Write Right - Transitions

WRITERIGHT:TRANSITIONSTableofContents
UNIT1:FORMALWRITING
page1
Chapter1:WritingaFormalParagraph:TheBasics
page1
Chapter2:PunctuationandProperSentences
page15
UNIT2:TRANSITIONS
page23
Chapter3:IntroductiontoCommonTransitions
page23
Chapter4:ExpressingContrast
page40
Chapter5:ExpressingCauseandEffect
page53
Chapter6:MoreTransitions
page62
UNIT3:REVIEW
page69
page69
Chapter7:ReviewofTransitions
ANSWERKEY
page76
WRITERIGHT:TRANSITIONSIntroduction
WriteRight:Transitionsisamultiskillswritingbookdesignedforintermediateand
advancedESL/EFLstudents.Thebookconsistsofsevenchaptersandprovidesstudentswith
afoundationforwritingformalparagraphs.Thisbookisessentiallyabookofworksheets:
teacherscanprinttheentirebook,andgooverallofthecontentinorder;conversely,
teachersmayprefertoprintcertainpagesassupplementstoclasses.Eitherway,these
worksheetswillhelpstudentslearntowriteformalessaysandavoidmanyofthemistakes
commontoESL/EFLstudents.
Includedinthisbookareworksheetsfocusingonthefollowingpoints:
StructureofaFormalParagraph:
TopicSentences
BodyofaParagraph
ConcludingSentences
TransitionsandConnectors
inaddition,additionally,moreover,furthermore,plus,aswell,aswellas,not
onlybutalso
however,nevertheless,still,evenso,nonetheless,despitethat
therefore,consequently,asaresult,thus,forthisreason
although,eventhough,though,despite,inspiteof,despitethefactthat
because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,duetothefactthat
regardlessof,nomatter
WritingPractice:
OpinionEssays
Cause/EffectEssays
ProblemSolutionEssays
CollegeApplicationEssay
AdditionalPracticeEssayTopics
Aftercompletingthisbook,studentsshouldhaveabasicunderstandingofhowtowrite
properformalparagraphswithminimalmistakes.Thisbookisusefulforpreparingforformal
testssuchastheTOEICandIELTS.
Goodluck,andhappywriting!
Copyright2011BrianGilesandStickyball.net
UNIT1:FormalWriting
Chapter1
WritingaFormalParagraph:The
Basics
TopicSentences
Body
Conclusion
IntroductiontoTopicSentences
WhenyouwriteaformalessayinEnglish,youneedtofollowsomerules.Thisunitwill
introducetheserules.First,youneedtostartyouressaywithagoodtopicsentence.Atopic
sentenceintroducestheparagraph.Ittellsthereaderwhatyouressaywillbeabout.Most
importantly,yourtopicsentenceshouldbeinteresting.Ifyourtopicsentenceisnot
interesting,thereaderwillnotwanttoreadyouressay.
Herearesometopicsentenceswrittenforessaysaboutstudentsgrandfathers:
Mygrandfatherhadmorestoriesthanachildrenslibrary.
OfallthepeopleIhaveevermet,noonehasimpressedmeasmuchasmy
grandfather.
WhenIseeanoldmanwalkingdownthestreet,Ioftenthinktomyself,Ihopehislife
wasasinterestingasmygrandfatherslife.
WhenIwasachild,Ithoughtmygrandfatherwassuperman.
Ihavealwayslookedforwardtoseeingmygrandfather.
Thetopicsentencesaboveareallinteresting,andtheymakethereaderwanttokeep
reading.However,thetopicsentencesbelowaretooboring:
Mygrandfatherisaniceman.
Ilovemygrandfather.
Mygrandfathermakesmeveryhappy.
Belowaretopicsentenceswrittenbystudentsabouttheirpets.Readthesentences,and
writeIifthesentenceisinteresting,andBifitisboring.(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1._____Mypetbirdbringswonderfulmusictomylife.
2._____Ilikecats,andmypetcatisaverygoodcat.
3._____Althoughmypetcatsleepsalldaylong,Imalwaysgladthatsheisinmyhouse.
4._____Mypetdoghaseatenmyhomework,destroyedmyshoes,andbittenmyfriend,
butstillIcannevergetangryather.
5._____Mydogissocute,andeveryonelikeshim.
6._____Afterhavingapetrabbitforoneyear,Icanunderstandwhymostpeopledont
wanttohavetheseanimalsaspets.
TopicSentences:Analogies(SimilesandMetaphors)
Whenyouwriteatopicsentence,youcanoftenuseanalogiestomakeitmoreinteresting.
Ananalogyiswhenyousayonethingissomethingelse.Forexample:
Myfatherisabearinthemorning.(Yourfatherisnotreallyabear,sothisisananalogy.)
Mysisterislikeanangelinmylife.(Yoursisterisnotreallyanangel,sothisisananalogy.)
Therearetwokindsofanalogiesthatweoftenuse:SimilesandMetaphors.
Similesusethewordslikeoras:
Mysisterislikeanangelinmylife.
Mybedroomislikeaboxofsilenceinanoisyworld.
Myfatherisangryasabearwhenhewakesup.
Metaphorsdonotuselikeoras:
Myfatherisabearinthemorning.
Thisfoodistrash.
Mygrandfatherissuperman.
Myteacheristhedevil!
Readtheseanalogies.WriteSifitisasimileorMifitisametaphor.(Seepage76for
answers.)
1._____Mylifeisadream.
2._____Mathislikeapuzzlethatneverends.
3._____Mymotherisanangel,alwayswatchingoverme.
4._____Loveisaflowerthatgrowsandbecomesmoreandmorebeautiful.
5._____Mymotherisbeautiful,withhairthatissoftasacloud.
6._____Thiscityisaseaofsadness.
7._____Theoceanwaveshitthebeachlikeathousandhammers.
8._____Mywifeisthelightinmylife.
9._____WatchoutforJohn.Heisasneakysnake.
10._____Whenmybrotherfell,hehowledlikeawolf.
TopicSentences:Analogies(SimilesandMetaphors)
Whenyouwriteasimileormetaphor,trytothinkofadifferentandinterestingtosaywhat
youwanttosay.
Examples:
Thiscityisbeautiful.
(Whataresomethingsthatarebeautiful?)
Thiscityisparadise.
Thiscityislikeagardenofbeauty.
Thiscityisacolorfulpainting.
Myfatherisverysmart.
(Howcanyoudescribehimassmart?)
Myfatherislikeawiseoldwizard.
Myfatherisawalkingencyclopedia.
Myfatherisahumanuniversity.
Readthesesentences,andtrytorewritethemusingasimileormetaphor.
1.Johnsgirlfriendisverycute.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Mickeyrunssoslowly!
___________________________________________________________________________
3.WhenIgotoffwork,Iwasreallytired.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Angerisabadthingthatcantakeoveryourlife.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.MyhouseisaniceplacewhereIcanrelax.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Theinternetissomethingthatletsyoufindalotofinformation.
___________________________________________________________________________
TopicSentences:Practice
Readtheparagraphsbelow.Theyaremissingatopicsentence.Writeatopicsentencethat
introducesthemainideaofeachparagraph.
*Note:Youdonothavetouseasimileormetaphor,butsometimesthesearegoodwaysto
writeinterestingtopicsentences.
____________________________________________________________________.
Who takes care of you? Who supports you? Who sees you grow up? Family is very
important. My family has six people: my grandma, my parents, myself, and my two
brothers. My grandma loves me very much. When the weather is cold, she always
tells me to wear more clothes. Although I often argue with my brothers, they will
give me support when I need it. My parents have taken care of me since I was born.
My definition of family is an organization which is full of love.
____________________________________________________________________.
When you travel to Europe, you can visit many different countries, such as England,
Spain, Germany, and Greece. Many different languages are spoken in Europe, and
the cultures of the countries are all unique. Also, the weather in Europe varies a lot.
Countries in the north are very cold, and you can go skiing. In the south, there are
beautiful beaches, and these are popular places for vacations. As you can see,
Europe is a very interesting place with different kinds of people and many
possibilities.
____________________________________________________________________.
Her name is Mrs. Graham, and she not only teaches music in my school, but she is
also a friend to all of her students. In class, she teaches us to love music, and she
introduces us to different songs and styles of music. She taught me to play the piano
and violin, and I am sure that I will enjoy playing these instruments for the rest of
my life. Mrs. Graham often tells interesting stories in class, and she always helps us
or gives us advice when we have problems. Mrs. Graham is more than just a music
teacher, she is like a star in the sky.
TopicSentences:Practice
Readthefollowingessayassignments.Writeatopicsentenceforeachassignment.
Remember:Trytowriteinterestingsentencesthatmakethereaderwanttoreadmore.You
canuseanalogies(similesandmetaphors)tomakeyoursentencesmoreinteresting.
1. Assignment: Write a paragraph about an important person in your life.

Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Assignment: Write a paragraph about one of your favorite places.

Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Assignment: Write a paragraph about an important problem facing people your age.
Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Assignment: Write a paragraph about one of your favorite fictional characters.

Topic Sentence: _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
IntroductiontotheBodyofaParagraph
Afteryouwriteatopicsentence,youneedtogiveinformationaboutthesubject.Thisis
calledthebodyoftheparagraph.Inthebody,yougiveexamplesaboutthetopic,and
youprovidedetails.Youmighttellastoryinthebody,youmightgiveyourreasonsfor
youropinion,oryoumightprovidenumbers,facts,andstatistics.
Lookagainatthesampletopicsentencesbelow.Thebodyshouldincludetheinformation
listedbeloweachsentence:
Mygrandfatherhadmorestoriesthanachildrenslibrary.
Giveanexampleofsomestories.
Describehowhetoldthestories.
Describehowthesestoriesmadeyoufeel.
WhenIwasachild,Ithoughtmygrandfatherwassuperman.
Givesomeexamplestoexplainthis.
Didotherpeoplefeelthiswayabouthim?
Explainifyoustillfeellikethis,orifyouropinionhaschanged.
Ihavealwayslookedforwardtoseeingmygrandfather.
Giveanexampleofwhyyoulookedforwardtoseeinghim.
Describeyourfeelingswhenyouwereyounger.
Describeyourfeelingsnow.
Asyoucansee,thebodygivesmoreinformationandanswersquestionsaboutthetopic
sentence.Readthetopicsentencesbelow,andwritesentencesorquestionstoexplain
whatinformationshouldbeinthebodyoftheparagraph.
Topicsentence:Althoughmypetcatsleepsalldaylong,Imalwaysgladthatsheisinmy
house.
Body:
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Topicsentence:Mymotherisanangel,alwayswatchingoverme.
Body:
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
BodyofaParagraph:Review
Inthebodyofaparagraph,youneedtomakesurethateverysentencerelatestothetopic
sentence.Thismeansthateverysentenceshouldbeaboutthetopicsentence.
Readtheparagraphsbelow.Ineachparagraph,therearetwosentencesthatdonotrelate
tothetopicsentence.Crossoutthesesentences.(Seepage76foranswers.)
PARAGRAPH1:MyFavoriteHobby:ReadingBooks
Booksarelikewindowstotheworld,andthatiswhyreadingismyfavoritehobby.I
firstfellinlovewithbooksattheageof5,whenIwasfirstlearningtoread.Mymothergave
methebookGreenEggsandHamandhelpedmereadit.Sheboughtthisbookatagrocery
store.AsIgrewolder,Idiscoveredfamousauthorsanddifferentkindsofstories.Recently,I
readalloftheHarryPotterbooks,andthesearenowmyfavoritebooks.TheHarryPotter
moviesareverygood,too.WhenIgotocollege,Ihopetomajorinliteratureandcontinue
exploringthewonderfulworldofbooks.
PARAGRAPH2:TheMostImportantModernInvention:TheComputer
Thecomputeristhemostimportantmoderninventionbecauseithaschangedhow
welive.Inthepast,studentsoftenwenttothelibrarytodoresearch,butnow,most
researchisdoneonacomputerusingtheinternet.Thereisalibrarynearmyhouse,butI
dontgothereveryoften.Also,computershavechangedhowpeoplecommunicate.People
writeemailsinsteadofletters,andwiththeinventionofserviceslikeSkype,telephonesmay
onedaybereplacedbycomputers.Icanusemytelephonetogoontheinternetandcheck
myemail.Finally,computershavemadetravellingmucheasier;wecanbuyairplanetickets
usingacomputer,andGPStechnologymakesiteasiertoreachourdestination.Insum,the
inventionofthecomputerhasgivenusnewpossibilitiesandconvenienceswhichnowseem
hardtolivewithout.
WritingAssignment:SchoolApplicationEssay
Forthisassignment,youwillwriteanapplicationessayforaschoolthatyoumightapplyto
(college,highschool,etc.).Inthisessay,youneedtotelltheschoolwhytheyshouldacceptyou.
Youwillneedtogivemanyreasonsinthebodyoftheparagraph.
First,makealistofyourbestpersonalqualities(forexample:hardworking,honest,
responsible,eagertolearn,goodleadership,enjoyworkingwithothers,etc.)
PersonalQualities
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Now,makealistofyourmostimportantachievementsorthingsyouhavedone(for
example:wonBestStudentaward,wonspellingbee,perfectattendance,electedstudent
president,chosenasteachersassistant,etc.)
Achievements
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
10
WritingAssignment:SchoolApplicationEssay
Usingthepersonalqualitiesandachievementsyoulistedonthepreviouspage,writean
applicationessayforaschoolyoumightapplyfor(college,highschool,etc.).Explainwhyyou
wouldbeagoodstudentinthiscollege.Dontforgettobeginwithaninterestingtopicsentence!
SchoolApplicationEssay
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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11
ConcludingSentences
Whenyouwriteaparagraph,youneedtostartwithatopicsentence,giveexamplesand
detailsinthebody,andendwithaproperconcludingsentence.
Theconclusionistheendoftheparagraph.Intheconcludingsentence,youwanttorepeat
themainpoint,andmakeitsoundliketheparagraphisending.Theconcludingsentenceis
oftensimilartothetopicsentence,butwithdifferentwords.
Youcanoftenusephraseslikethistobegintheconcludingsentence:
Asyoucansee,
Thatswhy
Inbrief,
Inconclusion,
Onthewhole,
Insum,
Inshort,
Insummary,
Forexample:
Topicsentence:Mygrandfatherhadmorestoriesthanachildrenslibrary.
