Total Mid Paper Sta630

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Fall 2009 Mid Term
Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Quantitative researcher's pre-occupation with generalization is an attempt to:
Selected answer Develop the law like findings of the natural sciences.
► Boost their chances of publication.
► Enhance the internal validity of their research.
► Demonstrate the complex techniques of statistical analysis.

Which of the following BEST describes quantitative research?
► The collection of non numerical data
Selected answer An attempt to confirm the research’s hypotheses
► Research that is exploratory
► Research that attempts to generate a new theory

Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?
► Age
► Annual income
► Grade point average
Selected answer Religion

“Income distribution of employees” in a specific organization is an example of which
type of variable?
► Discontinuous variable
► Dependent variable
Selected answer Continuous variable
► Independent variable

Which of the following is the opposite of a variable?
Selected answer A constant
► An extraneous variable
► A dependent variable
► A data set

Which of the folowing is the basis of the Scientific Method?
► To test hypothesis in conditions that is conducive to its success.
► To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
Selected answer To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully
controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
► To test hypothesis and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned
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completely.

Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics,
except:
► It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest.
Selected answer It relies on the collection of non numerical data such as words and
pictures.
► It is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the
world.
► It uses the inductive scientific method.

Exploratory research addresses which of the following types of question?
Selected answer What
► If
► How
► Why

Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of a concept?
Selected answer Vague meanings
► Dictionary meanings
► Clear meanings
► Unambiguous meanings

Which of the following functions is performed by the Nominal scale?
► Categorize
Selected answer Distance
► Order
► Unique origin

Which of the following statements best describes the narrative literature review?
► A historically-based review, starting with the earliest contributions to the field.
Selected answer A review based exclusively on stories about companies, in book and
case-study form.
► A paraphrase style of reviewing which does not require referencing.
► An initial impression of the topic which you will understand more fully as you
conduct your research.

Which of the following strategies is useful when defining a particular research question?
Selected answer To clearly articulate the research question, to provide operational,
definitions and ensuring its testability.
► To clearly articulate the research question, outlining the conditions in which the
phenomena of interest are to be investigated.
► To provide operational definitions of the ideas or concepts involved in the
research.
► Ensuring that their research question is empirically testable.

A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally:
► Is made prior to the literature review
► Is made after the literature review
Selected answer Will help guide the research process
► Is made before or after literature review

Why is the statement” What are the effects of extracurricular activities on learning
development of school age children” not a good statement of a quantitative research
question?
► Because the study would be too difficult to do given all the different
extracurricular activities.
Selected answer Because the statement was not specific enough to provide an
understanding of the variables being investigated.
► Because there are not enough school age children engaged in extracurricular
activities to conduct the study.
► Because there is no connection between extracurricular activities and learning
development.

What is the first step in the research process?
► Problem definition
Selected answer Define broad problem area
► Theoretical framework
► Preliminary data collection

Which of the following questions might invade the privacy of a research participant?
► How long have you worked for this organisation?
Selected answer What is your home address?
► What do you think about your direct line manager?
► What happened during your last performance appraisal?

Which of the following is an example of deception in business research?
► The obtaining of company material without permission.
► The researcher wearing a disguise during an observation.
Selected answer The researcher representing their research as being about a different
topic.
► The researcher failing to ask permission to interview someone.

Which of the following is not an example of deception?
► A part of the truth is not communicated to the respondent.
Selected answer To observe code of ethics.
► To leak out information regarding any confidential matter.
► To create bias between respondents before the survey.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a standardized test?
► The administration of the test is controlled carefully to ensure that all examinees
experience the same conditions.
► The test is developed by experts to ensure it is technically sound.
► The scores are interpreted in standard ways.
Selected answer All of the given options

Norm-referenced test scores are interpreted relative to;
Selected answer A standard or desired level of performance that describes what the
student knows.
► Scores of others who have taken the test.
► Specific skills mastered by the student.
► The percentage of items answered correctly.

Which of the following scales can measure the Temperature?
► Nominal scale
► Ordinal scale
Selected answer Interval scale
► All of the given options

Interval measures reflect which of the following?
► The distance between each participant's individual scores.
► An individual's score from zero upwards.
Selected answer More or less of some underlying dimension.
► Absolute zero.
In which way does a ratio scale measurement differ from an interval measurement?
Selected answer It implies the existence of an absolute zero value.
► It measures larger or smaller scores on some underlying dimension.
► It requires the mutual exclusivity of all cases.
► It requires that exhaustiveness is applied to all observations.

Which of the following statements relates to concurrent validity?
► The measure apparently reflects the content of the concept in question.
► A criterion is employed on which cases are known to differ.
► A future criterion is employed on which cases are known to differ.
Selected answer A measure is gauged by comparing it to measures of the same concept
developed through other methods.

