Group 1 / SBGE-101 / MCS1

Members:
Bobis, Alma
Carcueva, Mhar
Damo, Bea Yohann
Guinto, Dave
Lopez, Francis
Salvador Kyle
Activity 1: Modern Forms of
Communication
Topic - Internet

A Brief History
of the Internet
The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early
1960s who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share
information on research and development in scientific and military fields.
J.C.R. Licklider of MIT first proposed a global network of computers in 1962,
and moved over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
in late 1962 to head the work to develop it. Leonard Kleinrock of MIT and
later UCLA developed the theory of packet switching, which was to form the
basis of Internet connections. Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a
Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up
telephone lines. It showed the feasibility of wide area networking, but also
showed that the telephone line's circuit switching was inadequate.
Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed. Roberts moved over to
DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. These visionaries and
many more left unnamed here are the real founders of the Internet.
The Internet, then known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969 under a
contract let by the renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
which initially connected four major computers at universities in the
southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the
University of Utah).
E-mail was adapted for ARPANET by Ray Tomlinson of BBN in 1972. He picked
the @ symbol from the available symbols on his teletype to link the
username and address.
Ethernet, a protocol for many local networks, appeared in 1974, an
outgrowth of Harvard student Bob Metcalfe's dissertation on "Packet
Networks."
The Internet matured in the 70's as a result of the TCP/IP architecture first
proposed by Bob Kahn at BBN and further developed by Kahn and Vint Cerf

at Stanford and others throughout the 70's. It was adopted by the Defense
Department in 1980 replacing the earlier Network Control Protocol (NCP)
and universally adopted by 1983.
The Unix to Unix Copy Protocol (UUCP) was invented in 1978 at Bell Labs.
Usenet was started in 1979 based on UUCP. Newsgroups, which are
discussion groups focusing on a topic, followed, providing a means of
exchanging information throughout the world .
Similarly, BITNET (Because It's Time Network) connected IBM mainframes
around the educational community and the world to provide mail services
beginning in 1981.
In times past, it was fascinating to watch a BITNET message we sent as it
proceeded from one stop to the next along the way to its destination. We
would see it arrive at a site and then see it transmitted along to the next
site and the next site and the next. The pace of life was slower then!
McGill University, which hosted the first Archie, found out one day that half
the Internet traffic going into Canada from the United States was accessing
Archie. Administrators were concerned that the University was subsidizing
such a volume of traffic, and closed down Archie to outside access.
Fortunately, by that time, there were many more Archies available.
Peter Deutsch, who developed Archie, always insisted that Archie was short
for Archiver, and had nothing to do with the comic strip. He was disgusted
when VERONICA and JUGHEAD appeared.
Soon after the graphical browser Mosaic was introduced, the Library of
Congress made available some wonderful graphics of the colorful illustrated
Vatican Scrolls. With the slow connections of those days, it would take 20
minutes for a single page to load. We would start the download, go on
coffee break, and return and marvel at picture that had filled our screen.
The release of Windows 98 in June 1998 with the Microsoft browser well
integrated into the desktop shows Bill Gates' determination to capitalize on
the enormous growth of the Internet.
Wireless has grown rapidly in the past few years, and travellers search for
the wi-fi "hot spots" where they can connect while they are away from the
home or office. Many airports, coffee bars, hotels and motels now routinely
provide these services, some for a fee and some for free.

Persons involved:

Claude Shannon
J. C. R. LickliderEdit

J. C. R. Licklider
Main article: J. C. R. Licklider

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (19151990) was a faculty member

of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and researcher atBolt, Beranek and
Newman. He developed the idea of a universal network at the Information
Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of theUnited States Department of
DefenseAdvanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA).[2][7] He headed IPTO from
1962 to 1963, and again from 1974 to 1975. His 1960 paper "Man-Computer
Symbiosis" envisions that mutually-interdependent, "living together", tightly-coupled
human brains and computing machines would prove to complement each other's
strengths.[8]

Charles M. HerzfeldEdit
Main article: Charles M. Herzfeld

Charles M. Herzfeld (born 1925) is an American scientist and scientific manager,

best known for his time as Director of DARPA, during which, among other things, he
personally took the decision to authorize the creation of the ARPANET, the predecessor
of the Internet.

In 2012, Herzfeld was inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by the Internet
Society.[5]

Bob TaylorEdit
Main article: Robert Taylor (computer scientist)

Robert W. Taylor (born 1932) was director ofARPA's Information Processing

Techniques Office from 1965 through 1969, where he convinced ARPA to fund a
computer network. From 1970 to 1983, he managed the Computer Science Laboratory
of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), where technologies such
as Ethernet and the Xerox Alto were developed.[9] He was the founder and manager
of Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Center until 1996.[10] The
1968 paper, "The Computer as a Communication Device", that he wrote together
with J.C.R. Licklider starts out: "In a few years, men will be able to communicate more
effectively through a machine than face to face." [11] And while their vision would take
more than "a few years", the paper lays out the future of what the Internet would
eventually become.