Conclusion:Asyoucansee,mygrandfatherhadanendlessimaginationthatbroughtsmiles
toeveryonearoundhim.
Topicsentence:WhenIwasachild,Ithoughtmygrandfatherwassuperman.
Conclusion:Inshort,althoughheisnotreallyasuperhero,mygrandfatherisveryspecialto
meformanyreasons.
Topicsentence:Mypetdoghaseatenmyhomework,destroyedmyshoes,andbittenmy
friend,butstillIcannevergetangryather.
Conclusion:Inconclusion,althoughshesometimesbehavesbadly,mypetdogwillalwaysbe
animportantpartofmylife.
Readthetopicsentencesbelow,thenwriteaconcludingsentencethatsaysalmostthe
samething.(Beginyourconcludingsentencewithoneofthetransitionsabove.)
1.TopicSentence:Ihavealwayslookedforwardtoseeingmygrandfather.
ConcludingSentence:__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.TopicSentence:Mypetbirdbringswonderfulmusictomylife.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.TopicSentence:ItisimportantforchildrentolearnEnglishbecauseitisspokenalmost
everywhereintheworld.
___________________________________________________________________________
12
ConcludingSentences
Liketopicsentences,concludingsentencesneedtobeinteresting!
Agoodconcludingsentencenotonlyendstheparagraphbutalsomakesthereaderfeellike
theparagraphwasinterestingandcreative.
Examples:
Inshort,summerisagoodtimeofyear.(boring!)
Inshort,summerisarelaxingandmagicaltimeofyear.(interesting!)
Inbrief,playingguitarisfun.(boring!)
Inbrief,playingguitarisafrustratingyetrewardinghobbythatanyonecanenjoy.
(interesting!)
Intheseexamples,theunderlinedwordsareadjectives.Relaxing,magical,frustrating,and
rewardingaremoreinterestingadjectivesthangoodandfun.Trytouseinteresting
adjectiveswhenyouwrite,andyourwritingwillbemuchmoreinteresting.(Ifyouneedhelp
findinginterestingadjectives,lookinathesaurus!)
Readtheconcludingsentencesbelow.Write(I)iftheyareinteresting,or(U)iftheyare
uninteresting.(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1._____Inshort,mygrandfatherwasagoodman.
2._____Inbrief,playingtenniscanchangeyourlifeandmakeyouahappier,healthier
person.
3._____Insum,myhometownisawonderfulandpeacefulplacetogrowup.
4._____Inconclusion,mycatisafunnypet.
5._____Asyoucansee,Frenchisafunlanguagetolearn.
Now,rewritethesentencesthatyouthinkare(U)uninteresting.Usedifferentadjectives
tomakethesentencesmoreinteresting.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
13
ConcludingSentences:Practice
Readtheparagraphsbelow.Theyaremissingaconcludingsentence.Writeaconcluding
sentencethatissimilartothetopicsentenceandinteresting!
Writing is not only a way to communicate, it is a tool for expressing your

thoughts and exploring new ideas. Ever since I was young, I have kept a diary. I
wrote my thoughts in my diary every day. Now that I am older, I still enjoy writing,
and I often write short stories. Sometimes I still like to write down my thoughts at
the end of the day. It helps me understand myself better, and it helps me see my life
more clearly. __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
My nephews Jason and Levi are like a ray of sunshine in my cloudy life. Every time I
see them, they make me smile, even if Im in a bad mood. Although they are much
younger than me, I enjoy talking to them and sharing secrets with them. We like to
go swimming and hiking as well as playing basketball sometimes. My nephews look
up to me, so I try to behave well and give them a good example. I am glad my
nephews live near me, and I am excited to watch them grow up. ________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
For people around the world, the Red Cross is often the difference between
life and death. For several years, the Red Cross has been helping people who are sick,
victims of wars, and victims of natural disasters. The Red Cross does not take sides,
but rather helps anyone who needs help. After Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans,
the Red Cross worked hard and saved many lives. Also, after Japan was hit by a
tsunami in 2011, the Red Cross helped the people there get through this difficult
time. ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
14
WritingPractice
Chooseoneofthetopicsbelow,andwriteaformalparagraph.Includethefollowing:
TopicSentence
Body(withmanydetails/examples)
ConcludingSentence
Topic1:MyIdealJob
9 Whatisyouridealjob?Why?
9 Whatwouldyoudointhisjob?
9 Givesomereasonsthatthisisyouridealjob.
Topic2:ALifeChangingExperience
9 Whatisoneexperiencethathaschangedyourlife?
9 Whathappened?
9 Whatdidyoulearnfromthisexperience?
9 Howdiditmakeyoufeel?
9 Howdiditchangeyourlife?
Topic3:ATriptoaFarm
9 Writeaboutatimethatyouvisitedafarm.
9 Whatdidyousee?Howdidyoufeel?
9 Howwasitdifferentfromwhereyoulive?
9 Whodidyoumeet?Whatdidyoudo?
Chooseoneofthesetopics,andthenwritethetopicsentence,notesaboutthebody,and
concludingsentencebelow.
Topicsentence:______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Body(3or4examples,details,orreasonstogivemoreinformationaboutyourtopicsentence):
Concludingsentence(Summarizeyouressay,andsayyourmainideaagain):________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Now,onaseparatepieceofpaper,writeacompleteparagraphusingtheinformationyou
wroteabove.
15
UNIT1:FormalWriting
Chapter2
PunctuationandProperSentences
SentenceFragments
RunonSentences
CommaSplices
Conjunctions
CommasandSemicolons
16
SentenceFragments:Introduction
Whenyouwrite,youneedtoavoidsentencefragments.Afragmentisapieceof
something,soasentencefragmentisjustapieceofasentencenotacompletesentence.
Acompletesentenceshouldhaveasubject(whatisthesentenceabout?)andapredicate
(whatdoesthesubjectdo?).Thesubjectisusuallyanoun,andthepredicatealwayshasa
verb.Intheexamplesbelow,thesubjectsareboldfaceandthepredicatesareunderlined.
Examples:
BecauseIwastired.(sentencefragment)
IwenttosleepbecauseIwastired.(completesentence)
Thetripthatwewentonlastsummer.(sentencefragment)
Thetripthatwewentonlastsummerwasfun.(completesentence)
Andboughtalotofvegetables.(sentencefragment)
Janwenttothegrocerystoreandboughtalotofvegetables.(completesentence)
Readthesentencesandfragmentsbelow.Ifitisacompletesentence,writeC.Ifitisa
sentencefragment,writeF.(Seepage76foranswers.)
1._____ButIdidnthavetime.
2._____EveryoneIknow.
3._____Ihaveacat.
4._____Themostbeautifulgirlintheworld.
5._____Mycaristooold.
6._____Weplayedtennisafterschoolyesterday.
7._____BeforewewokeuponSaturdaymorning.
8._____ThedogthatIfoundonthesideoftheroad.
9._____Maxfoundawallet.
10._____Sittingonthepurplechair.
17
SentenceFragments:Review
Eachexamplebelowincludesasentencefragment.Rewritethesentenceswithoutany
sentencefragments.(Youmighthavetoaddsomewords.)(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1.Wewenttobedearly.Becauseweweretired.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.MysistergotintoHarvard.ButIdidnt.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.AfterIwokeupandgotdressed.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.NextyearwewillgotoUtah.AndhopefullyvisittheGrandCanyon.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Becauseitwasrainingalldayandtherewasnoelectricity.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Mycomputerwasntworkinglastnight.SoIhadtogotothelibrary.
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Ifyoufinishallofyourhomework.
___________________________________________________________________________
8.EverytimeIgotothatrestaurant.Ileaveabigtipforthewaitress.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
18
RunonSentences:Introduction
Arunonsentenceiswhentwocompletesentencesareputtogetherwithoutcorrect
punctuation(acommaorperiod,forexample).Youshouldavoidrunonsentenceswhenyou
write!
Examples:
Wewenttothebeachitwasalotoffun.(runonsentence)
Thisisactuallytwosentences:Wewenttothebeach.andItwasalotoffun.Tocorrectthis,you
canaddaperiod:
Wewenttothebeach.Itwasalotoffun.(Right!)
Oryoucanaddaconjunction(and/but/so/because)betweenthesentences.(Note:With
and/but/soyouneedtouseacomma(,),butwithbecauseyouusuallydontneedacomma.)
Wewenttothebeach,anditwasalotoffun.(Right!)
Wewenttothebeachbecauseitisafunplacetogo.(Right!)
Johnissickhehasntgonetothedoctor.(runonsentence)
Johnissick.Hehasntgonetothedoctor.(Right!)
Johnissick,buthehasntgonetothedoctor.(Right!)
Ididntfinishmyhomeworktheteacherisnothappywithme.(runonsentence)
Ididntfinishmyhomework.Theteacherisnothappywithme.(Right!)
Ididntfinishmyhomework,sotheteacherisnothappywithme.(Right!)
Rewritetheserunonsentencesusingaperiod(.)oraconjunction(and/but/so/because).(See
page76forsampleanswers.)
1.Iwaslatetoschooltheteacherdidntnotice.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.IwanttoliveinCaliforniatheweatherisnicethere.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.MydadatealltheicecreamIcanthaveanyfordessert.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Doctorsareimportanttheyhelpsickpeople.
___________________________________________________________________________
19
Punctuation:CommaSplicesandConjunctions
WhenyouwriteinEnglish,youhavetobecarefulwithpunctuation.
Youcannotputtwosentencestogetherwithonlyacomma(,)thisiscalledacomma
splice.(Acommaspliceislikearunonsentenceyoushouldavoiditinyourwriting.)
Ifyouwanttoputtwosentencestogether,youneedaconjunction:and/but/so/because
**Note:Withand/but/soyouneedtouseacomma,butyouusuallydontneeda
commawithbecause.
Examples:
Iwenthomeearly,Ididmyhomework.(Wrong!)
Iwenthomeearly,andIdidmyhomework.(Right!)
Ididntfinishmyhomework,theteacherwasangry.(Wrong!)
Ididntfinishmyhomework,sotheteacherwasangry.(Right!)
TheteacherwasangrybecauseIdidntfinishmyhomework.(Right!)
Youcandrawpicturesinclass,youcanttalktootherstudents.(Wrong!)
Youcandrawpicturesinclass,butyoucanttalktootherstudents.(Right!)
Combinethesentencesbelow,usingaconjunction(and/but/so/because)andacomma(if
youuseand/but/so).(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1.ChriswenttoEurope,hevisitedmanycountries.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Ifelldownthestairslastnight,Ididntgethurt.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Iwantedtoeatsushi,IwenttoaJapaneserestaurant.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.JohnandKatewentonadate,theydidnthaveaverygoodtime.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Willyenjoysplayingbadminton,healsolikestoplaysoccer.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Andyhitanotherstudentinclass,hegotintrouble.
___________________________________________________________________________
20
Punctuation:CommasandConjunctions(and)
Whenyouwriteandinasentence,youhavetobecareful:Doyouneedacomma?
Lookatthesesentences:
Iwenttothetheater.Iwatchedamovie.
Thesearebothcompletesentences,soyoucanconnectthemwithacomma(,)andand:
Iwenttothetheater,andIwatchedamovie.
Butyoucanalsowritethisadifferentway:
Iwenttothetheaterandwatchedamovie.
Youdonotneedacommainthissentence,becausewatchedamovieisnotacomplete
sentence(itdoesnthavethesubjectI).
Examples(allofthesesentencesarecorrect!):
Johnateasandwich,andhewatchedTV.
JohnateasandwichandwatchedTV.
Marthavisitedherdaughter,andshehadagoodtime.
Marthavisitedherdaughterandhadagoodtime.
Writetwosentencesforeachofthesituationsbelow.Writeonesentencewithacomma,
andonesentencewithoutacomma.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.(Seepage76foranswers.)
1.Alexworkedinabank.Hemetmanyinterestingpeople.
Alexworkedinabank,andhemetmanyinterestingpeople.__________________________
Alexworkedinabankandmetmanyinterestingpeople._____________________________
2.Thecriminalstoleamotorcycle.Hehadtopaya$1,000fine.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.AnnatravelledtoSpain.Shecamebackwithmanyinterestinggiftsforus.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Mickeyliveswithhisparents.Hehelpsthemruntheirbusiness.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Mycousinlovessports.Hehopestobecomeagymcoach.
___________________________________________________________________________
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21
Conjunctions:And
Whenyouuseandtoconnecttwoideaswithoutacomma,youhavetobecareful!Both
verbsmustbethesametense.
Examples:
Johnwenttothesupermarketandbuysomegroceries.(Wrong!)
Johnwenttothesupermarketandboughtsomegroceries.(Right!)

Janeisdancingandsingasong.(Wrong!)
Janeisdancingandsingingasong.(Right!)
WewillgotoNevadaandstayinginanicehotel.(Wrong!)
WewillgotoNevadaandstayinanicehotel.(Right!)*

*Note:Ifyouhaveahelpingverb(likewill,can,should,etc.)youonlyneedtouse
itwiththefirstverb:
Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkandcleanyourroom.(Right!)
Youcanlistentomusicanddoyourhomeworkatthesametime.(Right!)
Rewritethesesentencesandcorrectthemistakes.(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1.ThePresidentwillgotoEnglandandmeetswiththePrimeMinister.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.JanestudiesEnglishatcollegeandworkatabookstoreinherfreetime.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Thechildrenareplayingandlaughinthebackyard.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Jessicametafamousactorandgetshisautograph.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Thedoctorexaminedthepatientandgivinghimsomemedicine.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Youmayputyourbooksawayandgoinghomewhenyouarefinished.
___________________________________________________________________________
22
Punctuation:Semicolons(;)
Semicolons(;)aresimilartocommas,butyoudontneedaconjunction(and/but/so)
withasemicolon.
Youcanusesemicolons(;)toconnecttwocompletesentencesthatarerelated.Youusea
semicolonwhenthesecondsentencegivesmoreinformationaboutthefirstsentence.
Examples:
Iwastiredyesterday;Iwasntabletofinishmywork.
Mybosswasawisewoman;shetaughtmealotofusefulskills.