The validity of a measure refers to which of the following?
► Consistency of the measurement
► Particular type of construct specification
► Comprehensiveness with which it measures the construct
Selected answer Accuracy with which it measures the construct
Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of an experimental design?
Selected answer Maturation
► Interaction of setting and treatment
► Interaction effects of pre-testing
► Reactive effects of experimental arrangements

Which of the following kinds of survey research gathers data through questionnaires
administered once to the sample?
► Longitudinal, observation
► Cross-sectional, observation
► Longitudinal, self-report
Selected answer Cross-sectional, self-report
Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal study?
► Panel study
► Cohort study
Selected answer Census study
► Trend study

Mr. Hasan’s son has applied to a high school in Florida, but the application was denied
solely on his low score on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS). His son wants to attend
this school and contends his current grades and other standardized test scores speak well
to both his past work and future academic capability. Which of the following
characteristics of the ITBS is being questioned by this student?
► Construct validity
► Content validity
Selected answer Predictive validity
► Concurrent validity

The typical form of a longitudinal research design using a qualitative strategy is:
► Qualitative content analysis of documents relating to one specific event.
► Qualitative interviews conducted over one week.
Selected answer Ethnographic research.
► All of the given options.

Cross cultural studies are an example of:
Selected answer Comparative design.
► Longitudinal design.
► Experimental design.
► Case study design.

Mr. Ali has conducted an extensive review of the literature and has deductively reasoned
a hypothesis about his problem on the basis of this review. Which type of a research plan
is Mr. Ali likely proposing?
► Qualitative
► Ethical
► Both quantitative and qualitative
Selected answer Quantitative

Critical decision area in questionnaire construction is which of the following?
► Question content
► Question wording
► Response strategy

Which one is NOT an advantage of personal interviewing?
► Interviewer influence
► Probing complex questions
Selected answer Visual aids
► High completion rate

Which of the following types of survey research is often used for program evaluation or
accreditation purposes?
► Developmental surveys
Selected answer Followup studies
► Public opinion polls
► No survey research is appropriate

Which of the following statements might assist response rates?
► Please photocopy the questionnaire five times and pass on to your work
colleagues.
► Please make sure that the questionnaire is completed with a fountain pen.
► Please read the attached journal article on the ontological foundations of
positivism prior to completing the questionnaire.
Selected answer Please put the completed questionnaire in the enclosed stamped
addressed envelope and place in the mail out tray.

Cover letter must include all of the following information, except:
► How was the respondent selected?
► Importance of research topic which is going to be conducted
► Motivation for the respondent
Selected answer Data collecting tools

Which of the following is/are advantage(s) of the self-completed questionnaire?
► Inability to confirm who completed the questionnaire
► Its unsuitability for some kinds of respondents
► Inability to ask many questions that are not directly relevant to the respondent
Selected answer Easy to justify the answer

All of the following are the characteristics of scientific methods of research, EXCEPT;
► Cumulative
► Deterministic
Selected answer Unethical
► Rationalism

Which of the following is NOT the feature of theoretical framework?
► Make an inventory of variables
Selected answer Statistical analysis
► Specify the direction of relationship
► Make an inventory of propositions
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Fall 2009
STA630- Research Methods
Who, among the following, wrote the book "Research Methods for Business"?
► Zikmund, W.
► Sekaran, U.
► Dessler, G.
► Neuman, W.C.

What does an empiricist believe?
► All the knowledge that we have of life after death can be used in research.
► Knowledge in the form of ‘facts’ should be gained through sensory experience.
► Research conducted within the British Empire was biased and unreliable.
► Research should not always necessarily rely on the scientific methods.

Action research usually takes place in a single school because;
► It is designed to answer questions about improving practice in a particular setting.
► It is difficult to secure permission to study students in multiple schools.
► Teachers do not have the necessary skills to conduct research across multiple
settings.
► Data collection methods used in action research are designed for single settings.

Which of the following is characteristic of action research?
► Variables are tightly controlled.
► Results are generalizable.
► Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.
► Data are usually qualitative.

Which of the following statements is TRUE for qualitative research question?
► It asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored.
► It is generally an open-ended question.
► It asks a question which may be open ended.
► It asks a closed ended question.

Which of the following is NOT an example of quantitative variable?
► Age
► Gender
► Motivation

In research, something that does not “vary” is known as:
► Variable
► Method
► Constant
► Control group

The cause variable or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something
else is known as:
► Moderating variable
► Categorical variable

Which of the following statements best defines hypothesis?
► A quantitative study.
► A tentative prediction of the results of the research.
► A qualitative research design.
► The operational definition of the study.

Which of the following is the characteristic/s of Hypotheses in qualitative research
studies?
► Hypotheses are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study.
► Hypotheses are never used.
► Hypotheses are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and
analyzed.
► Hypotheses are always stated after the research study has been completed.

Hypothesis test may also be called as:
► Informal test
► Moderating test
► Significance test
► t-test

Which of the following refers to "A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an
area is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program is which type of
review"?
► Integrative review
► Theoretical review
► Self-study review
► Historical review

Which one of the following tasks is NOT accomplished by theoretical framework?
► Elaborate the relationship among the variables
► Explain the logic underlying the relationship between the variables.
► Describe the nature, and direction of the relationships among the variables.
► Relates the previous studies.

► To clearly articulate the research question, to provide operational, definitions and
ensuring its testability.
research.

What should the business researcher be aware of when signing a confidentiality
agreement?
► Any clause which limits the length of a questionnaire.
► Any clause which allows the company to comment on findings that will be
published.
► Any clause which increases the level of access for the researcher.
► Any clause which guarantees the anonymity of research participants.

