the experimentally observed
10~ conversion efficiency
from theory we used the following formula:
FIR power output with that expected from
0.5
 µ 0   4d eff 2 ω FIR 2  P10.3 P10.6 Leff T1 T2 T3 − αL
2

PFIR = 0.5    e (2)

 ε 0   n1n 2 n 3c2  S

where S denotes the the area of the input beams, TI,T1, T2 T2 and TS
T3 are the single surface
transmission coefficients
coefficients at the
the frequencies ω1, 002,
frequencies GDI, ω2, and 003ω3 and aα is the absorption
coefficient of FIR radiation in GaAs. Theory predicts P
coefficient 340 =212 mW using deeff
Ps4o =50
ff=50
pm/V and thethe only available in literature absorption coefficient
coefficient for THz radiation
radiation at
room temperature of 0.2 cm" cm-11 . This is in a reasonable agreement with the observed
value (uknown absorption may be a possible reason for this discrepancy), and allows
us to estimate possible FIR power for amplified
amplified pulses. Calculations have shown (see
the pump intensity of 2-4 GW/cm22 and LLeeff
Fig. 3) that with the =2.5 cm one can expect
ff=2.5
growth of thethe conversion efficiency 4x10-33 . It means that for 100 ps
efficiency up to 4xlO~ ps pump
pump

790
pulses the 100
100 MW level of power could be achieved for a beam diameter of 5 cm (8-
2
10
10 MW/cm of the THz power density).

5
110"
0

4
11004
Projected
+ ^/
Proje cted power with
wi h 100
100 ps
ps pulses
puls es S
L=2.5
L=2.5 cm
11 0 0 0 j^~————
jfi
2

M
FIR Power, kW/cm

o 1100
00

10
0)

0.
I 1

0.1
r
0.01 /
./* Experimental
Experimental power
pov er with
L=1.2
with 200
L: ;1.2 cm
200 ns
n i pulses
pulses

0 .001
4
1 11 0 11 0 0 11000
000 1100 4
22
Pump
Pump Power,
Power, MW/cm
MW/cm

340 µm
FIGURE 3. Measured and calculated power at 340 Jim as
as aa function
function of
of pump
pump intensity.
intensity.

Due to high nonlinearity of GaAs interaction of a 10 10 µmjim beam

beam ofof GW
GW power
power with
with
the nonlinear material may result in spectral broadening, amplitude modulation, etc.
[11] which could limit the allowed pump power besides the damage threshold.
Moreover frequency mixing of different spectral components of a broadened pump
pulse can cause generation of 3-5 mm radiation in aa collinear
collinear geometry.
geometry. A A detailed
detailed
experimental study of these issues is required.
It is interesting that FIR power level could be scalable beyond 100
100 MW by
increasing the beam diameter. A typical beam diameter of the Neptune TW two-
2
wavelength CO CO2 2 laser system is 12 cm with an intensity †10
|10 GW/cm . This beam, in
combination with available large-aperture GaAs crystals, opens possibility to create aa
unique high-power ≥1 >1 GW source of coherent radiation in the range of 100 100 µm
jim —10
mm (0.03 -3 THz) on the base of noncollinear frequency mixing of CO laser lines.
of €622 laser lines.

791
 MODELLING OF IFEL
MODELLING OF IFEL BUNCHING
BUNCHING

ItIt isis known

known that
that anan IFEL
IFEL acts
acts as
as aa longitudinal
longitudinal lens
lens and
and microbunches
microbunches the theelectrons
electrons
on the scale of the electromagnetic wavelength [12]. At the
on the scale of the electromagnetic wavelength [12]. At the Neptune Laboratory, in Neptune Laboratory, in
order to achieve efficient microbunching in the small experimental
order to achieve efficient microbunching in the small experimental area available, we area available, we
need
need to to optimize
optimize the the IFEL
IFEL parameters. Optimization was
parameters. Optimization was done
done using
using standard
standard
equations of the motion for a single electron moving in a
equations of the motion for a single electron moving in a plane linearly polarizedplane linearly polarized
electromagnetic
electromagnetic wave wave in in aa planar
planar undulator field [13].
undulator field [13]. For
For 100
100 MWMWof ofTHz
THzradiation
radiation
and a magnetic field of 0.25 T, we achieve maximum bunching
and a magnetic field of 0.25 T, we achieve maximum bunching through the Inverse through the Inverse
Free Electron Laser interaction after 0.5m. It is important
Free Electron Laser interaction after 0.5m. It is important that having more that having more
electromagnetic power or a longer undulator doesn't increase
electromagnetic power or a longer undulator doesn’t increase the performance of the the performance of the
system, the efficiency of the IFEL buncher reaches a limit due
system, the efficiency of the IFEL buncher reaches a limit due to the effects of the to the effects of the
non-linearities
non-linearities and and the the longitudinal emittance diluition.
longitudinal emittance diluition. Detailed
Detailed results
results ofof
optimization
optimization are are presented
presented elsewhere
elsewhere [7].[7]. Parameters
Parameters of of aa permanent
permanent magnet
magnet
undulator
undulator are are listed
listed in
in Table
Table 1.1.