Smokingisbadforyou;itcandamageyourlungs.
Intheseexamples,thesecondpartofthesentence(afterthesemicolon)helpsexplain,
clarify,andgivemoreinformationaboutthefirstpartofthesentence.
Useasemicolontoaddmoreinformationaboutthesentencesbelowandanswerthe
questionsinparentheses.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
1.Tropicalislandsaregreatplacestolive.(Why?Whatdoyoumean?)
Tropicalislandsaregreatplacestolive;theyhavebeautifulbeaches,andtheweatheris
greatallyear._____________________________________________________________
2.AustraliaisoneofthemostinterestingplacesonEarth.(Why?Give1or2examples.)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Mygrandmotherrarelygoestobedearly.(Why?Whatdoessheliketodoatnight?)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Thecampersranoutoffood.(Sowhatdidtheydo?Whathappened?)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Iamgoingtomovebackhomewithmyparents.(Why?Whatareyougoingtodothere?)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
23
Punctuation:Review
Theparagraphbelowhasmanypunctuationandgrammarerrors(commasplices,sentence
fragments,etc.).Rewritetheparagraph,correctingtheerrors.(Seepage76forsampleanswers.)
ChangingPriorities
Aspeoplegrowolder,theybegintoseetheworldinadifferentway.Theystopworrying
aboutsillythingsandtheystartpayingmoreattentiontofamily.Becausefamilyisthemost
importantthinginourlives.Mostofmyfriendsspendalloftheirtimeplayingvideogamesand
surfingtheinternetbutIknowthattherearemoreimportantthingsinlife.WhenIwasyoung,Iwas
likemyfriends.ButnowIamdifferent.BecauseIhavelearnedalotfrommygrandparents.Asmy
grandmothergrewold,shewatchedlessTVandvisithergrandchildrenoften.Mygrandfatheristhe
same,hehaschangedalotwithage.Now,itseemsliketheonlythinghecaresaboutishischildren
andgrandchildren.ThelasttimeIvisitedmygrandparents,wewenttoamovieandwatchamovie
theysaidthatwasoneofthebestdaysoftheirlives.Mygrandparentshaveinspiredmetochange
mypriorities,Ithinkthiswillmakemylifemuchmoreenjoyable.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
24
UNIT2:Transitions
Chapter3
IntroductiontoCommonTransitions
Firstofall/Second/Then/Next/Finally
Inaddition/Additionally/Furthermore/Moreover/Plus
/aswell/aswellas/notonlybutalso
However/Nevertheless/Still/Despitethat/Nonetheless/Evenso
Therefore/Consequently/AsaResult/Thus/Forthisreason
25
Transitions:ListingThingsinOrder
Whenyouwriteanessay,youoftenneedtoputyourideasinorder.Youcanusethe
transitionwordsbelowtodothis:
First,
Firstandforemost,
Firstly,
Firstoff,
Second,/Third,/Fourth,etc. Last,
Next,
Finally,
Lastbutnotleast,
Afterthat,
Then,
Readtheparagraphbelow.Usethetransitionsabovetointroducethereasonsinthebody.
(Seepage77forsampleanswers.)
HowtoMakeanEggSandwich
Ifyouaresittingathomeandyoucanhearyourstomachmakingfunnynoises,its
probablytimetomakeasnack.Aneggsandwichisoneoftheeasiestandhealthiestsnacks
youcanmake.Allyouwillneedisoneeggandtwopiecesofbread.__________,youneedto
cracktheeggintoabowlorcup,andthenstiritwithafork.__________,pourtheeggintoa
pan,andputthepanonthestove.Cooktheeggonlowheat,butbecarefulnottoburn
yourself!__________,putthebreadintothetoasterwhiletheeggiscooking(about2or3
minutes).Whentheeggstartstogethard,turnofftheheat.__________,puttheegg
betweenthetwopiecesoftoast,andenjoyyoursimple,healthysnack!
HowtoBecomeaBasketballPlayer!
Basketballisoneofthemostenjoyablesports,andallyouneedtobecomea
basketballplayerisalittlefreetimeandafewfriends.Ifyouwanttoplaybasketball,thefirst
thingyoushoulddoisbuyabasketball!__________,gotoabasketballcourtinyour
neighborhood,andpracticedribblingtheball.__________,practiceshootingfreethrows,
thenmovearoundthecourtandtrytoimprove.__________,findafewfriends,andstarta
gameofthreeonthree!Afterafewgames,youwillnoticethatyouarealreadyapretty
goodbasketballplayer!
26
Transitions:ListingThingsinOrder
Writeyourownhowtoparagraph,usingthesetransitionwords:
First,
Firstandforemost,
Firstly,
Firstoff,
Second,/Third,/Fourth,etc. Last,
Next,
Finally,
Afterthat,
Lastbutnotleast,
Then,
Herearesomesampletopics:
Howtotieyourshoes
Howtomakeapeanutbutterandjellysandwich
Howtogetalongwithyoursister
Howtogetinshape
HowtoimproveyourEnglish
orchooseyourown!
______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
27
Transitions:
Inaddition/Additionally/Furthermore/Moreover/Plus/aswell
Transitionsarewordthathelpconnectideasinaparagraph.
Whenyouaregivingmanyexamplesorideasinthebodyofaparagraph,youshouldtrytointroduce
eachideawithatransitionword.(YoushouldnotstartasentencewithAnd.)Therearemany
transitionsthatmeanAlsoorAnd:
ThesetransitionsaresimilartoAlso.Theyareexplainedindetailbelow.
1.Inaddition/Additionally
InadditionandAdditionallyareusedtogivemoreinformationaboutsomething.Whenyou
writeaformalessay,youshouldnotstartasentencewiththewordAnd.Youcanoftenuse
InadditionorAdditionallyinsteadofAnd.
Istudiedjournalismincollege.Inaddition,Ihadaparttimejobatanewspaper.
Ijoinedtheguitarclubandthemathclubinschool.Additionally,Iwentona
campingtripwiththedebateteam.
2.Furthermore/Moreover
FurthermoreandMoreoverarealsoveryformal,andtheyarebasicallythesameasin
additionandadditionally.Weoftenusemoreoverandfurthermorewhenwetalk
aboutouropinions.
Smokingisabadhabitbecauseitsmellsbadanditcandamageyourhealth.
Furthermore,itisaveryexpensivehabit.
Thepoliticianistoooldtobeourpresident.Moreover,heisnottrustworthy.
Studentsaregiventoomanyteststhesedays.Moreover,theydonthaveenough
freetime.
Humanbeingsmusttakecareoftheirenvironment.Weshoulddrivemorefuel
efficientcars,andweshouldrecycle.Furthermore,weshouldstopbusinesses
frompollutingtheenvironment.
3.Plus/aswell
Plusandaswellcanbeformalorinformal.(aswellisusedattheendofasentence)
Thatcarhasnewbrakes,anairconditioner,andanewCDplayer.Plus,ithasan
alarm.
Thetyphoondestroyedmycousinshome,anditdestroyedhiscaraswell.
Mygrandfatherfoughtintwowars,andhetravelledaroundtheworld.Heranhis
ownbusinessaswell.
Thatcomputeriswaytooexpensive.Plus,itsnoteventhatgood.
*Note:ifthesentenceisnegative,useeitherinsteadofaswell.
Ilikemath,andIlikescienceaswell.
Idontlikemath,andIdontlikescienceeither.
28
TransitionsReview:
Readthesentencesbelow.Then,writeonemoresentence,usingthetransitionwords
abovetogivemoreinformation.(Seepage77forsampleanswers.)
**Note:Whenyoustartasentencewiththesewords,youneedtoputacommaafterthem.
1.Igetgreatscoresinmathclass.________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.ImapplyingtotheDepartmentofEnglishatOxfordUniversitybecauseImveryinterested
instudyingEnglish.___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Angelaistakingpianolessonsandviolinlessons.__________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Youresomean!Youalwaysmakefunofyoursistersweight!_______________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Twohundredhomesweredestroyedinthelandslide.______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Leostayedupsolatethathewaslateforclass.___________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Gorillasaresimilartohumansinmanyways.Forexample,theirbodiesandfaceslook
similartoours,andtheireyesshowemotions.Also,theyareabletowalkontwolegs.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
29
Transitions:Aswellas
Aswellasmeansandalso.Youuseaswellasinthemiddleofasentence.
SentencePattern:
AaswellasB(+ing)
AandBaswellasC(+ing)
*Note:Ifthewordafteraswellasisaverb,youmustadding.
Examples:
Incollege,Ijoinedthesportsclubandthemusicclub,aswellasparticipatinginthe
studentgovernmentandservingasaclassleader.
IwenttoParisandLondon,aswellasBerlinandEdinburgh.
Istudiedpsychologyandmedicine,aswellasworkinginahospitaltogainfirsthand
experience.
Therearehurricanesandearthquakesaswellastornadoesinthatstate.
Thepetstoresellscatsanddogs,aswellaslizardsandbirds.
Thenewclinictreatssickpeopleaswellasprovidingyoungdoctorswithaplaceto
acquirepractice.
Hisbadattitudecauseshimtodopoorlyinschool,aswellasmakingitharderforhim
tomakefriends.
Rewritethesesentenceswithaswellas(thefirstoneisdoneforyou).
1.Inthetriathlon,Iran,rodemybicycle,andswam.
Inthetriathlon,Iranandrodemybicycleaswellasswimming.________________________
2.Inadditiontoreadingalloftheauthorsbooks,Ihavereadhismagazine
essaysandnewspaperarticles.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3.Ihavestudiedhard,workedinseveraljobs,andacquiredconsiderable
experienceinextracurricularactivities.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4.Warkillsinnocentpeople,injuressoldiers,andcostsalotofmoney.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
30
Transitions:Notonlybutalso
Thisissimilartoaswellasandisoftenusedinformalwriting
SentencePattern:
notonlyAbutalsoB.
Examples:
Inthisclasswenotonlysingsongsbutalsoplaygames.
MyunclenotonlyrodeamotorcycleacrossSouthAmericabutalsorodehisbike
acrossChina.
Thiscityisnotonlyexpensivebutalsodangerous.
WritingEnglishessaysisnotonlyfrustratingbutalsotimeconsuming.
Rewritethesesentenceswithnotonlybutalso(thefirstoneisdoneforyou).(Seepage77
forsampleanswers.)
1.Mr.Johnsonlikestodrinkalcohol.Inaddition,hesmokesalotofcigarettes.
Mr.Johnsonnotonlylikestodrinkalcoholbutalsosmokesalotofcigarettes.____________
2.Smokingcandamageyourhealth,anditcandamageotherpeopleshealthaswell.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Inthefuture,spacetravelwillbecomecheaperaswellasfaster.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Iwantyoutoattendthemeeting.Plus,Iwantyoutolistencarefullytothespeaker.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.IsawthePresidentyesterday.Moreover,Igottoshakehishand!
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
31
Transitions:
Whenyouwriteaformalessay,youshouldnotstartasentencewithAnd,But,orSo.
Inthissection,youwilllearnsometransitionwordsthatyoucanuseinsteadofAnd,But,
orSo.
ThesetransitionscanallbeusedinsteadofAnd(thesewereintroducedontheprevious
pages):
**Note:Youusuallystartanewsentencewiththesetransitions.Youcanalsoputthese
afterasemicolon(;).
Additionally,youcanusethefollowingtransitionsinsteadofBut:
Examples:
I'mavegetarian.However,Isometimeseatfish.
TomsaidhisEnglishisterrible.Nevertheless,hegotaperfectscoreonhisEnglishtest.
Pakistanisadangerouscountryfortravelers.Still,Iwanttogoexploreitsomeday.
Thewaterinthecityisnotsafetodrink.Despitethat,Kimgivesittoherdogtodrink.
Terryisafraidtospeakinfrontofpeople.Nonetheless,sheisgivingaspeechatthe
UnitedNationsnextweek.
BriangoestochurcheverySunday.Evenso,hecanbeveryrude.
Thetornadodestroyedtheentiretown.However,noonewaskilled.
ThedoctorsaidthatBenjaminneedstostopeatingmeat.Nevertheless,hestilleatsa
hamburgereverydayforlunch.
Josephsaidthathisfatherisrich.Still,heshouldgetajobandlearntoberesponsible
withmoney.
Theschoolsaidthatwecan'twearshorts.Despitethat,Julieworehernewshortsand
wastoldtogohome.
Ithasbeenrainingforaweek.Nonetheless,we'regoingtotrytogocampingthis
weekend.
Ourguitaristissick.Evenso,we'regoingtoperformwithouthimtonight.
32
Transitions:Review
Rewritethesesentencesusingthetransitionwordsabove.(Seepage77forsampleanswers.)
**Remember:Youshouldeitherstartanewsentencewiththesetransitionwords,orusea
semicolon(;).
1.Brianissick,buthecametoschooltoday.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Icanthelpyouwithyourhomework,butIknowsomeonewhocan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Jackatethreepizzas,buthesnotfull.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Ifinishedcleaningmyroom,butIhaventtakenoutthetrashyet.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Theyarebrothers,buttheyfightalmosteveryday.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Craigisinreallygoodshape,buthegetssickallthetime.
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Theyarguedforhours,buttheyfinallycametoanagreement.
___________________________________________________________________________
33
Transitions:
YoucanusethefollowingtransitionsinsteadofSo:
Examples:
Ihavelongbeeninterestedinscienceandanimals.Therefore,Ihavedecidedtostudy
biologyincollege.
Theathletewascaughtusingdrugs.Consequently,hewaskickedofftheteam.
Someonecalledinabombthreat.Asaresult,schoolwascancelled.
Thegovernmentdidnotprepareforthehurricane.Thus,manypeoplesuffered.
RentistooexpensiveinBoston.Forthisreason,IhavedecidedtomovetoOhio.
IusedtowasteallofmytimewatchingTVshowsthatIdidn'tevenlike.Forthisreason,I
decidedtogiveawaymyTV,sothatImightstartgettingmoreworkdone.
Rewritethefollowingsentences.Replacesowithoneofthetransitionwordsabove.(See
page77forsampleanswers.)