In a study of concept learning in first-graders, all of the following should happen, except;
► To help make the experience enjoyable, children should be given substantial
incentives to participate.
► The children should be asked if they want to participate.
► Teachers of the children in their classes should give informed consent.
► Parents must give consent.

Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with electronic
research?
► Privacy could be invaded.
► People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.
► Debriefing could be avoided.
► Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.

Quantitative research has been criticised because:
► The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological validity.
► The measurement process suggests a spurious and artificial sense of accuracy.
► It underestimates the similarities between objects in the natural and social worlds.
► It has no validity.


Mr. Latif is measuring students' attitudes on a controversial topic. Which of the following
would you recommend he use to control for the potential problem of students feeling the
need to respond with socially acceptable responses?
► Ensure construct validity
► Allow anonymous responses
► Ensure reliability
► Ensure confidentiality

► Nominal scale
► Ordinal scale
► Interval scale

Following are the properties of nominal scale, except;
► Least powerful
► Suggest no order
► Provide categorical information
► Provide magnitude of object

Which of the following is NOT the implication of Ordinal scale?
► Characteristics of nominal scale
► Rank the object
► Does not provide magnitude of object
► Provide rate

Which of the following statements is correct about validity and reliability?
► When internal validity is high, external validity is low
► When internal validity is high, there is no change in external validity
► When internal validity is high, external validity is also high

When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you
measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.
► Internal
► External
► Causal
► Construct

► Qualitative
► Ethical
► Quantitative

Which of the following is a legitimate purpose of a research plan?
► It forces you to think through every aspect of a study.
► It provides detailed procedures to guide the conduct of the study.
► It provides clear roadmap of the study.
► Writing a plan facilitates the evaluation of it.

In the statement ‘Smoke badly destroys health of people’ what is the unit of analysis?
► Transportation
► Individuals
► Pollutants
► Drugs

While studying supervisor-subordinate relationship in an organization, what is the unit of
analysis?
► Individual
► Dyad
► Employer-employee
► Organization

► Followup studies

Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem with using survey research to
investigate behaviour?
► Respondents tend to answer by giving the most socially desirable answer.
► Respondents may inadvertently omit key terms in the question.
► Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening
question.
► Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they believe they are
likely to be identified.

What should the researcher do if they have achieved a low response rate?
► Copy responses and paste them again.

► Abandon the research project entirely.
► Recognize and accept the possible limitations of a low response rate.
► Fill in some more questionnaires themselves.

Which of the following statements is correct about questionnaire?
► A questionnaire should run to at least twenty pages.
► The questions should have no spaces between them so that the whole
questionnaire looks small.
► Only questionnaires that are A3 size achieve high response rates.
► Clear presentation is more important than overall size.


The most critical area of an article to read is;
► Introduction
► Abstract
► Results section
► Limitations

► Easy to justify the answer all hai oper waley

Time consumed in mall intercept interview is representing which of the following type?
► High
► Moderate
► Low
► Nill

Which of the following similarity is found in Qualitative research and Survey research?
► Examine topics primarily from the participants' perspectives.

► They are guided by predetermined variables to study.
► They are descriptive research methods.
► Have large sample sizes.

Which of the following represent a good qualitative problem statement?
► Defines the independent and dependent variables.

► conveys a sense of emerging design.
► Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested.
► Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find.

Which of the following makes research questions very crucial?
► Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from where.
► Help you decide which research area interests you.
► Ensure that your findings have external validity.
► Prevent you from thinking about research strategies.
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 10 )

How would you explain "Research Proposal" and its different sections?
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Fall 2009
STA630- Research Methods (Session - 4)
Rationalism is the application of which of the following?
► Research solution
► Logic and arguments
► Reasoning
► Previous findings

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of action research?
Action researchers have basic research skills to collect ► and analyze data.
All professionals need and want feedback on their ► performance.
Results enable the researchers to evaluate the ► performance of others.
Teachers are capable of assuming ► responsibility for their own professional growth.

If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple
intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which of the following type of
research?
Basic ►
Evaluation ►
Applied ►
Grounded ► theory

Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?
A theory that is ► proven to be right.
A theory that has been disproved. ►
A ► theory that has been falsified.
A theory that has survived attempts ► at falsification.
Which of the following statements is false about variables?
Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite ► number of fractions of units of
measurement.
Discrete variables can ► only have whole number values.
Continuous numbers can only have ► whole number values.
Continuous measures do not allow for scores ► that fall between two number values.

Which of the following is the definition of an independent variable?
A variable that is manipulated or controlled by the ► experimenter.
A response variable. ►
The behavioural ► measure made by the experimenter.
A dependent variable that is ► controlled by the experimenter.

