Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Building Forms and Features On Hilly Are
Building Forms and Features On Hilly Are
B.Arch/1019/2009
Introductory Seminar On Thesis Project
1
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
General Description
Issues and Objectives
Methodology Flowchart
QUERIES WHILE CONSTUCTING ON HILLS
DETAILS
Inventory of building components
Concerns affecting buildings
INFERENCE
REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Hill Architecture - different and typical architecture
Proposed thesis topic Mountaineering Training Institute
Proposed site Himachal Pradesh
Himachals :
- is situated in the western Himalayas
- falls under cold humid and temperate humid climate
ISSUES Hill Architecture has its very unique features and the issues or concerns that
should be taken care of in hill architecture are as follows : Geological
Climatological
Geographical
Natural Hazard
Socio-cultural
OBJECTIVES
METHODOLOGY FLOWCHART -
DECIDING OVER
PROBABLE THESIS
TOPIC
SELECTING
DISSERTATION TOPIC
IN ACCORDANCE TO
THESIS TOPIC
IDENTIFY
VARIOUS
CONCERNS
DRAWING
INFERENCE
ANALYSIS OF
DATA
COLLECTION OF
DATA
STUDY OF
STANDARDS AND
BYE-LAWS
FINDING METHODS
TO OPTIMIZE
EFFECTS OF
CONCERNS
IMPLEMENTATION
IN DESIGN
RAINFALL
SNOWFALL
LANDSLIDE
EARTHQUAKE
DAYLIGHT
WIND
FLOW
FOUNDATION
D.P.C
STRUCT. SYS.
BUILDING
ORIENTATION
WINDOWS
ROOF
WALLS
BUILT FORM
The circles shows which all concerns are affecting which all building components.
DETAILS
INVENTORY OF BUILDING COMPONENTS
Dissertation deals with :
10
EARTHQUAKE Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes,
principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other
rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex
combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from the epicenter, and
the local geological and geo-morphological conditions.
GENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO REDUCE THE
EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES
symmetry
regularity
separation of blocks
simplicity
enclosed area
11
12
LANDSLIDES :
Landslides occur when the stability of a slope changes from a stable to an
unstable condition.
1. Insertion of reinforcement elements in the ground
This category of work uses large diameter wells supported by one or more
crowns of consolidated and possibly reinforced earth columns :
- anchors
- networks of micropiles
- soil nailing
- geogrids for reinforced ground
- cellular faces
2. Geometry Modification
3. Draining Techniques
13
SNOW-FALL :
Several factors affect the amount of snow
that can build up on a roof. They include:
14
15
FOUNDATION TYPES
1. Fill and Cut-Fill
2. Solid Filling
3. Stepped Foundation
16
RETATINING WALL
- Structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes
- Used to bound soils between two different elevations
- Often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes
- Or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped
17
FENESTRATION TYPES
1. Dormer window
- A structural element of a building that
protrudes from the plane of a sloping roof
surface.
- Like skylights, dormer windows are a source
of light and ventilation for top floors
- Unlike skylights (which are parallel to the
roof surface) they also increase the amount of
headroom in the room and allow for more
usable space.
2. Skylight
- A flat or slope window used for daylighting,
built into a roof structure that is out of reach
18
3. Bay window
- A multi-panel window, with at least three
panels set at different angles to create a
protrusion from the wall line
4.Oriel
A form of bay window most often seen in
Tudor-style houses and monasteries which
projects from the wall and does not extend
to the ground.
19
ROOF TYPES
1. Gable
- A gable is the generally triangular portion
of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof.
2. Mansard
- with the pitch divided into a shallow slope
above a steeper slope, the steep slope may
be curved
3. Hip
- A hip roof is a type of roof where all sides
slope downwards to the walls, usually with a
fairly gentle slope.
20
ROOF STRUCTURES
1. COUPLE ROOF :
- pairs of rafters are attached on opposite
sides of a ridge and the feet are fixed to
the wall plate.
- no tie between the feet, allowing the
rafters to spread under load.
- restricted to small span gable roofs,
which may be simply coupled.
1. COUPLE CLOSE :
- same as the coupled roof except there is
a tie, such as a ceiling joist, placed
between the feet of the rafters
- This method is used for most roof
construction, especially for gables with a
wide span.
21
3. COLLAR TIE :
- Gable or double-pitch roof rafters are
often reinforced by horizontal members
called collar ties. In a finished attic, the
ties may also function as ceiling joists.
22
INFERENCE :
Firstly, the geological concern namely the slope gradient is needed to be
stabilized.
23
REFERENCES
BOOKS
1. Himalayan Architecture - by Ronald M. Bernier
2. Ernest and Peter Neufert Architects Data
WEBSITES
1. 1. http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh
3.
http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/681/vernacular-architecture-ofhimachal-pradesh-india
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormer
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_resistant_structures
6. http://www.nicee.org/iaee/E_Chapter3.pdf
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide_mitigation
9. http://www.bis.org.in/other/quake.htm
10.http://mikestrade.sydneyinstitute.wikispaces.net/file/view/Basic+Roof+Part
+1+pages+1+-+26.pdf
- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS -
24
JOURNALS :
1. Name of paper : Evaluation of Causes of Retaining Wall Failure
Name of journal : Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and
Technologies
Name of author : Muazu Mohammed ABDULLAHI
Name of publisher : Civil Engineering, F.U.T., P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State,
Nigeria.
Year of publishing : Issue 14, January-June 2009
2. Name of paper : Soil Slope Stabilization Methods
Name of author : John Oliphant, Robert McCafferty & Mr Richard Apted
3. Name of paper : Earthquake considerations, Dharamshala Kangra,
Himachal
Name of journal : Architecture Time, Space and People
Name of author :Vandana Sharma, Ankit Sharma
Year of publishing : September 2007
25