1.Therewasaterroristattacklastyear,soyoucantbringaknifeoralighterontheplane.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Idroppedmycellphone,anditstoppedworking,soIneedtoeitherbuyanewphoneor
borrowyours.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Thepitcherthrewtheballatthebattershead,sohewasthrownoutofthegame.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Theweatherisniceinthesummer,butitrainsalmosteveryday,sospringismyfavorite
season.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
34
Transitions:Review
Therefore/Consequently/Asaresult/Thus/Forthisreason
Readthesentencesbelow.Then,writeonemoresentence,usingthetransitionwords
above,toexplainwhathappens.(Seepage77forsampleanswers.)
1.Monicalosthertennismatchyesterday.________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.IfeelthatBostonUniversityisthemostsuitableuniversityforme.___________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Thebaseballstarwascaughttakingsteroids._____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Jasondidnotprepareforhismathtest._________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Itrainedfortwoweeksstraight._______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Mycomputergotavirus._____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Thatmanwasfoundguiltyofmurder.__________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8.Ididntsleepverywelllastnight.______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
35
Transitions:Punctuation
Whenyouusetransitions,youhavetobecarefulwithpunctuation.
Forexample,withthesetransitions,youneedtoknowthethreerulesbelow:
1. Youneedtoputacommaafterthemwhentheyareatthebeginningofasentence.
Myfatherisverystrict.However,Iknowthathelovesme.
Tennisisaveryfunsport.Therefore,Iplayeveryweekend.
2. Also,youcanuseasemicolon(;however,)oraperiod(.However,).
Westudiedveryhard;despitethat,webothfailedthetest.
Westudiedveryhard.Despitethat,webothfailedthetest.
3. Youcannotuseonlyacomma(,however,).
Jameslosthisjob,consequently,hehadtomoveinwithhisparents.(Wrong!)
Jameslosthisjob.Consequently,hehadtomoveinwithhisparents.(Right!)
Jameslosthisjob;consequently,hehadtomoveinwithhisparents.(Right!)
WriteCifthepunctuationiscorrectorIifthepunctuationisincorrect.
IfyouwriteI,fixthepunctuation.(Seepage77forsampleanswers.)
1._____Myuncleisapilot.Evenso,heissometimesafraidofheights.
2._____Chrisistheoldestboxerinthecity,nevertheless,hehasntlostanyfightsthisyear.
3._____Jackywascaughtusinghercellphonetocheatonthetest.Thereforecellphones
arenowbannedinclassrooms.
4._____Thepoliticianhasliedtothepeoplemanytimes.Still,manypeoplevoteforhim.
5._____Ourteamtrainedmuchharderthantheotherteams,asaresultwewonthe
championship.
6._____Thiscomputeristhemostexpensiveone;however,Idontthinkitsthebest.
7._____Jackdidnthavehealthinsurance,consequently,hecouldntgettreatmentwhenhe
gotsick.
8._____Rosesaidthatshedoesntlikecoldweathernonethelessshedecidedtomoveto
Canada.
36
Transitions:Punctuation
Theparagraphbelowdoesnthaveanypunctuation.Rewriteit,addingcorrectpunctuation
andcapitalletterswherenecessary.(Seepage78foranswers.)
AnInfluentialPersoninMyLife:MyOlderBrotherMichael
Manypeoplehaveinfluencedmeandtaughtmethingsinmylifebutmyolder
brotherMichaelhasinfluencedmethemosteversinceIwaslittleIhavelookedupto
MichaelhelovedtoplaybasketballsoIplayedbasketballtooinadditionMichaelhasalways
givenmegoodadviceabouthowtogetgoodgradesandstayoutoftroublewhenIstarted
datingMichaelhelpedmehavetheconfidencetoaskgirlsoutoccasionallyMichaelandIwill
getintoargumentshoweverwequicklymakeupandtheargumentsneverlastlongIknow
thathewillbethereformeforeverthereforeIamgladtohavesuchasupportiveandwise
olderbrother
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
37
Transitions:Review
Readtheparagraphbelow.Itismissingtransitionwords.Chooseoneofthetransition
wordsintheboxesandfillintheblanks.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
*Donotusethesametransitionwordtwice!
**Thesentencesshouldallmakesense!
MyBestFriend:MySisterBeth
MysisterBethhasalwaysbeenmybestfriend.EversinceIwaslittle,wehave
enjoyedplayingtogetherandsharingsecrets.Wereallyenjoysittinginourroomsand
talking._______________,weliketoplayoutside,forexample,ridingourbikestothepark
orplayinghideandseekintheforestbehindourhouse._______________,ourrelationship
isntalwaysperfect.Sometimeswegetintoargumentsandstoptalkingtoeachother.
_______________,wecantstaymadateachother,andwealwaysgetoveritquickly.I
knowthatmysisterreallycaresaboutme._______________,Ialwaystrytoforgiveherif
shedoessomethingwrongormakesamistake._______________,Ialwaystrytohelpher
whensheneedshelp,becauseIknowshewoulddothesamethingforme.Asyoucansee,
mysisterisaveryspecialpersoninmylife,andImsurewewillbebestfriendsforever.
38
Transitions:Review
Readtheparagraphbelow.Itismissingtransitionwords.Chooseoneofthetransition
wordsintheboxesandfillintheblanks.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
*Donotusethesametransitionwordtwice!
**Thesentencesshouldallmakesense!
IfIWontheLottery
IfIwononemilliondollarsinthelottery,itwouldbehardtodecidehowtospendthe
money.Iwouldwanttohelpothers,bydonatingtocharity,forexample._______________,
Iwouldalsowanttousesomeofthemoneytobuythingsformyself._______________,I
wouldprobablydecidetogive30%tocharityandspend20%onmyself.Iwouldbuyanew
computerandalargecollectionofvideogames._______________,Iwouldgetanew
bicycleandanmp3playerwithalotofmemory.
AfterIspent30%oncharityand20%onmyself,Iwouldstillhave50%ofonemillion
dollars,whichis$500,000.Thatisalotofmoney!_______________,Iwouldprobablysave
mostofthistohelppayforcollege._______________,Iwouldnotsaveallofit.Iwould
probablygivesomemoneytomyparentsandfriends,becauseitwouldmakethemhappyto
havealittleextramoney.Onemilliondollarsisalotofmoney;______________,asyoucan
see,Iwouldhavenoproblemusingitall!
39
WritingPractice
Whoisyourbestfriend?Inthespacebelow,writeanessayaboutyourbestfriend.Lookon
page37ifyouneedideas.Usesomeofthetransitionwordsbelowinyourparagraph!
MyBestFriend:______________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
40
WritingPractice
Whatwouldyoudoifyouwonthelottery?Inthespacebelow,writeanessayabouthow
youwouldspendthemoney.(Remembertousewouldnotwillbecauseyoudont
reallyhaveonemilliondollars!)Lookonpage38ifyouneedideas.Usesomeofthe
transitionwordsbelowinyourparagraph!
IfIWontheLottery
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
41
UNIT2:Transitions
Chapter4
ExpressingContrast
Transitions:
Although
Eventhough
Though
Despite
Inspiteof
Despitethefactthat
42
Although/Eventhough
SentencePattern:
Although[sentence],[sentence]
Eventhough[sentence],[sentence]
Examples:
Itwasraining,butIstillwalkedtoschool.
Althoughitwasraining,Iwalkedtoschool.
Eventhoughitwasraining,Iwalkedtoschool.
Imavegetarian,butIsometimeseatfish.
AlthoughImavegetarian,Isometimeseatfish.
EventhoughImavegetarian,Isometimeseatfish.
Wemissedthebeginningofthemovie,butwestillenjoyeditalot.
Eventhoughwemissedthebeginningofthemovie,weenjoyeditalot.
Althoughwemissedthebeginningofthemovie,westillenjoyeditalot.
Rewritethesesentencesusingalthoughoreventhough.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
1.Ibelieveinghosts,butIdonthaveanyevidencethattheyexist.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.ImovedtotheUSA,butIstillkeepintouchwithmyfriendsinKorea.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Craigissicktoday,butheisstillworkingveryhard.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Ihurriedtothepostoffice,butitwasclosedwhenIgotthere.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
43
Eventhough
Youcanalsoputeventhoughinthemiddleofasentence.
SentencePattern:
Eventhough[sentenceA],[sentenceB]
[sentenceB]eventhough[sentenceA]
Examples:
EventhoughIfightwithmysisteralot,Istillloveher.
IlovemysistereventhoughIfightwithheralot.
Eventhoughhesonly16yearsold,Daveisalreadyapplyingtocolleges.
Daveisalreadyapplyingtocollegeseventhoughhesonly16yearsold.
Eventhoughshesnervousspeakinginfrontofpeople,Mandyenteredaspeech
competition.
Mandyenteredaspeechcompetitioneventhoughshesnervousspeakinginfront
ofpeople.
Rewritethesesentencestwicea)firstwitheventhoughatthebeginningofthe
sentence,andthenb)witheventhoughinthemiddleofthesentence.(Seepage78for
answers.)
1.Mygrandmotherisveryold,butshestilllikestoplaybasketball.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
2.Mr.Johnsonwonthelottery,buthestillgoestoworkeveryday.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
3.Istudiedveryhardforthetest,butIstillfailedit.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
4.Marthasdoctortoldhernottoeatredmeat,butshestilleatssteaksometimes.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
44
Though
Thoughhasthesamemeaningasalthoughoreventhough.
**Youcanputthoughatthebeginningofasentence,inthemiddleofasentence,and
alsoattheendofasentence.
SentencePattern:
Eventhough[sentenceA],[sentenceB]
[sentenceB]eventhough[sentenceA]
[SentenceA].[SentenceB]though.
Examples:
ThoughIvemetthatmantwice,Icantrememberhisname.
Ivemetthatmantwice,thoughIcantrememberhisname.
Ivemetthatmantwice.Icantrememberhisname,though.
ThoughIworkveryhard,Idontmakemuchmoney.
Idontmakemuchmoney,thoughIworkveryhard.
Idontmakemuchmoney.Iworkveryhard,though.
Rewritethesesentencesthreetimesa)firstwiththoughatthebeginningofthe
sentence,thenb)withthoughinthemiddleofthesentence,andfinallyc)withthough
attheendofthesentence.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
1.Marvinisveryrich,butheisnotanarrogantperson.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
c)__________________________________________________________________________
2.Wandaiscrying,butsheisnotsad.
a)__________________________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________________________
c)__________________________________________________________________________
45
Although/Eventhough/ThoughREVIEW
Readthefollowingstory,andcompletetheblanksentencestomakethestorymakesense.
Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
LuckyBrian
EveryonecallsmyfriendBrianLuckyBrianbecausehealwaysseemsto
havesuchgoodluck.Forexample,eventhoughherarelystudies,healways
getsgoodgradesontests.Althoughheoftenhandsinhishomeworklate,
________________________________________________________________.
Whenhetookthetesttogethisdriverslicense,hepassedthetesteven
though__________________________________________________________.
Also,heoften_____________________________________________________.
Henevergetsintrouble,though.Lastweek,wewerewalkingdownthestreet
andhefound$100ontheroad.Althoughhethoughtaboutkeepingit,
_________________________________________________________________.
ThatswhyBrianismyfriend.Thoughheisaveryluckyperson,heisstillnice
andhonest.
46
Despite/Inspiteof
Despiteissimilartoalthough,butyouonlywriteanounorphraseafterdespite:
SentencePattern:
Despite[noun/phrase],[sentence]
Inspiteof[noun/phrase],[sentence]
Despiteherstrongaccent,Iunderstoodeverythingthatshesaid.
Inspiteoftherain,weenjoyedcampingverymuch.
Despitehisgoodgrades,Johndidntgetintothebestuniversity.
Inspiteofherillness,Janehasapositiveattitude.
Youcanalsoputdespite/inspiteofattheendofthesentences:
IunderstoodeverythingthatJanesaiddespiteherstrongaccent.
Weenjoyedcampingverymuchinspiteoftherain.
Johndidntgetintothebestuniversitydespitehisgoodgrades.
Janehasapositiveattitudeinspiteofherillness.
Remember:Afterdespite/inspiteof,youshouldonlywriteanounoraphrase,andnota
completesentence.(Youcanwriteacompletesentenceafteralthough/eventhough,but
notafterdespite/inspiteof)
Wrong:Despiteitwasraining,wewenttothebeach.
Right:Despitetherain,wewenttothebeach.
Right:Althoughitwasraining,wewenttothebeach.
Wrong:Despitehewasagoodstudent,Johndidntgetintothebestuniversity.
Right:Despitebeing*agoodstudent,Johndidntgetintothebestuniversity.
Right:Althoughhewasagoodstudent,Johndidntgetintothebestuniversity.
*Ifyouhaveaverbafterdespite,youneedtoadding
Despitehavingacold,Billwenttowork.(OR:Despitehiscold,Billwenttowork.)
Despitebeingtired,Billwenttowork.
47
Despite/Inspiteof
Rewritethesesentencesusingdespiteorinspiteof.(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
1.Markhasabrokenleg,buthestilltriedtowalktoschool.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Althoughshewastired,Marydecidedtogorunning.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Jackwalkedtoschool,eventhoughtheweatherwascold.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Thiscarhasahighprice,butIdecidedtobuyitanyways.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Althoughheeatsalot,Mickeyisntoverweight.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nowwritetwoofyourownsentences,usingdespiteorinspiteof:
1.__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
48
Despitevs.Although
SentencePatterns:
Despite[noun/phrase],[sentence]
Although[sentence],[sentence]
Afterdespiteyoushouldonlywriteanounoraphrase,butafteralthough
youcanwriteacompletesentence.
Example1:
Despiteherbadgrades,Juliegotintoagoodschool.
(herbadgradesisaphrase,notasentence)
Althoughshegotbadgrades,Juliegotintoagoodschool.
(shegotbadgradesisacompletesentence)
Example2:
Despitetheheat,Rickhasnotboughtanairconditioner.
(theheatisaphrase,notasentence)
Althoughitisveryhot,Rickhasnotboughtanairconditioner.
(itisveryhotisacompletesentence)
Example3:
Despiteeatingalotoffood,Lillianisstillhungry.
(eatingalotoffoodisaphrase,notasentence)
Althoughsheatealotoffood,Lillianisstillhungry.