Which of the following is NOT an example of quantitative variable?
Age ►
Grade point ► average
Gender ►
Motivation ►

A constant ►
An extraneous ► variable
A dependent variable ►
A data set ►

The cause variable or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something else is
known as:
Moderating variable ►
Independent ► variable
Categorical variable ►
Dependent ► variable

“Downsizing in an organization in future is associated with the level of job security of the
present employee in an organization” is an example of which of the following?
Correlational hypothesis ►
Descriptive ► hypothesis
Explanatory hypothesis ►
Non Descriptive ► hypothesis

Which of the following statements best describes a hypothesis?
A tentative prediction of the results of the research.
The operational ► definition of the study.
A qualitative research ► design.
A quantitative study. ►

When the research starts from the effects and tracing the reasons back in time, what does it
called?
Case study ►
Experiment ►
Observation studies ►
Historical ► comparitive research

Which of the following statements about plagiarism is most accurate?
It is so easy to "copy and paste" from the internet that ► everyone does it nowadays. If
a proper reference is given, where is the harm in that?
How can we say for sure where our own ideas come from ► exactly? If we tried to give
a reference for everything we could never hope to succeed.
Any suggestion that we have written what another actually ► wrote is morally wrong.
Anyway, the whole point of a literature review is to show what we have read and what we
thought about it.
Plagiarism is ► such an awful crime that those found guilty should be obliged to wear a
scarlet "P".

► What is your home address?

When embarking upon a research project, which of the following issues should be considered?
► That the data from the study will be treated anonymously and confidentially.
► Coherent research question, pilot work and confidentially.
► Pilot work should be carried out to assess the practical issues and feasibility of the research.
► That the research should be based upon a coherent research question.

In a study of concept learning in first-graders, all of the following should happen, except;
► To help make the experience enjoyable, children should be given substantial incentives to
participate.
► The children should be asked if they want to participate.
► Teachers of the children in their classes should give informed consent.
► Parents must give consent.

Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with electronic research?
► Privacy could be invaded.
► People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.
► Debriefing could be avoided.
► Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.

Which of the following is the difference between measures and indicators?
► Measures are unambiguous quantities, whereas indicators are devised from common sense
understandings.
► Indicators have a more direct relationship to the underlying concept than measures.
► Measures are intuitively devised and then applied as if they were direct indicators of a
concept.
► Indicators are unambiguous quantities, whereas measures are subjective and value-laden.

The extent to which a test provides scores that are meaningful, appropriate, or useful is
referred to as;
► Reliability
► Accuracy
► Internal validity
► Validity

Which of the following is likely to reduce the validity of a test?
► Unclear test directions
► Ambiguous test items
► Unclear, ambiguous and untaught items
► Untaught items

Which of the following refers to Test reliability?
► The types of item-writing errors that exist in the test.
► Consistency in the test results.
► Generalizability of the research results.
► The extent to which the test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Which of the following functions is performed by the Ratio scale?
► Categorize
► Distance
► Order
► Unique origin

► Nominal scale
► Ordinal scale
► Interval scale

► More or less of some underlying dimension.
► Absolute zero.

Which of the following effect in internal validity occurs when test units with extreme scores
move closer to the average score during the course of the experiment.
► Statistical regression
► Selection Bias
► Maturation
► Instrumentation

If a measure is consistent over multiple occasions, it has:
► Inter-rater reliability
► Test-retest reliability

When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you
measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.
► Internal
► External
► Causal
► Construct

► Ethnographic research.

► Comparative design.

Mr. Ali has conducted an extensive review of the literature and has deductively reasoned a
hypothesis about his problem on the basis of this review. Which type of a research plan is Mr.
Ali likely proposing?
► Qualitative
► Ethical
► Quantitative

Mr. Ali has described in great detail the major steps he will follow in conducting his study. This
information is likely found in which section of his research plan?
► Introduction
► Participants
► Methodology
► Data Analysis

Which of the following is considered a part of a formal evaluation of a research plan?
► A critique by a colleague of the researcher
► A critique by an experienced researcher
► A pilot study and a field test
► Self opinion

In the statement ‘Smoke badly destroys health of people’ what is the unit of analysis?
► Transportation
► Individuals
► Pollutants
► Drugs

► Cross-sectional, self-report

► Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening question.
► Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they believe they are likely to be
identified.

Which of the following surveys are more impersonal than face-to-face interviews?
► Mail
► Recorded Interview
► Focus group
► Telephonic

Which of the following is the primary purpose of survey research?
► Find cause-and-effect relationships.
► Determine and describe the way things are.
► Predict the way things will be based on the way things are.
► Compare groups to determine differences.

Which of the following is True for survey research?
► Survey research is a subset of experimental research.
► Survey research is often used in experimental research.
► Survey research is never used in experimental research.
► Survey research is always used in experimental research.

► Cumulative
► Deterministic
► Unethical
► Rationalism

Which of the following refers to research supported by measurable evidence?
► Opinion
► Speculation
► Empiricism
► Rationalism

What are some characteristics of a testable hypothesis?

Which of the following is not an advantage of the self-completion questionnaire over
the structured interview?
► It is cheaper to administer.
► It is quicker to administer.
► It is easier to prompt the interviewee.
► It is easier to remove interviewer effects.

► Please photocopy the questionnaire five times and pass on to your work colleagues.
► Please read the attached journal article on the ontological foundations of positivism
prior to completing the questionnaire.
► Please put the completed questionnaire in the enclosed stamped addressed
envelope and place in the mail out tray.

► Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening
question.
► Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they believe they are likely
to be identified.

Personal interviews are generally more _______ than mail, internet and telephone
surveys.
► Cheaper
► Expensive
► Easier
► Inexpensive

Which of the following is considered a part of a formal evaluation of a research plan?