Douglas EngelbartEdit

Douglas Engelbart
Main article: Douglas Engelbart

Douglas Engelbart (1925-2013) was an early researcher at the Stanford

Research Institute. His Augmentation Research Center laboratory became the
second node on the ARPANET in October 1969, and SRI became the early Network
Information Center, which evolved into the domain name registry.[6]

Engelbart was a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers
andcomputer networks to help cope with the worlds increasingly urgent and complex
problems.[12] He is best known for his work on the challenges of humancomputer
interaction, resulting in the invention of thecomputer mouse,[13] and the
development ofhypertext, networked computers, and precursors to graphical user
interfaces.[14]

Larry RobertsEdit
Main article: Lawrence Roberts (scientist)

Lawrence G. "Larry" Roberts (born 1937) is anAmerican computer scientist.

[15]

After earning his PhD in electrical engineering from MIT in 1963, Roberts

continued to work at MIT'sLincoln Laboratory where in 1965 he connected Lincoln

Lab's TX-2 computer to theSDC Q-32 computer in Santa Monica usingpacketswitching.[16] In 1966, he became the chief scientist in the ARPA Information
Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), where he led the development of
the ARPANET. In 1973, he left ARPA to commercialize the nascent technology in the
form of Telenet, the first data network utility, and served as itsCEO from 1973 to 1980.
[17]

In 2012, Roberts was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet

Society.[5]

Leonard KleinrockEdit
Main article: Leonard Kleinrock

Leonard Kleinrock (born 1934) published his first paper on digital network
communications, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets", in 1961. After
completing his Ph.D. thesis in 1962 which provided a fundamental theory of packet
switching, he moved to UCLA. In 1969, a team at UCLA connected a computer to
anInterface Message Processor, becoming the first node on ARPANET.[18] In 2012,
Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Louis PouzinEdit
Main article: Louis Pouzin

Louis Pouzin (born 1931) is a Frenchcomputer scientist. He invented

the datagramand designed an early packet communications network, CYCLADES.
[19]

His work was broadly used by Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others in the

development ofTCP/IP. In 1997, Pouzin received the ACMSIGCOMM Award for

"pioneering work on connectionless packet communication". [20]Louis Pouzin was
named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French government on March 19,
2003. In 2012, Pouzin was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet
Society.[5]

John KlensinEdit
Main article: John Klensin

John Klensin's involvement with Internet began in 1969, when he worked on the File
Transfer Protocol.[21] Klensin was involved in the early procedural and definitional
work for DNS administration and top-level domain definitions and was part of the
committee that worked out the transition of DNS-related responsibilities between USCISI and what became ICANN.[22]
His career includes 30 years as a Principal Research Scientist at MIT, a stint as
INFOODS Project Coordinator for the United Nations University, Distinguished
Engineering Fellow at MCI WorldCom, and Internet Architecture Vice President
at AT&T; he is now an independent consultant. [23] In 1992 Randy Bush and John
Klensin created the Network Startup Resource Center,[24] helping dozens of
countries to establish connections withFidoNet, UseNet, and when possible
theInternet.
In 2003, he received an International Committee for Information Technology
Standards Merit Award.[25] In 2007, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association
for Computing Machinery for contributions to networking standards and Internet
applications.[26] In 2012, Klensin was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by
the Internet Society.[5]

Bob KahnEdit

Bob Kahn
Main article: Bob Kahn

Robert E. "Bob" Kahn (born 1938) is anAmerican engineer and computer

scientist, who in 1974, along with Vint Cerf, invented theTCP/IP protocols.[27][28] After
earning a Ph.D.degree from Princeton University in 1964, he worked for AT&T Bell
Laboratories, as anassistant professor at MIT, and at Bolt, Beranek and
Newman (BBN), where he helped develop the ARPANET IMP. In 1972, he began work
at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) within ARPA. In 1986 he
left ARPA to found the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), a
nonprofit organization providing leadership and funding for research and development of
the National Information Infrastructure[29]

Vint CerfEdit

Vint Cerf, September 2010

Main article: Vint Cerf

Vinton G. "Vint" Cerf (born 1943) is anAmerican computer scientist. [30] He is

recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet",[31][32] sharing this title with Bob
Kahn.[33][34]

He earned his Ph.D. from UCLA in 1972. At UCLA he worked in Professor Leonard
Kleinrock's networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANET and
contributed to the ARPANET host-to-host protocol. Cerf was an assistant
professor atStanford University from 19721976, where he conducted research on
packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol
suite with Bob Kahn. He was a program manager for the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) from 1976 to 1982. Cerf was instrumental in the formation of
both the Internet Society andInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN), serving as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992
1995 and in 1999 as Chairman of the Board and as ICANN Chairman from 2000 to
2007.[35] His many awards include theNational Medal of Technology,[30] the Turing
Award,[36] the Presidential Medal of Freedom,[37] and membership in the National
Academy of Engineering and the Internet Society's Internet Hall of Fame.[5]