(sheatealotoffoodisacompletesentence)
Remember:
Youcanuseinspiteofinsteadofdespite.
Youcanuseeventhoughorthoughinsteadofalthough
49
Despitevs.Although
Fillintheblankswithdespiteoralthough.(Seepage78foranswers.)
1.__________Ididntsleepwelllastnight,Idontfeeltootiredtoday.
2.__________notfeelingwell,Johnwenttoworktoday.
3.Wedecidedtogotothebeach__________thecoldweather.
4.__________sheisaverysmartgirl,Janedoesntdowellontests.
5.__________thisbookisverylong,Iwasabletoreaditinjusttwodays.
6.__________beingverylong,Iwasabletoreadthatbookinjusttwodays.
7.Jerrypassedthetest___________makingseveralmistakes.
8.__________hewashungry,Mikeofferedhissandwichtohislittlebrother.
9.__________hishunger,Mikeofferedhissandwichtohislittlebrother.
10.Wehadtogotoschoolyesterday__________thetyphoon.
RewritethesesentencesIfthesentenceusesalthough/eventhoughrewriteitwithdespite/in
spiteof.Ifthesentenceusesdespite/inspiteof,rewriteitwithalthough/eventhough.
1.Inspiteofthesnow,wehadtogotoschoolyesterday.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Thiscarrunsverywelleventhoughitsold.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Althoughheonlyhasonearm,Jeffisabletoplaybaseballaswellaseveryoneelse.
___________________________________________________________________________
50
Despite(inspiteof)/Although(eventhough/though)Review
Rewritethesesentencestwice:oncewithdespite(inspiteof),andoncewithalthough(even
though/though).(Seepage78forsampleanswers.)
Example1:
Daviddoesnthaveajob,butheboughtanewcaryesterday
Althoughhedoesnthaveajob,Davidboughtanewcaryesterday._____________________
Despitenothavingajob,Davidboughtanewcaryesterday.___________________________
Example2:
Theweatherisverycold,butCindyhasntboughtacoat.
Althoughtheweatherisverycold,Cindyhasntboughtacoat._________________________
Despitethecoldweather,Cindyhasntboughtacoat.________________________________
1.Mygrandmotherisveryold,butshestilllikestoclimbmountains.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Iamtired,butIamgoingtostayuplateanddomyhomework.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Thereisalotofviolenceinthatcountry,butIwanttotravelthereanyways.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Gaspricesareveryhigh,butJanestilldriveshercartoworkeveryday.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
51
Despite(inspiteof)/Although(eventhough/though)Review
Rewritethesesentencesandcorrectthemistakes.(Seepage79forsampleanswers.)
1.Althoughtheheat,Markwentrunningatnoon.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Thoughtheweatherisnice,butIdontwanttoplayoutside.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.DespiteImnotfeelingwell,IthinkIshouldgotoschooltoday.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Despitethisclassisforcollegestudents,butItookitwhenIwasinhighschool.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Althoughherage,mygrandmothergoesrunningeveryday.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Despitesheworkedhardanddidallofherhomework,butMandysgradeswerenotvery
goodthissemester.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Thiscompanyisverysuccessfulinspiteoftheeconomyisbad.
___________________________________________________________________________
52
Despitethefactthat
Finally,youcanusedespitethefactthat.Youusethisthesamewayyouusealthoughoreven
though:
SentencePatterns:
Despitethefactthat[sentenceA],[sentenceB]
[sentenceB]despitethefactthat[sentenceA]
DespitethefactthatJaneneverstudies,hergradesarealwaysprettygood.
Despitethefactthathesonlyplayedguitarfortwomonths,Johnhasalready
startedaband!
Julieisoverweightdespitethefactthatsheexerciseseveryday.
DespitethefactthathelivesinHawaii,Michaelhasntlearnedhowtosurf.
Rewritethesesentencesusingdespitethefactthat.(Seepage79forsampleanswers.)
1.Christinawonthelottery,thoughshedidntquitherjob.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Despitethehighpriceofgas,Davejustboughtanewcar.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.IjustsawChrisplayingbasketballeventhoughhesaidhewastoosicktogotoschool.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Billwearsahateveryday,butdespitethis,everyoneknowsthatheisbald.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
53
UNIT2:Transitions
Chapter5
ExpressingCauseandEffect
Transitions:
Becauseof
Dueto
Owingto
Because
Duetothefactthat
54
Becauseof/Dueto/Owingto
SentencePattern:
Becauseof
Dueto
Owingto
[sentence]
[noun/phrase],[sentence]
Becauseof
Dueto
Owingto
[noun/phrase]
**Note:BecauseofandDuetocanbeformalorinformal,butOwingtoisusually
usedinformalwriting.
Examples:
Becauseoftherain,Ididn'tgooutside.
Duetomygrades,Ididn'tgetintothegoodschool.
Owingtomyinterestinthelaw,Iplantobecomealawyer.
Ihadtostopdrivingmycarduetothehighpriceofgas.
It'snotsafetotravelinthatcountrybecauseofthecivilwar.
AngelagotintoHarvardowingtoherhardworkandpersistence.
Rewritethesesentencesusingbecauseof,dueto,orowingto.(Seepage79forsample
answers.)
1.Markhasaninjury,sohecannotcompeteintheracetomorrow.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Jacobhastostayafterschoolbecausehegotabadgradeonthetest.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Ireallyrespectmyfather,soIalwayslistentowhathehastosay.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Inthisbadeconomy,manypeoplecannotfindjobs.
___________________________________________________________________________
55
Becausevs.Becauseof(Dueto/Owingto)
SentencePattern:
Because[sentence],[sentence]
Becauseof[noun/phrase],[sentence]
Youwriteacompletesentence(anindependentclause)afterbecause,butyouonlywritea
nounoraphrase(adependentclause)afterbecauseof(ordueto/owingto).
Examples:
Becauseitwasraining,schoolwascancelled.
Becauseoftherain,schoolwascancelled.
JohnmovedtoCaliforniabecausetheweatherisgoodthere.
JohnmovedtoCaliforniabecauseofthegoodweather.
Duetoherhardwork,LilianwaspromotedtoAssistantManager.
Becausesheworkssohard,LilianwaspromotedtoAssistantManager.
Rewriteeachofthefollowingsentencestwiceoncewithbecause,andoncewithbecauseof.
1.Chrishasabadtemper,andthatswhyhegotintrouble.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.Manypeoplehavediedthissummer.Thereasonisthehotweather.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3.Iamgreatlyinterestedinengineering;therefore,IwanttogotoMIT.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4.Therewasafloodyesterday;thatswhythisroadisclosed.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
56
Because/Duetothefactthat
SentencePattern:
Because[sentence],[sentence]
Duetothefactthat[sentence],[sentence]
BecauseandDuetothefactthatareaboutthesame.Theycanbeusedinbothformaland
informalsituations.However,youhavetobecarefulwiththegrammar!Afterbecauseor
duetothefactthat,youmustwriteacompletesentence(anindependentclause).
Examples:
Duetothefactthatitwasraining,Ididntgotoschool.
Duetothefactthattheeconomyisbad,manypeoplehavelosttheirjobs.
PollutionisterribleinLAduetothefactthatsomanypeopledrivecars
everyday.
Duetothefactthatgasissoexpensive,Istoppeddrivingtowork.
Rewritethesesentencesusingbecauseorduetothefactthat.Youmayneedtoadd/change
somewords.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.(Seepage79forsampleanswers.)
1.Thebaseballteamheldaparadebecauseoftheirvictoryinthetournament.
Thebaseballteamheldaparadebecausetheywonthetournament.____________________
2.Plansforbuildinganewairportwerecancelledbecauseofcomplaintsfromresidents.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Theplaywascancelledduetopoorattendance.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Thesingercancelledtwoconcertsowingtoexhaustion.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Fewerpeoplearetravellingbecauseoftheincreaseinairplaneticketprices.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Becauseofhergoodacademicrecord,thecompanydecidedtohireJulie.
___________________________________________________________________________
57
Becauseof(Dueto/Owingto)vs.Despite
BecauseofandDespitehavealmostoppositemeanings.
Examples:
Becauseoftherain,Ididntwalktowork.
Despitetherain,Iwalkedtowork.
Duetotheterriblepollution,Idontwanttoliveinthecity.
Despitetheterriblepollution,Iliketoliveinthecity.
Despitethehighprice,RexboughttheFerrari.
Becauseofthehighprice,RexdidntbuytheFerrari.
Readthesentencesbelow.WriteDespiteorBecauseofintheblanks.Readthewhole
sentenceanddecidewhichonemakesthemostsense.(Seepage79foranswers.)
1.____________herpoorhealth,mygrandmotherisveryhappyperson.
2.____________hislearningdisability,Andrewhastotakespecialclasses.
3.____________theheat,manypeoplestayinsideintheairconditioningintheafternoon.
4.____________hislearningdisability,Andrewgetsverygoodgrades.
5.____________hispoorhealth,myunclecouldnotcometomybirthdayparty.
6.____________thetornado,manypeoplelosttheirhouses.
7.____________hiswealth,Marvinlivesaverynormallifeanddoesntbuyexpensivethings.
8.____________herhusbandssuccess,Marylivesaverycomfortablelife.
9.____________themedicineIamtaking,Ishouldnotdriveacarrightnow.
10.____________hisgoodscoresonEnglishtests,Ericcannotspeakveryfluently.
58
Becausevs.Although
BecauseandAlthoughhavealmostoppositemeanings.
Examples:
Becauseitwasraining,Idecidednottowalktowork.
Althoughitwasraining,Idecidedtowalktowork.
Becausehelikesanimals,Briansparentsgothimacatforhisbirthday.
Althoughhelikesanimals,Briansparentswontlethimhaveapet.
AlthoughtheFerrariisveryexpensive,IthinkImgoingtobuyit.
BecausetheFerrariissoexpensive,Idecidednottobuyit.
Readthesentencesbelow.WriteBecauseorAlthoughintheblanks.Readthewhole
sentenceanddecidewhichonemakesthemostsense.(Seepage79foranswers.)
1.____________Iwaslate,Ididntmissanythingimportant.
2.____________Iwaslate,Imissedthebeginningofthemovie.
3.____________Markneverdoeshishomework,hedoespoorlyontests.
4.____________Christinaeatslotsoffruitsandvegetables,sheisveryhealthy.
5.____________mydogiskindofugly,Ilovehimverymuch.
6.____________mycarwouldntstart,Ihadtowalktowork.
7.____________Ijustmetyou,IfeellikeIhaveknownyouforalongtime.
8.____________Johnisafamousauthor,heoftenforgetshowtospellwords.
9.____________heisthePresidentsbrother,heoftenvisitstheWhiteHouse.
10.___________Andyworksoutalot,heisstillprettyskinny.
59
Because/Although/Becauseof/DespiteREVIEW
Readeachsentence,andfillintheblankwiththemostappropriatewordbelow.(Seepage79
foranswers.)
Because
Becauseof
Despite
Although
1.____________havingacold,Darrinwenttoworkeverydaythisweek.
2.____________hehadacold,Darrinwenttoworkeverydaythisweek.
3.____________hehadacold,Darrindidntgotoworkthisweek.
4.____________histerriblecold,Darrindidntgotoworkthisweek.
5.____________ZackandMaryoftenargue,theyhavedecidedtogetadivorce.
6.____________theirdifferences,ZackandMaryhavedecidedtogetadivorce.
7.____________theyoftenargue,ZackandMarydonotwanttogetadivorce.
8.____________theirdifferences,ZackandMaryarehappilymarried.
9.____________sheisafamoussinger,Eileendoesnotearnmuchmoney.
10.___________sheisafamoussinger,Eileenearnsalotofmoney.
11.___________herfameasasinger,Eileenearnsalotofmoney.
12.___________herfameasasinger,Eileendoesnotearnmuchmoney.
13.___________theheat,mygrandmotherdoesnotgooutsideintheafternoon.
14.___________theheat,mygrandmotheroftengoesoutsideintheafternoon.
15.___________itisveryhot,mygrandmotheroftengoesoutsideintheafternoon.
16.___________itisveryhot,mygrandmotherdoesnotgooutsideintheafternoon.
60
Transitions:REVIEW
Readtheessaybelow,andfillintheblankswiththetransitionwordsbelow.Dontusethe
sametransitionwordtwice!(Seepage79forsampleanswers.)
Inaddition
Despite
Becauseof
Moreover
Therefore
Although
Finally
Inshort
EffectsofTelevision
____________watchingtelevisionisagreatwaytorelax,manystudentswatchtoo
muchtelevision,andthismayaffecttheminmanyways.Inmanyhouseholds,thetelevision
isalwayson.Thiscandistractstudentswhentheytrytodotheirhomework.____________
thesoundcomingfromtheTV,studentsmayfindithardertoreadbooksorwriteessays.
____________,thequickcamerashotsonmanytelevisionshowsmakeitharderforchildren
topayattentionforlongperiodsoftime.____________,televisionmaynegativelyaffect
studentsinmanyways.
____________thesenegativeeffectsoftelevision,thereisaplaceforatelevisionin
everyhome.Familiesoftenspendtimetogetherwatchingtelevisionshows,andthiscan
oftenleadtointerestingconversationsanddiscussions.____________,afteralongdayat
work,itcanbenicetositdownandwatchamovieorTVshow.____________,TVnews
showsanddocumentariescanbeinformativeandcanteachtelevisionviewersnewthings
abouttheworld.
____________,televisioncanbeeithergoodorbadifitisusedproperly.Children
shouldnotspendtoomuchtimewatchingTV,butitissometimesfinetowatchamovieor
TVshow.Also,adultsshouldsetagoodexampleforchildrenandoccasionallyturnofftheTV
andreadabookorexerciseoutside.
61
WritingPractice:Cause/EffectEssay
ThepreviousessayisconsideredaCause/Effectessay,becauseitexplainstheeffectsof
something.Thisistheformat:
Introduction:Whatisthefocusoftheessay?Whatisthecauseoreffectyouare
analyzing?
Body:(Givedetailsandseveralexamples.)
Conclusion:Wrapupyouressaywriteashortsummaryofwhatyouhavesaid.
Usingthissameformat,writeyourownCause/Effectessayonaseparatepieceofpaper.
Remembertousetransitionwordsthroughoutyouressay.