► Self opinion

Mr. Ali has conducted an extensive review of the literature and has deductively
reasoned a hypothesis about his problem on the basis of this review. Which type of a
research plan is Mr. Ali likely proposing?
► Quantitative
► Qualitative
► Ethical

► Accuracy with which it measures the construct

► A measure is gauged by comparing it to measures of the same concept developed
through other methods.

► Maturation

What is the difference between interval/ratio and ordinal variables?
► Ordinal data can be rank ordered, but interval/ratio data cannot.

► The distance between categories is equal across the range of interval/ration data.
► Interval/ratio variables contain only two categories.
► Ordinal variables have a fixed zero point, whereas interval/ratio variables do not.

Which of the following is the appropriate way in which to view the reliability of
observational data?
► Test-retest
► Parallel forms
► Internal consistency
► Interobserver reliability

Which of the following is likely to reduce the validity of a test?
► Untaught items

Which of the following types of scales is likely measuring students' deeply held beliefs
about ideas, people, or objects?
► The Study of Values
► The Attitudes toward School Scale
► The Strong Campbell Interest Inventory
► The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

When embarking upon a research project, which of the following issues should be
considered?
► Pilot work should be carried out to assess the practical issues and feasibility of the
research.

Ethical considerations are a very important part of research. Which of the following
statements is false?
► Participants should be protected from physical and mental harm during the
research process.
► Informed consent should be sought in all cases. In situations where the participant
is unable to give this (young children / adults with impairments), informed consent
should be given by parents or by those in loco parentis.
► Debriefing of participants is essential and gives the researcher the opportunity to
discuss the participant's experience of the research process and negate any effects of
the investigation.
► Deception is inevitable part of research. Misleading participants is acceptable as
long as they are never informed of the true nature of the investigation.

► What is your home address?

Which of the following types of processes, research falls in?
► A process to discover the truth
► A process to invent the machines
► A process to make new medicines
► A process to create theories

Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?
► Context review
► Integrated review
► Methodological review

Which of the following is the meaning of the term "To read critically"?
► Skimming through the material because most of it is just padding.
► Evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions.
► Being willing to criticize what you read.
► Taking an opposing point of view to the ideas and opinions expressed.

The purpose of a literature review is to:
► Help you find out what is already known about this area.
► Identify any inconsistencies or gaps in the literature.
► Demonstrate an awareness of the theoretical context in which the current study
can be located.
► Find what is already known, identify gaps, demonstrate awareness.

Which of the following statements best describes a hypothesis?
► A tentative prediction of the results of the research.
► The operational definition of the study.
► A qualitative research design.
► A quantitative study.

► Informal test
► Moderating test
► t-test

“Downsizing in an organization in future is associated with the level of job security of
the present employee in an organization” is an example of which of the following?
► Correlational hypothesis
► Descriptive hypothesis
► Explanatory hypothesis
► Non Descriptive hypothesis

Which of the following is the characteristic/s of Hypotheses in qualitative research
studies?
► Hypotheses are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study.
► Hypotheses are never used.
► Hypotheses are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and
analyzed.
► Hypotheses are always stated after the research study has been completed.

Which of the following is TRUE for a hypothesis?
► A dependent variable.
► An independent variable.
► A prediction of a relationship between certain variables.
► An experiment that tests certain predictions.

The cause variable or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on
something else is known as:
► Vague meanings
► Clear meanings

Which of the following is not a concept?
► Leadership.
► Total Quality Management.
► Human Resource Management.
► Intelligence Quotient (IQ).

Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be
applied to this statement?
► The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
► The data-collection technique.
► The type of data collected.
► Type, technique and manipulation of data collection.

Which of the following is not the source for getting information for exploratory
research?
► Survey
► Case study
► Content analysis check page no 6 handout
► Pilot study

► What
► If
► How
► Why

except:
► It relies on the collection of non numerical data such as words and pictures.
world.

The action research method is depicted as a strengthening process because;
► Data collection continues throughout data analysis.
► The results are analyzed and used by other researchers to conduct additional
investigations of the topic.
► The action researcher continues to study other topics of interest after the initial
study is completed.
► The process continues even after the data are collected and analyzed, and actions
are taken based on findings.

The part of the action research spiral that differentiates this research methodology
from other kinds of research is;
► Looking at multiple sources of data.
► Taking action based on results.
► Thinking about or analyzing data in more than one way.
► The kinds of data that are collected.

A teacher conducts an action research study of the problem-solving methods used by
students in his ninth-grade Algebra I classes. Which of the following can he assume on
the basis of his study?
► Results apply only to students in his ninth-grade Algebra I classes.
► Results apply only to students in Algebra I classes at his school.
► Results apply only to Algebra I students in ninth grade.
► Results apply to all math students.



Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, Except.
► Health care
► Business
► Government offices
► Religion

Which of the following refers to research supported by measurable evidence?
► Opinion
► Speculation
► Empiricism
► Rationalism

Who, among the following, is the writer of Business Research Methods?
► Neuman, W.C.
► Zikmund, W.
► Sekaran, U.
► Dessler, G.

Given the following situation, (a) identify the broad problem area, (b) define the
problem statement, and (c) identify one dependent and one independent variable and
justify your choice by proper explanation.
PROBLEM AT PIONEER
Pioneer’s minivans and pickups take a big share of the truck market in Pakistan, while
its cars lag behind those of Suzuki, Toyota, and Honda. Quality problems include such
things as water leaks and faulty headlights.

