MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

OILS AND LUBRICANTS

OILS
Definition: "An oil is any neutral, nonpolarchemical substance, that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures,
and is immiscible with water but soluble in alcohols or ethers. Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen
content and are usually flammable and slippery."

Types of Oils:
Organic oils: Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through
natural metabolic processes. Oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also
contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins, waxes and alkaloids.

Mineral oils: Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are crucial
resources in the modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient fossilizedorganic materials, such
as zooplankton and algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil. The name is a misnomer, in
that minerals are not the source of the oil - ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic.
However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote
(and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks,
underground traps, and sands. Mineral oil also refers to several specific distillates of crude oil.

Extraction methods of Oils:

Underneath a list and short explanation of the different extraction methods used in the manufacture of
essential oils .

1. Distillation: Distillation converts the volatile liquid (the essential oils) into a vapor and then condenses the
vapor back into a liquid - it is the most popular, and cost effective method in use today in
producing essential oils.

Water distillation
Steam distillation
Hydro diffusion

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Other specialized distillation:

Rectification
Water and steam distillation
Fractional distillation

2. Expression: Expression is a cold pressed method of extraction, which is mostly used in the extraction of citrus
essential oils.

Sponge expression

Machine abrasion

3. Solvent extraction: With solvent extraction, solvents are used to coax the essential oils out of the botanical material,
and various ways are also employed.
Maceration
Enfleurage
Solvent
Hypercritical carbon dioxide CO2

INDIRECT CONVERSION OF FUELS:

The figure below , shows that how a fossil fuels are converted into the required fuel , oil or other
product.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Applications of OILS:
Oils are very useful in everyday life , they finds many application some of which are discussed below ,

Cosmetics
Oils are applied to hair to give it a lustrous look, to prevent tangles and roughness and to stabilize the
hair to promote growth.

Religion
Oils are commonly used in ritual anointments. As a particular example, holy anointing oil has been an
important ritual liquid for Judaism and Christianity.

Painting
Color pigments are easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as a supporting medium for paints. The
oldest known extant oil paintings date from 650 AD.

Heat transfer
Oils are used as coolants in oil cooling, for instance in electric transformers. Oils are also used to
enhance heating in other applications, such as cooking (especially in frying).

Lubrication
Oils are commonly used as lubricants. Mineral oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants
than biological oils are. Whale oil is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate,
leaving dust, although its use was banned in 1980.

Fuel
Some oils burn in liquid or aerosol form, generating light, and heat which can be used directly or
converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. To obtain many fuel oils,
crude oil is pumped from the ground and is shipped via oil tanker to an oil refinery.

Chemical feedstock
Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of component hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are the
refined components of crude oil and the chemical products made from them. They are used as
detergents, fertilizers, medicines, paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber.

Organic oils are another important chemical feedstock, especially in green chemistry.

LUBRICANTS

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Definition: A substance such as grease or oil used for minimizing friction is called lubricant.

Types of Lubricants:
Lubricants are generally composed of a majority of base oil plus a variety of additives to
impart desirable characteristics. Although generally lubricants are based on one type of
base oil, mixtures of the base oils also are used to meet performance requirements. They
are divided according to their composition.
LUBRICANTS

Base
OILS

Biolubrica
nts

Synthetic
Oils

Solid
Lubricants

Aqueous
Lubricants

Base oil groups: Mineral oil term is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived from crude oil. The
American Petroleum Institute (API) designates several types of lubricant base oil:
Group I Saturates <90% or sulfur>0.03%>
Manufactured by solvent extraction, solvent or catalytic dewaxing, and hydro-finishing
processes.
Group II Saturates over 90% and sulfur under 0.03%, and SAE viscosity index of
80 to 120
Manufactured by hydrocracking and solvent or catalytic dewaxing processes. Group II
base oil has superior anti-oxidation properties since virtually all hydrocarbon molecules
are saturated. It has water-white color.
Group III Saturates > 90%, sulfur <0.03%, and SAE viscosity index over 120
Manufactured by special processes such as isohydromerization.Can be manufactured
from base oil or slax wax from dewaxing process.