Youcanchoosefromthesetopics(orchooseyourowntopic):
TheEffectsofYearRoundSchool
TheEffectsoftheInternetonPeoplesBehavior
TheEffectsofaParentorFriendonYourLife
TheEffectsofAdvertising
TheEffectsofPeerPressure
TheCausesofBadBehavior(Whydosomestudentshavebadbehavior?)
TheCausesofCrime(Whydopeoplecommitcrimes?)
TheCausesofObesity(Whyaresomanypeopleoverweight?)
TheCausesofBoredom(Whydopeopleoftenfeelbored?)
TheCausesofViolence(Whydopeople/countriesneedtofight?)
62
UNIT2:Transitions
Chapter6
MoreTransitions
Transitions:
Regardlessof
Nomatter
Grammar:
EmbeddedQuestions
63
Regardlessof
SentencePattern:
Regardlessof[noun/phrase],[sentence]
[sentence],regardlessof[noun/phrase]
**Note:WhenyousayRegardlessof[something]itmeansthatyoudontcareabout
[something],orthat[something]willnotaffectyourbehavior.
Examples:
Regardlessoftheheat,Jedwillruninthemarathontomorrow.
Jedwillruninthemarathontomorrowregardlessoftheheat.
Iwilltryanyfood,regardlessofthetaste.
Regardlessofthedangers,Jakeplanstoclimbthatmountainintherain.
Myboyfrienddoeswhateverhewantsregardlessofmyfeelings.
MybossneedstodecidewhohewillhirefortheVicePresidentposition.Regardless
ofhisdecision,Imsurethiscompanywillcontinuetobesuccessful.
Rewriteeachofthefollowingsentencesusingregardlessof.(Seepage79foranswers.)
1.Thefinalresultofthistennismatchisnotimportant.Bothplayersplayedverywell.
Regardlessoftheresultofthistennismatch,bothplayersshouldbeproud.______________
2.MymomwillbuymeanybicyclethatIwant.Shesaidshedoesntcareabouttheprice.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Anyonecanattendthisclass.Agedoesntmatter.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Ilikealldogslittledogs,bigdogs,etc.Idontcareabouttheirsize.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Everyoneshouldbetreatedequally.Itshouldntmatterwhatraceorreligiontheyare.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Jacksparentswanthimtostudylaw.Theydontcarethathisdreamistostudyart.
___________________________________________________________________________
64
Regardlessof/Nomatter
SentencePattern:
Regardlessof[embeddedquestion],[sentence]
Nomatter[embeddedquestion],[sentence]
Anembeddedquestionislikeaquestionthatisinsideasentence.Embeddedquestions
beginwithquestionwords(who/what/when/where/why/how/which).
Examples:
Myfatherneverlikesmyboyfriends,regardlessofwhotheyare.
NomatterhowhardItry,myparentsneverseemsatisfiedwithmygrades.
Regardlessofwhyyouarelate,youareinbigtrouble.
NomatterwhyeveryonehatesJon,Istillfeelsorryforhim.
Youcanalwayscallme,nomatterhowlateitis.
Note:Withthissentencepattern,youneedtobecareful.Youarenotactuallyaskinga
questionwhenyouuse[what/when/where/why/how/which],soyouneedtobecareful
withtheorderofthewords:
Nomatterwhyareyoulate(Wrong!)
Nomatterwhyyouarelate(Right!)
NomatterhowharddoItry(Wrong!)
Rewriteeachofthefollowingsentencesusingregardlessof.
NomatterhowhardItry(Right!)
Rewritethesentencesbelowusingnomatterorregardlessof.Thefirstoneisdoneforyou.
1.Icanworkveryhard,butmyfatherdoesntcarehowhardIwork.Hejustwantsmetoget
goodgrades.
RegardlessofhowhardIwork,myfatherjustwantsmetogetgoodgrades.______________
2.Itsnotimportanthowoldyouareitisstillimportanttoexercise.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Idontknowwhomyteacheris,butImsureitwillbeagoodclass.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.YoucancallmeanytimeIdontcarehowlateitis.
___________________________________________________________________________
65
Grammar:EmbeddedQuestions
Embeddedquestionsarequestionsthatareinsideanothersentenceoranotherquestion.
Herearethreequestions:
WhereisMark?
Whatareyoudoing?
Howmuchdoesthiscarcost?

Whenthesequestionsareinsideanothersentence,youchangethem:
IdontknowwhereMarkis.
Imnotsurewhatyouaredoing.
Nomatterhowmuchthiscarcosts,Iwanttobuyit.
(Becauseyouarenotaskingthequestion,youhavetochangetheorderofthewords.)
Lookatthequestionsbelow,andrewritethemasembeddedquestions.(Seepage79for
sampleanswers.)
1.Whoisthat?Idontknow_________________________________________________
2.Whatishedoing?Idontknow_____________________________________________
3.Whyaretheyhere?Idontknow_____________________________________________
4.WhenisBobsbirthday?Iforgot______________________________________________
5.Wherearetheymoving?Icantremember______________________________________
6.Howisyourfather?Imnotsure______________________________________________
7.Whattimeisthetrain?Idontknow__________________________________________
66
GrammarPractice:EmbeddedQuestions
Embeddedquestionsarequestionsthatareinsideothersentences.Withembedded
questions,youneedtoputthesubjectbeforetheverb.
Question
EmbeddedQuestion
Whattimedoesthemoviestart?
whattimethemoviestarts
WhenwillJohnbeback?
whenJohnwillbeback.
Howmuchdoesthisbookcost?
howmuchthisbookcosts.
Whereisthistraingoing?
wherethistrainisgoing.
WhoisJennadating?
whoJennaisdating.
Whyisschoolcancelled?
whyschooliscancelled.
WhatdoesMomwantforherbirthday?
whatMomwantsforherbirthday.
Fillintheblankstocompletethefollowingquestionsandanswers.(Seepage79foranswers.)
1.
A.Where_______________________________________________________?
2.
B.ImnotsurewhereJennawent.
A.Howwillyougettothebusstation?
3.
B.Idontknow__________________________________________________.
A.WhoisBobbytalkingto?
4.
B.Imnotsure__________________________________________________.
A.Whattime____________________________________________________?
B.IcantrememberwhattimeJamesgetsoffwork.
5.
A.Why________________________________________________________?
6.
B.IdontknowwhyhesgoingtoSouthAmericaforthesummer.
A:Howmuchdoesanewsportscarcost?
7.
B:__________________________________________________________.
A:Wheredidyourneighbormoveto?
B:__________________________________________________________.
67
Regardlessof/NomatterReview
Theembeddedquestionsinthesesentenceshaveerrors.
Rewritethesentences,andcorrectthemistakes.(Seepage79forsampleanswers.)
1.Nomatterhowtiredareyou,youneedtofinishyourhomework.
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Regardlessofheishowold,mygrandfatherwantstotryskydiving.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Ialwaysfeeltired,regardlessofhowmuchdoIsleep.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Nomatterhowdangerousisit,Iwanttobeafirefighter.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Regardlessofhowseriousisthecrime,Iamagainstthedeathpenalty.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.NomatterhowmanytimesdoItellyou,youdontseemtounderstand.
___________________________________________________________________________
7.NomatterhowharddoItry.Inevermanagetopassthetest.
___________________________________________________________________________
68
Regardlessof/NomatterReview
Completethesentencesbelow.Theyshouldallmakesense!(Seepage80forsampleanswers.)
1.Nomatterhowmuchyoupractice,_____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Regardlessofhowfastyoudrive,______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.NomatterwhoiselectedPresident,____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.RegardlessofhowearlyIgotobed,____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5.NomatterwhatIcookfordinner,______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6.Mymomtoldmethatregardlessof____________________________________________
_________________________________________,shewillalwaysloveme.
7.Regardlessofthetemperature,________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8.NomatterhowmanytimesItellmysonnottocomehomelate,_____________________
____________________________________________________________________________
69
UNIT3:Review
Chapter7
ReviewofTransitions
/aswell/aswellas/notonlybutalso
Although/Eventhough/Though/Despite/Despitethefactthat
Because/Becauseof/Dueto/Owingto
Regardlessof/Nomatter
70
Transitions:Review
Fillintheblanks,usingeachofthesetransitionwordsonetime.(Seepage80forsampleanswers.)
Forthisreason
Despitethefactthat
Nomatter
Dueto
Consequently
Asaresult
Inspiteof
Regardlessof
Owingto
1._______________________whowinstheelection,thepublicwillbedisappointed.
2._______________________thePresidentpromisednottoraisetaxes,Ithinkthathewill
probablyraisethemthisyear.
3._______________________myinterestinthelaw,Iwanttobealawyer.
4.TaiwansPresidentisproChina._______________________,therearenowdirectflights
toChina.
5.TherearenowdirectflightstoChina._______________________,itismuchmore
convenienttotravel.
6._______________________whereIam,Itrytoemailmymothereveryday.
7._______________________thepriceofgas,Iwillstilldrivemycartoworkeveryday.
8.Mycatatesomepoison._______________________,hegotsickanddied.
9._______________________thepoison,hegotsickanddied.
71
Transitions:Review
Completethesentencesbelow.Makesurethesentencesmakesense!(Seepage80forsample
answers.)
1.Regardlessofwhowinstheelection,___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________________________________
Forthisreason,IhavedecidedtoapplytotheScienceDepartmentatHarvardUniversity
forthefall2012term.
3.Inspiteoftheweatherforecast,_______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4.__________________________________________________________________________
despitethefactthatheisshort.
5.__________________________________________________________________________
Hedidntgetintrouble,though.
6.__________________________________________________________________________
Nevertheless,shesgoingtoflytoJapanforabusinesstripnextweek.
7.NomatterhowmanytimesItellyou,___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8.Becauseofherreligion,______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
72
Transitions:Review
Ineachsentencebelow,thetransitionwordsareincorrect.Rewriteeachsentence,usingan
appropriatetransitionwordinstead.(Seepage80forsampleanswers.)
1.Ididntsleepverywelllastnight.However,Imverytired.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Despitethebadweather,Ididntwalkmydogthisevening.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Chrisisalwayslateforclass.Consequently,theteacherneverscoldshim.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4.Thatcountryishavingacivilwar.Evenso,manypeoplehavedied.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Owingtomylackofmoney,Idecidedtogototheexpensiveprivateschool.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Briansaidheisconcernedaboutglobalwarming.Thus,heusestheairconditionerallday.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
73
Transitions:Review
Rewritethefollowingsentences,fixingthemistakes.(Seepage80forsampleanswers.)
1.Regardlessofhowtiredareyou,Iwantyoutofinishyourhomeworkbeforeyougotobed.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.Becauseofitwasraining,Ididntgototheparkyesterday.
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Englishisaveryusefullanguage,however,itisdifficulttolearn.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.EventhoughIvenevergonetoChina,butImnotreallyinterestedingoingthere.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5.Duetomyinterestinthelaw,soIplantobecomealawyer.
___________________________________________________________________________
6.Nomatterwhereareyougoing,youneedtoweararaincoat.
___________________________________________________________________________
7.Jackwaslatetoworkseveraltimes,consequently,hegotfiredtoday.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8.Despitegotobedlate,Janewasnottiredinthemorning.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
74
Transitions:Review
Readtheessaybelow,andfillintheblankswithasuitabletransitionword.Dontusethe
sametransitionwordtwice!(Seepage80forsampleanswers.)
PollutionSolution
Formanyyears,humanbeingsandbusinesseshavebeenpollutingtheairandwater
aroundus._______________,theworldhasbecomeaverypollutedplace,andglobal
warmingthreatensourabilitytosurviveonthisplanet._______________,wecanstill
changethisandprotectourfuture._______________wehavealreadypollutedtheearth
toomuch,thereareseveralthingsthatwecandotostopglobalwarming.
First,itisimportanttorecyclethethingsthatweuse._______________recycling
requiresourtimeandenergy,itisnecessarytosavetheearthsresources.Inaddition,we
shoulddrivemoreenvironmentallyfriendlyvehicles.Manylargercarsandtruckscausealot
ofpollution;_______________,drivingsmaller,moreefficientcarscanhelpreducepollution
andstopglobalwarming.Finally,weshouldaskourgovernmentrepresentativestopasslaws
thatforcebusinessestostoppolluting.Manybusinessesfinditcheapertopollutethanto
takecareoftheenvironment._______________,thebiggestkindofpollutioncanbecalled
industrialpollution.
Pollutioniscausedbybothpeopleandbusinesses._______________,itisimportant
thateveryoneworkstogethertomakeourenvironmentabetter,healthierplace.
_______________globalwarmingisaveryrealanddangerousthreattolifeonthisplanet,
wecanstillsavetheearthandprovideasafeandhappyfutureforourchildrenand
grandchildren.
75
WritingPractice:Problem/SolutionEssay
ThepreviousessayisconsideredaProblem/Solutionessaybecauseitpresentsaproblem,
thenprovidesvarioussolutions.Thisistheformat:
Introduction:Whatistheproblem?
Body:Whataresomesolutionstothisproblem?(Givedetailsandseveralexamples.)
Conclusion:Wrapupyouressaywriteashortsummaryofwhatyouhavesaid.
Usingthissameformat,writeyourownProblem/Solutionessayonaseparatepieceof
paper.Remembertousetransitionwordsthroughoutyouressay.
Youcanchoosefromthesetopics(orchooseyourowntopic):
Problem:Obesity
Problem:Poverty
Problem:WorldHunger
Problem:War
Problem:Boredom
Problem:TrafficAccidents
Problem:Depression
Problem:LowTestScores
Problem:AddictiontoVideoGames
76
ANSWERKEY
page2
1.I
2.B
3.I
4.I
5.B
6.I
page3
1.M
2.S
3.M
4.M
5.M
6.M
7.S
8.M
9.M
10.S
page8
PARAGRAPH1:MyFavoriteHobby:ReadingBooks
Booksarelikewindowstotheworld,andthatis
whyreadingismyfavoritehobby.Ifirstfellinlovewith
booksattheageof5,whenIwasfirstlearningtoread.My
mothergavemethebookGreenEggsandHamandhelped
mereadit.Sheboughtthisbookatagrocerystore.AsI
grewolder,Idiscoveredfamousauthorsanddifferentkinds
ofstories.Recently,IreadalloftheHarryPotterbooks,and
thesearenowmyfavoritebooks.TheHarryPottermovies
areverygood,too.WhenIgotocollege,Ihopetomajorin
literatureandcontinueexploringthewonderfulworldof
books.