What do you understand by the term “concepts are an abstraction of reality”? Explain
with the help of an example.


What should the researcher do if they have achieved a low response rate?
► Copy responses and paste them again.

► Abandon the research project entirely.
► Recognize and accept the possible limitations of a low response rate.
► Fill in some more questionnaires themselves.

► Please photocopy the questionnaire five times and pass on to your work colleagues.
► Please read the attached journal article on the ontological foundations of positivism
prior to completing the questionnaire.
► Please put the completed questionnaire in the enclosed stamped addressed envelope
and place in the mail out tray.

► Panel study
► Cohort study
► Census study
► Trend study

Mr. Ali has described in great detail the major steps he will follow in conducting his
study. This information is likely found in which section of his research plan?
► Introduction
► Participants
► Methodology
► Data Analysis

► Comparative design.

► Accuracy with which it measures the construct

► Maturation

Which of the following statements is correct about validity and reliability?
► When internal validity is high, external validity is low
► When internal validity is high, there is no change in external validity
► When internal validity is high, external validity is also high

Which of the following effect in internal validity occurs when test units with extreme
scores move closer to the average score during the course of the experiment.
► Statistical regression
► Selection Bias
► Maturation
► Instrumentation

Which of the following is NOT the implication of Ordinal scale?
► Rank the object
► Provide rate

► More or less of some underlying dimension.
► Absolute zero.

► Nominal scale
► Ordinal scale
► Interval scale

Which of the following is the implication of the ordinal scale?

► Rank the object

Which of the following functions is performed by the Ratio scale?
► Categorize
► Distance
► Order
► Unique origin

Which of the following functions is performed by the Odinal scale?
► Categorize
► Distance
► Order
► Unique origin

Which of the following refers to Test reliability?
► The types of item-writing errors that exist in the test.
► Consistency in the test results.
► Generalizability of the research results.
► The extent to which the test measures what it is supposed to measure.

► Predictive validity

Which of the following BEST describes an assessment that examines students' ability to
conduct a chemistry experiment in the lab?
► Aptitude
► Interest inventory
► Performance assessment
► Standardized test

Which of the following is NOT an unethical issue?
► Seek approval for research
► Misrepresenting results
► Avoiding legal liability
► Invoicing irregularities

► Define broad problem area

Which one of the following tasks is NOT accomplished by theoretical framework?
► Elaborate the relationship among the variables
► Explain the logic underlying the relationship between the variables.
► Describe the nature, and direction of the relationships among the variables.
► Relates the previous studies.

Which of the following statements best describes the systematic literature review?
► One which starts in your own library, then goes to on-line databases and, finally, to
the internet.
► A replicable, scientific and transparent process.
► One which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area.
► A responsible, professional process of time-management for research.

Which two of the following are legitimate frameworks for setting out a literature review:
1. Constructing intertextual coherence, 2. Deconstruction of textual coherence, 3.
Problematizing the situation, 4. Resolving discovered problems?
► 1 and 2
► 2 and 3
► 1 and 3
► 2 and 4

► Informal test
► Moderating test
► t-test

“The higher the level of job satisfaction of the officers the lower the rate of turnover in an
organization”, is a:
► Relational hypothesis
► Relational and directional hypothesis
► Relational and non directional hypothesis

Which of the following is a nondirectional hypothesis?
► Teachers receiving holistic stress-reduction training will be less stressed than teachers
who do not receive such training.
► Teachers receiving holistic stress reduction training will have similar levels of stress
as teachers who do not receive such training.
► Teachers receiving holistic stress reduction training will have significantly lower
stress levels than teachers who are not receiving such training.
► Teachers receiving holistic stress reduction training will have statistically
significanthigher levels of stress than teachers who do not receive such training.

The cause variable or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something
else is known as:

Which of the following refers to"A condition or characteristic that can take on different
values or categories"?
► A constant
► A variable
► A cause and effect relationship
► A descriptive relationship

Which of the following is the definition of an independent variable?
► A variable that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.
► A response variable.
► The behavioural measure made by the experimenter.
► A dependent variable that is controlled by the experimenter.

► Vague meanings
► Clear meanings

Which of the following is not a concept?
► Leadership.

All of the following are true about theories, except:
► They organize and summarize existing knowledge about a topic.

► They are tentative until the facts prove them true.
► They provide possible explanations for the phenomenon under study.
► They lead to testable hypotheses through the process of deduction.

Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied
to this statement?
► Type, technique and manipulation of data collection.

Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?
► A theory that is proven to be right.
► A theory that has been disproved.
► A theory that has been falsified.
► A theory that has survived attempts at falsification.

Which of the following statements is TRUE for qualitative research question?
► It asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored.
► It is generally an open-ended question.
► It asks a question which may be open ended.
► It asks a closed ended question.

If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple
intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which of the following type of
research?
► Basic
► Evaluation
► Applied
► Grounded theory

Which of the following criteria should be a primary concern in evaluating an action
research topic?
► The topic studied is of immediate importance to the researcher.
► The study will assist others in improving practice.
► The topic can be studied without the need for observation.
► The study is of concern to teachers throughout the school.