Table
Table 1.
1. Undulator
Undulator parameters___________
parameters
Magnetic field 0.6 T
Undulator wavelength 10 cm
Magnet gap 2 cm
K parameter 2.2
Undulator length 0.5 m

Simulations
Simulations confirm
confirm well our estimates. The results are
are shown
shown in in fig.
fig. 4.
4. The
The
simulations
simulations areare performed
performed using TREDI [14],[14], a 3d
3d Lienerd-Wiechert
Lienerd-Wiechert based,based, 44ththorder
order
Runge
Runge Kutta,
Kutta, Lorentz
Lorentz solver code to track the electrons
electrons through
through the the undulator
undulator
magnetic
magnetic field
field andand the laser field. The input electron
electron beam
beam has has the
the parameters
parameters
typically
typically running
running at Neptune laboratory, 4 ps long, 66 mm-mrad,
mm-mrad, 300300pC. pC.TheTheradiation
radiation
isis assumed
assumed toto be
be a 100 MW THz wave, focused in in vacuum
vacuum toto aa 77 mm
mm focal
focal spot.
spot. In
In
Fig.4a
Fig.4a there
there is
is aa snapshot of the electron longitudinal phase
phase space
space atat the
the end
end of
of the
the
Bunching
Bunching in
in IFEL Histogram of
Histogram of phase
phase distribution
distribution
0.1
p 0.2
0.2
/
p
a
t 0.05
l
e % 0.1
d
0

0.05
0.002 00 0.002 0 nnnn^nnnlLnl lllllhlninljniii
0 1.57
1.57 3.14
3.144.71
4.716.28
6.28
z (m)
z(m) phase
phase
a
bb
FIGURE 4. Simulation results for THz IFEL microbunching.
FIGURE microbunching.

792
undulator.
undulator.The The longitudinal
longitudinal microbunches
microbunches on on the
the scale
scale of of the
the plasma
plasma wavelength
wavelength are are
evident
evidentwithin
within thethe 44 psps (rms)
(rms) longlong beam
beam envelope.
envelope. Fig.4bFig.4b shows
shows the the phase
phase histogram
histogram
over
over the 340 µm
the 340 jim wavelength.
wavelength. The The microbunches
microbunches have have aa width
width of of ~~ 3030 µm
jim that
that is
is
small
small (1/10)
(1/10) compared
compared to to the
the plasma
plasma beat-wavelength.
beat-wavelength. Since Since THz THz radiation
radiation driving
driving
the
the IFEL
IFEL isis locked
locked in in phase
phase with with thethe plasma
plasma beatwave,
beatwave, all all these
these microbunches
microbunches are are
phase-locked
phase-locked with with the
the accelerating
accelerating structure.
structure. ItIt is is clear
clear that
that for
for PBWA
PBWA gettinggetting more
more
electrons
electronswith
withaasmaller
smaller phase
phase spread
spread will will result
result in in less
less energy
energy spread
spread after
after the
the plasma
plasma
acceleration.
acceleration. At At the
the same
same timetime thethe longitudinal
longitudinal emmittance
emmittance dilution caused by the
nonlinearities
nonlinearitiesisisaaprincipal
principallimitation
limitation of of the
the IFEL
IFEL microbuncher.
microbuncher.
Further
Furtherimprovement
improvement in inthis
this respect
respect could
could be be achieved
achieved by by driving
driving thethe same
same
340µm
rd
undulator
undulatorwith withboth
both 340 jimradiation
radiation and it's 33rd harmonic
and it’s harmonic as as suggested
suggested recently
recently by
X.J.
XJ. Wang
Wang for for aa 11 µm
jim IFEL
IFEL buncher
buncher [15]. [15]. AsAs oppose
oppose to to the 11 µm jim beam, it is not
rd
durable
durableto togenerate
generate the the 33rd harmonic
harmonic of of THz
THz radiation. However one can generate 114
µm
jimradiation
radiationby by noncollinear
noncollinear DFG DFG in in GaAs
GaAs using using CO CO22 laser
laser lines.
lines. InIn fact,
fact, ifif we
we take
take
the 10.6µm
the10.6 jimline
line-the
-the same
same asas forfor
thethebeatwave,
beatwave,then thenthe the9.79.7µm jimline
line(the
(the9P(36)
9P(36)line)
line)
rd
will
willprovide
provide thethe difference
difference frequency
frequency equal equal to the 33rd harmonic
to the harmonic of of beatwave
beatwave with with aa
negligible
negligiblefrequency
frequency off-set
off-set of of ~1
~1GHz.
GHz. In In experiment
experiment another
another laser laser beam
beam from
from aa MW MW
power,
power,200200ns nsCOCO22laser
laser could
could be be used
used as as aa seed
seed at 9.7 µm
at 9.7 jim inin combination
combination with with aa TWTW
100
100ps pspulse
pulseatat10.610.6µm. jim.3D 3Dmodelling
modelling have have indicated
indicated that that indeed
indeed by by choosing
choosing an an
optimal
optimalratio
ratiobetween
between114 114and and 340340 µm jim radiation
radiation (1.5/1)
(1.5/1) oneone can
can significantly
significantly increase
number
numberof ofelectrons
electronstrapped
trapped in in slightly
slightly shorter
shorter bunches
bunches (~20 (~20 µm).
jim). Preliminary
Preliminary results
are
areshown
shownin inFig.5.
Fig.5.