PARAGRAPH2:TheMostImportantModernInvention:The
Computer
Thecomputeristhemostimportantmodern
inventionbecauseithaschangedhowwelive.Inthepast,
studentsoftenwenttothelibrarytodoresearch,butnow,
mostresearchisdoneonacomputerusingtheinternet.
Thereisalibrarynearmyhouse,butIdontgotherevery
often.Also,computershavechangedhowpeople
communicate.Peoplewriteemailsinsteadofletters,and
withtheinventionofserviceslikeSkype,telephonesmay
onedaybereplacedbycomputers.Icanusemytelephone
togoontheinternetandcheckmyemail.Finally,computers
havemadetravellingmucheasier;wecanbuyairplane
ticketsusingacomputer,andGPStechnologymakesit
easiertoreachourdestination.Insum,theinventionofthe
computerhasgivenusnewpossibilitiesandconveniences
whichnowseemhardtolivewithout.
page12
3.I
4.U
5.U
1.U
2.I
1.Inshort,mygrandfatherwasa
whimsical/unpredictable/unique/oneofakindman.
4.Inconclusion,mycatisatroublesome/extraordinary
/uncommon/amusing/entertainingpet.
5.Asyoucansee,Frenchisanintriguing/challenging/
enjoyablelanguagetolearn.
page16
1.F
2.F
3.S
4.F
5.S
6.S
7.F
8.F
9.S
10.F
page17
1.Wewenttobedearlybecauseweweretired.
2.MysistergotintoHarvard,butIdidnt.
3.AfterIwokeupandgotdressed,Iatebreakfast.
4.NextyearwewillgotoUtahandhopefullyvisittheGrand
Canyon.
5.Becauseitwasrainingalldayandtherewasnoelectricity,
wewereverybored.
6.Mycomputerwasntworkinglastnight,soIhadtogoto
thelibrary.
7.Ifyoufinishallofyourhomework,youmayplayvideo
games.
8.EverytimeIgotothatrestaurant,Ileaveabigtipforthe
waitress.
page18
1.Iwaslatetoschool,buttheteacherdidntnotice.
2.IwanttoliveinCaliforniabecausetheweatherisnice
there.
3.Mydadatealltheicecream,soIcanthaveanyfor
dessert.
4.Doctorsareimportantbecausetheyhelpsickpeople.
page19
1.ChriswenttoEurope,andhevisitedmanycountries.
2.Ifelldownthestairslastnight,butIdidntgethurt.
3.Iwantedtoeatsushi,soIwenttoaJapaneserestaurant.
4.JohnandKatewentonadate,buttheydidnthaveavery
goodtime.
5.Willyenjoysplayingbadminton,andhealsolikestoplay
soccer.
6.Andyhitanotherstudentinclass,sohegotintrouble.
page20
2.Thecriminalstoleamotorcycle,andhehadtopaya
$1,000fine.
Thecriminalstoleamotorcycleandhadtopaya$1,000
fine.
3.AnnatravelledtoSpain,andshecamebackwithmany
interestinggiftsforus.
AnnatravelledtoSpainandcamebackwithmany
interestinggiftsforus.
4.Mickeyliveswithhisparents,andhehelpsthemruntheir
business.
Mickeyliveswithhisparentsandhelpsthemruntheir
business.
5.Mycousinlovessports,andhehopestobecomeagym
coach.
Mycousinlovessportsandhopestobecomeagymcoach.
page21
1.ThePresidentwillgotoEnglandandmeetwiththePrime
Minister.
2.JanestudiesEnglishatcollegeandworksatabookstorein
herfreetime.
3.Thechildrenareplayingandlaughinginthebackyard.
4.Jessicametafamousactorandgothisautograph.
5.Thedoctorexaminedthepatientandgavehimsome
medicine.
6.Youmayputyourbooksawayandgohomewhenyouare
finished.
page22
2.AustraliaisoneofthemostinterestingplacesonEarth;
animalssuchaskangaroosandkoalabearscanonlybe
foundinAustralia.
3.Mygrandmotherrarelygoestobedearly;shelikestostay
uplateandwatcholdmovies.
4.Thecampersranoutoffood;theyhadnochoicebuttogo
backhomeearly.
5.Iamgoingtomovebackhomewithmyparents;asthey
growolder,Iwillhelpthemruntheirbusiness.
page23
ChangingPriorities
Aspeoplegrowolder,theybegintoseetheworld
inadifferentway.Theystopworryingaboutsillythings,and
theystartpayingmoreattentiontofamilybecausefamilyis
themostimportantthinginourlives.Mostofmyfriends
spendalloftheirtimeplayingvideogamesandsurfingthe
internet,butIknowthattherearemoreimportantthingsin
life.WhenIwasyoung,Iwaslikemyfriends,butnowIam
77
differentbecauseIhavelearnedalotfrommygrandparents.
Asmygrandmothergrewold,shewatchedlessTVand
visitedhergrandchildrenoften.Mygrandfatheristhesame;
hehaschangedalotwithage.Now,itseemsliketheonly
thinghecaresaboutishischildrenandgrandchildren.The
lasttimeIvisitedmygrandparents,wewenttoamovieand
watchedamovie.Theysaidthatwasoneofthebestdaysof
theirlives.Mygrandparentshaveinspiredmetochangemy
priorities,andIthinkthiswillmakemylifemuchmore
enjoyable.
page26
HowtoMakeanEggSandwich
Ifyouaresittingathomeandyoucanhearyour
stomachmakingfunnynoises,itsprobablytimetomakea
snack.Aneggsandwichisoneoftheeasiestandhealthiest
snacksyoucanmake.Allyouwillneedisoneeggandtwo
piecesofbread.Firstofall,youneedtocracktheeggintoa
bowlorcup,andthenstiritwithafork.Next,pourtheegg
intoapan,andputthepanonthestove.Cooktheeggon
lowheat,butbecarefulnottoburnyourself!Afterthat,put
thebreadintothetoasterwhiletheeggiscooking(about2
or3minutes).Whentheeggstartstogethard,turnoffthe
heat.Finally,puttheeggbetweenthetwopiecesoftoast,
andenjoyyoursimple,healthysnack!
HowtoBecomeaBasketballPlayer!
Basketballisoneofthemostenjoyablesports,and
allyouneedtobecomeabasketballplayerisalittlefree
timeandafewfriends.Ifyouwanttoplaybasketball,the
firstthingyoushoulddoisbuyabasketball!First,gotoa
basketballcourtinyourneighborhood,andpractice
dribblingtheball.Then,practiceshootingfreethrows,then
movearoundthecourtandtrytoimprove.Lastbutnotleast,
findafewfriends,andstartagameofthreeonthree!After
afewgames,youwillnoticethatyouarealreadyapretty
goodbasketballplayer!
page28
1.Igetgreatscoresinmathclass.Inaddition,IgotanAin
biologyandchemistry.
2.ImapplyingtotheDepartmentofEnglishatOxford
UniversitybecauseImveryinterestedinstudyingEnglish.
Furthermore,IameagertoliveandstudyintheUK.
3.Angelaistakingpianolessonsandviolinlessons.
Additionally,sheislearningFrenchontheweekends.
4.Youresomean!Youalwaysmakefunofyoursisters
weight!Plus,youcallherugly!
5.Twohundredhomeweredestroyedinthelandslide.
Twelvepeoplelosttheirlivesaswell.
6.Leostayedupsolatethathewaslateforclass.Moreover,
hekeptfallingasleepduringthelecture.
7.Gorillasaresimilartohumansinmanyways.Forexample,
theirbodiesandfaceslooksimilartoours,andtheireyes
showemotions.Also,theyareabletowalkontwolegs.
Additionally,theytakecareoftheiryoungmuchlikehumans
do.
page29
2.Ihavereadthisauthorsmagazineessaysandnewspaper
articlesaswellasreadingallofhisbooks.
3.Ihavestudiedhardandworkedinseveraljobsaswellas
acquiringconsiderableexperienceinextracurricular
activities.
4.Warkillsinnocentpeopleandinjuressoldiersaswellas
costingalotofmoney.
page30
2.Smokingcandamagenotonlyyourhealthbutalsoother
peopleshealth.
3.Inthefuture,spacetravelwillbecomenotonlycheaper
butalsofaster.
4.Iwantyoutonotonlyattendthemeetingbutalsolisten
carefullytothespeaker.
5.InotonlysawthePresidentyesterdaybutalsogotto
shakehishand!
page32
1.Brianhissick;nevertheless,hecametoschooltoday.
2.Icanthelpyouwithyourhomework.However,Iknow
someonewhocan.
3.Jackatethreepizzas;still,hesnotfull.
4.Ifinishedcleaningmyroom.However,Ihaventtakenout
thetrashyet.
5.Theyarebrothers.Nonetheless,theyfightalmostevery
day.
6.Craigisinreallygoodshape.Despitethat,hegetssickall
thetime.
7.Theyarguedforhours;nevertheless,theyfinallycameto
anagreement.
page33
1.Therewasaterroristattacklastyear;consequently,you
cantbringaknifeoralighterontheplane.
2.Idroppedmycellphone,anditstoppedworking.
Therefore,Ineedtoeitherbuyanewphoneorborrow
yours.
3.Thepitcherthrewtheballatthebattershead.Asaresult,
hewasthrownoutofthegame.
4.Theweatherisniceinthesummer,butitrainsalmost
everyday.Forthisreason,springismyfavoriteseason.
page34
1.Monicalosthertennismatchyesterday.Thus,sheneeds
topracticemorebeforethenexttournament.
2.IfeelthatBostonUniversityisthemostsuitableuniversity
forme.Forthisreason,Iamapplyingtostudybusinessat
BU.
3.Thebaseballstarwascaughttakingsteroids;
consequently,hewaskickedofftheteam.
4.Jasondidnotprepareforhismathtest;therefore,he
failed.
5.Itrainedfortwoweeksstraight.Thus,everyonewas
delightedwhenthesunfinallycameout.
6.Mycomputergotavirus.Asaresult,youshouldntopen
anyemailfromme.
7.Thatmanwasfoundguiltyofmurder.Asaresult,hewill
spendtherestofhislifeinprison.
8.Ididntsleepverywelllastnight;therefore,Iamvery
tiredtoday.
page35
1.__C__Myuncleisapilot.Evenso,heissometimesafraid
ofheights.
2.__I__Chrisistheoldestboxerinthecity;nevertheless,he
hasntlostanyfightsthisyear.
3.__I__Jackywascaughtusinghercellphonetocheaton
thetest.Therefore,cellphonesarenowbannedin
classrooms.
4.__C__Thepoliticianhasliedtothepeoplemanytimes.
Still,manypeoplevoteforhim.
5.__I__Ourteamtrainedmuchharderthantheother
teams;asaresult,wewonthechampionship.
6.__C__Thiscomputeristhemostexpensiveone;however,
Idontthinkitsthebest.
7.__I__Jackdidnthavehealthinsurance;consequently,he
couldntgettreatmentwhenhegotsick.
8.__I__Rosesaidthatshedoesntlikecoldweather;
nonetheless,shedecidedtomovetoCanada.
78
page36
AnInfluentialPersoninMyLife:MyOlderBrotherMichael
Manypeoplehaveinfluencedmeandtaughtme
thingsinmylife,butmyolderbrotherMichaelhas
influencedmethemost.EversinceIwaslittle,Ihavelooked
uptoMichael.Helovedtoplaybasketball,soIplayed
basketball,too.Inaddition,Michaelhasalwaysgivenme
goodadviceabouthowtogetgoodgradesandstayoutof
trouble.WhenIstarteddating,Michaelhelpedmehavethe
confidencetoaskgirlsout.Occasionally,MichaelandIwill
getintoarguments;however,wequicklymakeup,andthe
argumentsneverlastlong.Iknowthathewillbetherefor
meforever.Therefore,Iamgladtohavesuchasupportive
andwiseolderbrother
page37
MyBestFriend:MySisterBeth
MysisterBethhasalwaysbeenmybestfriend.
EversinceIwaslittle,wehaveenjoyedplayingtogetherand
sharingsecrets.Wereallyenjoysittinginourroomsand
talking.Inaddition,weliketoplayoutside,forexample,
ridingourbikestotheparkorplayinghideandseekinthe
forestbehindourhouse.However,ourrelationshipisnt
alwaysperfect.Sometimeswegetintoargumentsandstop
talkingtoeachother.Despitethat,wecantstaymadat
eachother,andwealwaysgetoveritquickly.Iknowthat
mysisterreallycaresaboutme.Forthisreason,Ialwaystry
toforgiveherifshedoessomethingwrongormakesa
mistake.Furthermore,Ialwaystrytohelpherwhenshe
needshelp,becauseIknowshewoulddothesamethingfor
me.Asyoucansee,mysisterisaveryspecialpersoninmy
life,andImsurewewillbebestfriendsforever.
page38
IfIWontheLottery
IfIwononemilliondollarsinthelottery,itwould
behardtodecidehowtospendthemoney.Iwouldwantto
helpothers,bydonatingtocharity,forexample.However/
Moreover,Iwouldalsowanttousesomeofthemoneyto
buythingsformyself.Consequently,Iwouldprobably
decidetogive30%tocharityandspend20%onmyself.I
wouldbuyanewcomputerandalargecollectionofvideo
games.Plus,Iwouldgetanewbicycleandanmp3player
withalotofmemory.
AfterIspent30%oncharityand20%onmyself,I
wouldstillhave50%ofonemilliondollars,whichis
$500,000.Thatisalotofmoney!Therefore,Iwould
probablysavemostofthistohelppayforcollege.
Nonetheless,Iwouldnotsaveallofit.Iwouldprobablygive
somemoneytomyparentsandfriends,becauseitwould
makethemhappytohavealittleextramoney.Onemillion
dollarsisalotofmoney;however,asyoucansee,Iwould
havenoproblemusingitall!
page42
1.IbelieveinghostseventhoughIdonthaveanyevidence
thattheyexist.