OTHER PAPER:
---- 1( ----
 Which of the following is most beneficial to read in an
article?
► Methods
► Introduction
► Figures
► References
---- 2( ----
 Cover letter must include all of the following
information, except:
► Data collecting tools
---- 3( ----
 Which of the following statements is correct about
questionnaire?
► A questionnaire should run to at least twenty pages.
► The questions should have no spaces between them so that the whole
questionnaire looks small.
► Only questionnaires that are A3 size achieve high response rates.
► Clear presentation is more important than overall size.
---- 4( ----
 In the statement ‘Smoke badly destroys health of
people’ what is the unit of analysis?
► Transportation
► Individuals
► Pollutants
► Drugs
---- 5( ----
 Which of the following is TRUE for research plan?
► It should be detailed.
► It should be given to others for review and comments.
► It sets out the rationale for a research study.
---- 6( ----
 Which of the following is considered a part of a
formal evaluation of a research plan?
► Self opinion
---- 7( ----
 Which of the following statement refers to research
design?
► A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory
► The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods
► The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph
► A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data
---- 8( ----
 Research may differ along a series of dimensions.
Which of the following may be applied to this statement?
---- 9( ----
 One of the preoccupations of quantitative
researchers is with generalization, which is a sign of:
► External validity
► Internal reliability
► External reliability
---- 10( ----
 Which of the following is not a form of measurement
validity?
► Face validity
► Conductive validity
► Convergent validity
---- 11( ----
 Which of the following is NOT the implication of
Ordinal scale?
► Rank the object
► Provide rate
---- 12( ----
 In which way does a ratio scale measurement differ
from an interval measurement?
► It implies the existence of an absolute zero value.
---- 13( ----
 Following are the properties of nominal scale,
except;
► Least powerful
► Suggest no order
► Provide categorical information
► Provide magnitude of object
---- 14( ----
 Which of the following BEST describes an
assessment that examines students' ability to conduct a chemistry experiment in
the lab?
► Performance assessment
► Interest inventory
► Aptitude
► Standardized test
---- 15( ----
 Which of the following is likely to reduce the validity
of a test?
► Untaught items
---- 16( ----

Which of the following types of scales is likely measuring students'

deeply held beliefs about ideas, people, or objects?
► The Study of Values
► The Attitudes toward School Scale
► The Strong Campbell Interest Inventory
► The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
---- 17( ----

Norm-referenced test scores are interpreted relative to;

► A standard or desired level of performance that describes what the student
knows.
---- 18( ----
 All of the following are unethical issues, EXCEPT;
► Invoicing irregularities
► Avoiding legal liability
► Misrepresenting results
► Seeking permission for entry
---- 19( ----
 When embarking upon a research project, which of
the following issues should be considered?
► Pilot work should be carried out to assess the practical issues and feasibility of
the research.
---- 20( ----
 What should the business researcher be aware of
when signing a confidentiality agreement?
► Any clause which limits the length of a questionnaire.
► Any clause which allows the company to comment on findings that will be
published.
► Any clause which increases the level of access for the researcher.
► Any clause which guarantees the anonymity of research participants.
---- 21( ----
 When there is a need of generating new ideas for
hypotheses or to interpret the results of some research, which one is the best
research deign?
► Experiment
► Surveys
► Focus group discussion
► Communication analysis
---- 22( ----
 Deductive research is useful in which of the following
cases?
► The researcher uses an existing theory to develop a hypothesis.
► The researcher subjects a hypothesis to empirical scrutiny.
► The researcher has to transform concepts within a hypothesis into
researchable entities.
► Use of existing theory, empirical scrutiny, transformation of concerpt.
---- 23( ----
 Why is the statement” What are the effects of
extracurricular activities on learning development of school age children” not a
good statement of a quantitative research question?
► Because the statement was not specific enough to provide an understanding
of the variables being investigated.
development.
---- 24( ----
 Which of the following strategies is useful when
defining a particular research question?
► To clearly articulate the research question, to provide operational, definitions
and ensuring its testability.
► To clearly articulate the research question, outlining the conditions in which
the phenomena of interest are to be investigated.
research.
---- 25( ----
 Theoretical framework is trying to develop a
________ model of our study.
► Functional
► Conceptual
► Operational
► Practical
---- 26( ----
 Which one of the following options is a source of
literature review?
► Computer on line system
► Case studies
► Focus group discussion
► Pilot studies
---- 27( ----
 Which type of review compares how different
theories address an issue?
► Context review
► Integrated review
► Methodological review
---- 28( ----
 Which of the following is the meaning of the term "To
read critically"?
► Skimming through the material because most of it is just padding.
► Evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions.
► Being willing to criticize what you read.
► Taking an opposing point of view to the ideas and opinions expressed.
---- 29( ----
“The higher the level of job satisfaction of the officers the lower the
rate of turnover in an organization”, is a:
► Relational hypothesis
► Relational and directional hypothesis
► Relational and non directional hypothesis
---- 30( ----
 The cause variable or the one that identifies forces or
conditions that act on something else is known as:
---- 31( ----
 Which of the following can best be described as a
categorical variable?
► Age
► Annual income
► Religion
---- 32( ----
 Which of the following statements is false about
variables?
► Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of
units of measurement.
► Discrete variables can only have whole number values.
► Continuous numbers can only have whole number values.
► Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number
values.
---- 33( ----
 Which of the following is not a concept?
► Leadership.
---- 34( ----
 Exploratory research addresses which of the
following types of question?
► What
► If
► How
► Why
---- 35( ----
 Which of the following BEST describes quantitative
research?
► An attempt to confirm the research’s hypotheses
---- 36( ----
 Which of the following research questions is BEST
answered using action research?
► How can I improve the interaction of students of different ethnicity in my
class?
► What factors influence student interaction in multiethnic classes?
► Is there a difference between male and female acceptance of others in
multiethnic classes?
► How do students from Asian countries adjust to classroom practices in U.S.
schools?
---- 37( ----