Histogram
Histogramofofphase
phasedistribution
distribution 0.75
3rd Harmonic IFEL
0.3
Bunching factor

0.70

0.65
0.2
0.2
0) 0.60
%
0.55
0.1
0.1 o
c
D 0.50
CO
0.45
0
0 1.57
1.57 3.14
3.14 4.71
4.71 6.28
6.28 00.0
.0 00.5
.5 11.0
.0 11.5
.5 22.0
.0 22.5
.5
phase
phase
b Line
Line ratio
ratio (3ω/ω)
(3co/co)
FIGURE5.5.Simulation
FIGURE Simulationresults
resultsfor the 33rdrd harmonic
forthe harmonic THz IFEL microbunching.

BEAM LOADING
BEAM LOADING IN
INAA PLASMA
PLASMA ACCELERATOR
ACCELERATOR
AsAswas
wasshown
shown in
in the
the previous
previous section
section THz
THz IFEL
IFEL microbunching
microbunching can produce ~ 100
100
fs electron bunches, which is ten times shorter than the plasma wavelength.
fs electron bunches, which is ten times shorter than the plasma wavelength. Here we

793
examine analytically how many particles could be loaded in a plasma heatwave
accelerator both longitudinally and transverse in order to obtain the small energy
spread AE/E~0.1. It is known that when the electron beam and the plasma wave are
much larger than c/cop, the beam-loading problem is approximately one-dimensional
[16]. This condition is true for c/cop~50 jim for the case when the CO2 laser beam
diameter is 400 jim (F/18 focusing).
Longitudinal beam loading is limited by a wakefield production and the maximum
number of beam electrons is given by

(3)

where 8 is the normalized plasma wave amplitude and S is the cross-sectional area of
the plasma wave. In our conditions, for 10% wave, N0 equals to 6xl09 electrons.
Therefore for AE/E~0.1 one can load up to 6xl08 electrons or 10 pC charge without
significant dumping the plasma wave. In experiment we do not expect to exceed this
charge per bunch.
It is obvious that transverse variation of the longitudinal electric fields will result in
a difference in energy gained by electrons or large energy spread. Typical size of the
plasma wave seen in the 2D-PIC simulations is 170 pm (FWHM) for the laser field
intensity 2xl014 W/cm2 [17]. Such an accelerating structure requires an e-beam size
a^^SO jim. This is approximately 3 times larger what the Neptune photoinjector can
provide at the moment and further work is needed to improve quality of the e-beam.

SUMMARY

THz driven IFEL microbunching is a promising scheme for a phase-locked

injection of bunched electrons in a plasma accelerator. It is shown that for the
Neptune PBWA experiment ~100 MW of 340 jim radiation is required to drive a THz
buncher. Results of preliminary experiments on generation of THz radiation using
noncollinear frequency mixing of €62 laser lines in GaAs are presented.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, grant DE-FG03-
92ER40727.

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