Group IV Polyalphaolefins (PAO)

Group V All others not included above such as naphthenics, PAG, esters.
The lubricant industry commonly extends this group terminology to include:
Group I+ with a Viscosity Index of 103108
Group II+ with a Viscosity Index of 113119

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Group III+ with a Viscosity Index of at least 140
Lubricants can also be classified into three categories depending on the prevailing

compositions:

Paraffinic

Naphthenic

Aromatic
Biolubricants :
These are primarily triglyceride esters derived from plants and animals. For lubricant
base oil use the vegetable derived materials are preferred. Common ones include high
oleic canola oil, castor oil, palm oil, sunflower seed oil and rapeseed oil from
vegetable, and Tall oil from tree sources. Many vegetable oils are often hydrolyzed to
yield the acids which are subsequently combined selectively to form specialist
synthetic esters. Other naturally derived lubricants include lanolin (wool grease, a
natural water repellent).
Lanolin is a natural water repellent, derived from sheep wool grease, and is an
alternative to the more common petro-chemical based lubricants. This lubricant is also
a corrosion inhibitor, protecting against rust, salts, and acids.
Water can also be used on its own, or as a major component in combination with one of
the other base oils. Commonly used in engineering processes, such as milling and lathe
turning.
Synthetic oils: Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially
made. There are many types of synthetic oils i.e
Polyalpha-olefin (PAO)
Synthetic esters
Polyalkyleneglycols (PAG)
Phosphate esters
Alkylated naphthalenes (AN)
Silicate esters
Ionic fluids
Solid lubricants: PTFE:polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is typically used as a coating layer on, for
example, cooking utensils to provide a non-stick surface. Its usable temperature range
up to 350 C and chemical inertness make it a useful additive in special greases. Under
extreme pressures, PTFE powder or solids is of little value as it is soft and flows away
from the area of contact. Ceramic or metal or alloy lubricants must be used then.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Aqueous lubrication: Aqueous lubrication is of interest to make a liquid or water lubricant by adding a small
amount of additives . Strongly hydrated brush polymers such as PEG can act as
lubricants at liquid solid interfaces. By continuous rapid exchange of bound water with
other free water molecules, these polymer films keep the surfaces separated while
maintaining a high uidity at the brushbrush interface at high compressions, thus
leading to a very low coefcient of friction.

Lubricants Manufacturing:
Lube Oil Blending Plants (LOBP) is used to produce wide range of lubricants. The

optimized design covers the entire plant:

Raw materials storage
Blending units
Finished product storage
Filling and loading
Warehouse and dispatch

Characteristics of Lubricants:

It should have the proper body (viscosity)

High antifriction characteristics
Maximum fluidity at low temperatures
Minimum changes in viscosity with changes in temperature
High anti-wear properties
Maximum cooling abilities
Maximum resistance to oxidation
Non-corrosive

APPLICATION OF LUBRICANTS:

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Lubricants are primarily used to reduce friction stress between surfaces. They have the
:following uses
.As antiwear, antioxidants, and antifoaming agents
.As demulsifying and emulsifying agents
.As rust and corrosion inhibitors

.In machinery as engine oils, compressor oils, gear oils, and piston oils
.As hydraulic, brake, and gear box fluids
.Used in the soap and paint industries

:Some specific uses of certain variants of lubricants are

.Synthetic lubricants are used in turbines, vacuum pumps, and semiconductor devices
.Molybdenum is used as a paint pigment and as a catalyst
.Liquid lubricants are used in medicines
Lubricants are also used as cutting fluids in many industries. Oil, water, and oil emulsion
are used as cutting fluids. These liquids are used to cool and lubricate surfaces. Emulsions
of oil in water are most widely used as cutting fluids. Lubricants are also used as cutting
fluids in cutting, grinding, trading, and drilling of the metals. Cutting fluids are used in
machining operations where friction is very high because of close contact between the
work piece and the tool. This high friction generates a large amount of local heat and the
tool is overheated and may even lose its temper and hardness. As a result, liquids, such as
lubricating oils, water, or water emulsions are used on working parts of the
.machines.cutting fuels should have good lubricating property