The word action in the phrase "action research" refers to;
► The fact that the teacher is the researcher
► The use of the findings
► The process of collecting data
► The process of analyzing data
---- 38( ----

Which of the folowing is the basis of the Scientific Method?
► To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled
conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
completely.
---- 39( ----
 Which of the folowing is not the objective of a
research for a student of research methods course?
► Conducting research by following certain steps
► Preparing methodologies
► Ability to convert problem into researchable question
► Writing a book
---- 40( ----
 Under which of the following, research method is not
applicable?
► Business
► Government offices
► Imaginary worlds
► Health care
Apna Paper
Quantitative researcher's pre-occupation with generalization is an attempt to:
Selected answer Develop the law like findings of the natural sciences.
► Boost their chances of publication.
► Enhance the internal validity of their research.
► Demonstrate the complex techniques of statistical analysis.
Which of the following BEST describes quantitative research?
Selected answer An attempt to confirm the research’s hypotheses
Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?
► Age
► Annual income
Selected answer Religion
“Income distribution of employees” in a specific organization is an example of which
type of variable?
► Discontinuous variable
Selected answer Continuous variable
Selected answer A constant
► An extraneous variable
► A dependent variable
► A data set
Which of the folowing is the basis of the Scientific Method?
Selected answer To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully
controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
completely.
except:
Selected answer It relies on the collection of non numerical data such as words and
pictures.
world.
Selected answer What
► If
► How
► Why
Selected answer Vague meanings
► Clear meanings
Which of the following functions is performed by the Nominal scale?
► Categorize
Selected answer Distance
► Order
► Unique origin
Which of the following statements best describes the narrative literature review?
► A historically-based review, starting with the earliest contributions to the field.
Selected answer A review based exclusively on stories about companies, in book and
case-study form.
► A paraphrase style of reviewing which does not require referencing.
► An initial impression of the topic which you will understand more fully as you
conduct your research.
Selected answer To clearly articulate the research question, to provide operational,
definitions and ensuring its testability.
research.
A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally:
► Is made prior to the literature review
► Is made after the literature review
Selected answer Will help guide the research process
► Is made before or after literature review
Why is the statement” What are the effects of extracurricular activities on learning
development of school age children” not a good statement of a quantitative research
question?
Selected answer Because the statement was not specific enough to provide an
understanding of the variables being investigated.
development.
Selected answer Define broad problem area
Selected answer What is your home address?
Which of the following is an example of deception in business research?
► The obtaining of company material without permission.
► The researcher wearing a disguise during an observation.
Selected answer The researcher representing their research as being about a different
topic.
► The researcher failing to ask permission to interview someone.
Which of the following is not an example of deception?
► A part of the truth is not communicated to the respondent.
Selected answer To observe code of ethics.
► To leak out information regarding any confidential matter.
► To create bias between respondents before the survey.
Norm-referenced test scores are interpreted relative to;
Selected answer A standard or desired level of performance that describes what the
student knows.
► Nominal scale
► Ordinal scale
Selected answer Interval scale
Selected answer More or less of some underlying dimension.
► Absolute zero.
In which way does a ratio scale measurement differ from an interval measurement?
Selected answer It implies the existence of an absolute zero value.
Selected answer A measure is gauged by comparing it to measures of the same concept
developed through other methods.
Selected answer Accuracy with which it measures the construct
Selected answer Maturation
Selected answer Cross-sectional, self-report
► Panel study
► Cohort study
Selected answer Census study
► Trend study
Selected answer Predictive validity
Selected answer Ethnographic research.
Selected answer Comparative design.
► Qualitative
► Ethical
Selected answer Quantitative
Which one is NOT an advantage of personal interviewing?
► Interviewer influence
► Probing complex questions
Selected answer Visual aids
► High completion rate
Selected answer Followup studies
► Please photocopy the questionnaire five times and pass on to your work
colleagues.
► Please read the attached journal article on the ontological foundations of
positivism prior to completing the questionnaire.
Selected answer Please put the completed questionnaire in the enclosed stamped
addressed envelope and place in the mail out tray.
Cover letter must include all of the following information, except:
Selected answer Data collecting tools
Selected answer Easy to justify the answer
► Cumulative
► Deterministic
Selected answer Unethical
► Rationalism
Which of the following is NOT the feature of theoretical framework?
► Make an inventory of variables
Selected answer Statistical analysis
► Specify the direction of relationship
► Make an inventory of propositions

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