2.EventhoughImovedtotheUSA,Istillkeepintouchwith
myfriendsinKorea.
3.AlthoughCraigissicktoday,heisstillworkingveryhard.
4.AlthoughIhurriedtothepostoffice,itwasclosedwhenI
gotthere.
page43
1.Eventhoughmygrandmotherisveryold,shestilllikesto
playbasketball.
Mygrandmotherlikestoplaybasketballeventhoughshe
isveryold.
2.EventhoughMr.Johnsonwonthelottery,hestillgoesto
workeveryday.
Mr.Johnsongoestoworkeverydayeventhoughhewon
thelottery.
3.EventhoughIstudiedveryhardforthetest,Ifailedit.
IfailedthetesteventhoughIstudiedveryhardforit.
4.EventhoughMarthasdoctortoldhernottoeatredmeat,
shestilleatssteaksometimes.
Marthastilleatssteaksometimeseventhoughherdoctor
toldhernottoeatredmeat.
page44
1a.ThoughMarvinisveryrich,heisnotanarrogantperson.
1b.Marvinisnotanarrogantperson,thoughheisveryrich.
1c.Marvinisveryrich.Heisnotarrogant,though.
2a.ThoughWandaiscrying,sheisnotsad.
2b.Wandaisnotsad,thoughsheiscrying.
2c.Wandaisnotsad.Sheiscrying,though.(Youcouldalso
say:Wandaiscrying.Sheisnotsad,though.)
page45
LuckyBrian
EveryonecallsmyfriendBrianLuckyBrian
becausehealwaysseemstohavesuchgoodluck.For
example,eventhoughherarelystudies,healwaysgetsgood
gradesontests.Althoughheoftenhandsinhishomework
late,henevergetsintrouble.Whenhetookthetesttoget
hisdriverslicense,hepassedthetesteventhoughhedidnt
practicedrivingmuchbeforethetest.Also,heoftengoes
outwithfriendswithouttellinghisparents.Henevergetsin
trouble,though.Lastweek,wewerewalkingdownthe
streetandhefound$100ontheroad.Althoughhethought
aboutkeepingit,hefinallydecidedtoturnitintothepolice.
ThatswhyBrianismyfriend.Thoughheisaverylucky
person,heisstillniceandhonest.
page47
1.Despitehisbrokenleg,Marktriedtowalktoschool.
2.Despitebeingtired,Marydecidedtogorunning.
3.Inspiteofthecoldweather,Jackwalkedtoschool.
4.Idecidedtobuythiscardespiteitshighprice.
5.Mickeyisntoverweightdespitebeingoverweight.
page49
1.Although
2.Despite
3.despite
4.Although
5.Although
6.Despite
7.despite
8.Although
9.Despite
10.despite
1.Eventhoughitwassnowing,wehadtogotoschool
yesterday.
2.Thiscarrunsverywelldespitebeingveryold.
3.Despiteonlyhavingonearm,Jeffisabletoplaybaseball
aswellaseveryoneelse.
page50
1.Althoughmygrandmotherisveryold,shestilllikesto
climbmountains.
Despiteherage,mygrandmotherstilllikestoclimb
mountains.
2.EventhoughIamtired,Iamgoingtostayuplateanddo
myhomework.
Despitebeingtired,Iamgoingtostayuplateanddomy
homework.
3.Althoughthereisalotofviolenceinthatcountry,Iwant
totravelthere.
Despitetheviolenceinthatcountry,Iwanttotravelthere.
4.Eventhoughgaspricesareveryhigh,Janedriveshercar
toworkeveryday.
Despitethehighgasprices,Janedriveshercartowork
everyday.
79
page51
1.Despitetheheat,Markwentrunningatnoon.
2.Thoughtheweatherisnice,Idontwanttoplayoutside.
3.AlthoughImnotfeelingwell,IthinkIshouldgotoschool
today.
4.Althoughthisclassisforcollegestudents,ItookitwhenI
wasinhighschool.
5.Despiteherage,mygrandmothergoesrunningeveryday.
6.Eventhoughsheworkedhardanddidallofher
homework,Mandysgradeswerenotverygoodthis
semester.
7.Thiscompanyisverybadinspiteofthebadeconomy.
page52
1.DespitethefactthatChristinawonthelottery,shedidnt
quitherjob.
2.Despitethefactthatgaspricesarehigh,Davejustbought
anewcar.
3.DespitethefactthatChrissaidhewastoosicktogoto
school,Ijustsawhimplayingbasketball.
4.DespitethefactthatBillwearsahateveryday,everyone
knowsthatheisbald.
page54
1.Becauseofhisinjury,Markcannotcompeteintherace
tomorrow.
2.Owingtohisbadgradeonthetest,Jacobhastostayafter
school.
3.Duetomyrespectformyfather,Ialwayslistentowhat
hehastosay.
4.Becauseofthebadeconomy,manypeoplecannotfind
jobs.
page55
1.Chrisgotintroublebecausehehasabadtemper.
Chrisgotintroublebecauseofhisbadtemper.
2.Manypeoplehavediedthissummerbecauseofthehot
weather.
Manypeoplehavediedthissummerbecauseitissohot.
3.BecauseIamgreatlyinterestedinengineering,Iwantto
gotoMIT.
Becauseofmyinterestinengineering,IwanttogotoMIT.
4.Thisroadisclosedbecausetherewasafloodyesterday.
Thisroadisclosedbecauseofthefloodyesterday.
page56
2.Plansforbuildinganewairportwerecancelledduetothe
factthatresidentscomplained.
3.Theplaywascancelledbecauseattendancewaspoor.
4.Thissingercancelledtwoconcertsduetothefactthathe
wasexhausted.
5.Fewerpeoplearetravellingbecausethepricesofairplane
ticketshaveincreased.
6.DuetothefactthatJuliehasagoodacademicrecord,the
companydecidedtohireher.
page57
1.Despite
2.Becauseof
3.Becauseof
4.Despite
5.Becauseof
6.Becauseof
7.Despite
8.Becauseof
9.Becauseof
10.Despite
page58
1.Although
2.Because
3.Because
4.Because
5.Although
6.Because
7.Although
8.Although
9.Because
10.Although
page59
1.Despite
2.Although
3.Because
4.Becauseof
5.Because
6.Becauseof
8.Despite
9.Although
7.Although
10.Because
13.Becauseof
16.Because
page60
11.Becauseof
14.Despite
12.Despite
15.Although
EffectsofTelevision
Althoughwatchingtelevisionisagreatwayto
relax,manystudentswatchtoomuchtelevision,andthis
mayaffecttheminmanyways.Inmanyhouseholds,the
televisionisalwayson.Thiscandistractstudentswhenthey
trytodotheirhomework.Becauseofthesoundcoming
fromtheTV,studentsmayfindithardertoreadbooksor
writeessays.Inaddition,thequickcamerashotsonmany
televisionshowsmakeitharderforchildrentopayattention
forlongperiodsoftime.Therefore,televisionmay
negativelyaffectstudentsinmanyways.
Despitethesenegativeeffectsoftelevision,there
isaplaceforatelevisionineveryhome.Familiesoften
spendtimetogetherwatchingtelevisionshows,andthiscan
oftenleadtointerestingconversationsanddiscussions.
Moreover,afteralongdayatwork,itcanbenicetosit
downandwatchamovieorTVshow.Finally,TVnewsshows
anddocumentariescanbeinformativeandcanteach
televisionviewersnewthingsabouttheworld.
Inshort,televisioncanbeeithergoodorbadifitis
usedproperly.Childrenshouldnotspendtoomuchtime
watchingTV,butitissometimesfinetowatchamovieorTV
show.Also,adultsshouldsetagoodexampleforchildren
andoccasionallyturnofftheTVandreadabookorexercise
outside.
page63
2.MymomwillbuymeanybicyclethatIwantregardlessof
theprice.
3.Anyonecanattendthisclassregardlessofage.
4.Ilikealldogsregardlessofsize.
5.Everyoneshouldbetreatedequallyregardlessofraceor
religion.
6.Jacksparentswanthimtostudylawregardlessofhis
dreamofstudyingart.
page64
2.Regardlessofhowoldyouare,itisstillimportantto
exercise.
3.Nomatterwhomyteacheris,Imsureitwillbeagood
class.
4.Youcancallmeanytime,regardlessofhowlateitis.
page65
1.Idontknowwhothatis.
2.Idontknowwhatheisdoing.
3.Idontknowwhytheyarehere.
4.IforgotwhenBobsbirthdayis.
5.Icantrememberwheretheyaremoving.
6.Imnotsurehowmyfatheris.
7.Idontknowwhattimethetrainis.
page66
1.WheredidJennago?
2.IdontknowhowIwillgettothebusstation.
3.Imnotsurewhoheistalkingto.
4.WhattimedoesJamesgetoffwork?
5.WhyishegoingtoSouthAmericaforthesummer?
6.Idontknowhowmuchanewsportscarcosts.
7.Icantrememberwhereshemovedto.
page67
1.Nomatterhowtiredyouare,youneedtofinishyour
homework.
2.Regardlessofhowoldheis,mygrandfatherwantstotry
skydiving.
80
3.Ialwaysfeeltired,regardlessofhowmuchIsleep.
4.Nomatterhowdangerousitis,Iwanttobeafirefighter.
5.Regardlessofhowseriousthecrimeis,Iamagainstthe
deathpenalty.
6.NomatterhowmanytimesItellyou,youdontseemto
understand.
7.NomatterhowhardItry,Inevermanagetopassthetest.
page68
1.Nomatterhowmuchyoupractice,youwillneverbea
betterbasketballplayerthanMichaelJordan.
2.Regardlessofhowfastyoudrive,youaregoingtobelate
towork.
3.NomatterwhoiselectedPresident,Ithinktheeconomy
willimprovenextyear.
4.RegardlessofhowearlyIgotobed,Ialwaysfeeltiredin
themorning.
5.NomatterwhatIcookfordinner,mychildrencomplain
thattheydontlikeit.
6.MymomtoldmethatregardlessofhowIdoinschool,
shewillalwaysloveme.
7.Regardlessofthetemperature,youneedtocutthegrass
today.
8.NomatterhowmanytimesItellmysonnottocome
homelate,healwaysgetshomelateontheweekends.
page70
1.Nomatter(Regardlessof)
2.Despitethefactthat
3.Dueto(Owingto)
4.Consequently(Asaresult/Forthisreason)
6.Nomatter(Regardlessof)
7.Inspiteof(Regardlessof)
9.Dueto(Owingto)
page71
1.Regardlessofwhowinstheelection,Idoubttheeconomy
willimprovenextyear.
2.Ihavelongbeeninterestedinbiology,andIhaveearned
excellentgradesinhighschool.Forthisreason,Ihave
decidedtoapplytotheScienceDepartmentatHarvard
Universityforthefall2012term.
3.Inspiteoftheweatherforecast,WillyandhisDadwent
fishingthismorning.
4.Billisoneofthebestbasketballplayersinthecountry,
despitethefactthatheisshort.
5.Maxwascaughtcheatingonthetest.Hedidntgetin
trouble,though.
6.Maryisafraidofheights,andshedoesntlikeairplanes.
Nevertheless,shesgoingtoflytoJapanforabusinesstrip
nextweek.
7.NomatterhowmanytimesItellyou,youneverseemto
listentome.
8.Becauseofherreligion,Sarahdoesnoteatpork.
page72
1.Ididntsleepverywelllastnight.Therefore,Imverytired.
2.Becauseofthebadweather,Ididntwalkmydogthis
evening.
3.Chrisisalwayslateforclass.Evenso,theteachernever
scoldshim.
4.Thatcountryishavingacivilwar.Consequently,many
peoplehavedied.
5.Despitemylackofmoney,Idecidedtogotothe
expensiveprivateschool.
6.Briansaidheisconcernedaboutglobalwarming.
However,heusestheairconditionerallday.
page73
1.Regardlessofhowtiredyouare,Iwantyoutofinishyour
homeworkbeforeyougotobed.
2.Becauseitwasraining,Ididntgototheparkyesterday.
3.Englishisaveryusefullanguage;however,itisdifficultto
learn.
4.EventhoughIvenevergonetoChina,Imnotreally
interestedingoingthere.
5.Duetomyinterestinthelaw,Iplantobecomealawyer.
6.Nomatterwhereyouaregoing,youneedtoweara
raincoat.
7.Jackwaslatetoworkseveraltimes;consequently,hegot
firedtoday.
9.Despitegoingtobedlate,Janewasnottiredinthe
morning.
page74
PollutionSolution
Formanyyears,humanbeingsandbusinesses
havebeenpollutingtheairandwateraroundus.Asaresult,
theworldhasbecomeaverypollutedplace,andglobal
warmingthreatensourabilitytosurviveonthisplanet.
However,wecanstillchangethisandprotectourfuture.
Althoughwehavealreadypollutedtheearthtoomuch,
thereareseveralthingsthatwecandotostopglobal
warming.
First,itisimportanttorecyclethethingsthatwe
use.Thoughrecyclingrequiresourtimeandenergy,itis
necessarytosavetheearthsresources.Inaddition,we
shoulddrivemoreenvironmentallyfriendlyvehicles.Many
largercarsandtruckscausealotofpollution;thus,driving
smaller,moreefficientcarscanhelpreducepollutionand
stopglobalwarming.Finally,weshouldaskourgovernment
representativestopasslawsthatforcebusinessestostop
polluting.Manybusinessesfinditcheapertopollutethanto
takecareoftheenvironment.Therefore,thebiggestkindof
pollutioncanbecalledindustrialpollution.
Pollutioniscausedbybothpeopleandbusinesses.
Forthisreason,itisimportantthateveryoneworkstogether
tomakeourenvironmentabetter,healthierplace.Despite
thefactthatglobalwarmingisaveryrealanddangerous
threattolifeonthisplanet,wecanstillsavetheearthand
provideasafeandhappyfutureforourchildrenand
grandchildren.

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WRITERIGHT:TRANSITIONSTableofContents

1. Assignment: Write a paragraph about an important person in your life.

2. Assignment: Write a paragraph about one of your favorite places.

4. Assignment: Write a paragraph about one of your favorite fictional characters.

Writing is not only a way to communicate, it is a tool for expressing your

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