Steve Crocker

Steve CrockerEdit
Main article: Steve Crocker

Steve Crocker (born 1944 in Pasadena, California) has worked in

the ARPANET andInternet communities since their inception. As a UCLA graduate
student in the 1960s, he helped create the ARPANET protocols which were the
foundation for today's Internet.[38] He created the Request for Comments series,
[39]authoring

the very first RFC and many more.[40] He was instrumental in creating the

ARPA "Network Working Group", the forerunner of the modern Internet Engineering
Task Force.
Crocker has been a program manager at theAdvanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA), a senior researcher at USC's Information Sciences Institute,
founder and director of the Computer Science Laboratory at The Aerospace

Corporation and a vice president at Trusted Information Systems. In 1994, Crocker

was one of the founders and chief technology officer of CyberCash, Inc. He has also
been an IETF security area director, a member of the Internet Architecture Board,
chair of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Security and Stability Advisory Committee, a board member of the Internet
Society and numerous other Internet-related volunteer positions. Crocker is chair of the
board of ICANN.[41]
For this work, Crocker was awarded the 2002IEEE Internet Award "for leadership in
creation of key elements in open evolution of Internet protocols". In 2012, Crocker was
inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Jon Postel, c. 1994

Jon PostelEdit
Main article: Jon Postel

Jon Postel (19431998) was a researcher at the Information Sciences Institute.

He was editor of all early Internet standards specifications, such as the Request for
Comments (RFC) series. His beard and sandals made him "the most recognizable
archetype of an Internet pioneer".[42]
The Internet Society's Postel Award is named in his honor, as is the Postel Center
atInformation Sciences Institute. His obituary was written by Vint Cerf and
published as RFC 2468 in remembrance of Postel and his work. In 2012, Postel was
inducted into theInternet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Jake FeinlerEdit

Jake Feinler
Main article: Elizabeth J. Feinler

Elizabeth J. "Jake" Feinler (born 1931) was a staff member of Doug

Engelbart'sAugmentation Research Center at SRI and PIfor the Network
Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET and the Defense Data Network(DDN)
from 1972 until 1989.[43][44] In 2012, Feinler was inducted into the Internet Hall of
Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Peter KirsteinEdit
Main article: Peter T. Kirstein

Peter T. Kirstein (born 1933) is a Britishcomputer scientist and a leader in the

international development of the Internet.[45]In 1973, he established one of the first two
international nodes of the ARPANET.[46] In 1978 he co-authored "Issues in packetnetwork interconnection" with Vint Cerf, one of the early technical papers on the internet
concept.[47] Starting in 1983 he chaired the International Collaboration Board, which
involved six NATO countries, served on the Networking Panel of the NATO Science
Committee (serving as chair in 2001), and on Advisory Committees for the Australian
Research Council, the Canadian Department of Communications, the German GMD,
and the Indian Education and Research Network (ERNET) Project. He leads the Silk
Project, which provides satellite-based Internet access to the Newly Independent
States in theSouthern Caucasus and Central Asia. In 2012, Kirstein was inducted
into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Danny CohenEdit
Main article: Danny Cohen (engineer)

Danny Cohen led several projects on real-time interactive applications over

the ARPANet and the Internet starting in 1973.[48] After serving on the computer
science faculty at Harvard University (19691973) and Caltech (1976), he joined
the Information Sciences Institute(ISI) at University of Southern
California(USC). At ISI (19731993) he started many network related projects
including, one to allow interactive, real-time speech over theARPANet, packet-voice,
packet-video, and Internet Concepts.[49] In 1981 he adapted his visual flight simulator to
run over theARPANet, the first application of packet switching networks to real-time
applications. In 1993, he worked on Distributed Interactive Simulation through
several projects funded byUnited States Department of Defense. He is probably
best known for his 1980 paper "On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace" [50] which adopted
the terminology of endianness for computing.
Cohen was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2006 for
contributions to the advanced design, graphics, and real-time network protocols of
computer systems[51]and as an IEEE Fellow in 2010 for contributions to protocols for
packet switching in real-time applications.[52] In 1993 he received a United States Air
ForceMeritorious Civilian Service Award. And in 2012, Cohen was inducted into
the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Paul MockapetrisEdit
Main article: Paul Mockapetris

Paul V. Mockapetris (born 1948), while working with Jon Postel at

the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) in 1983, proposed theDomain Name
System (DNS) architecture.[53][54] He was IETF chair from 1994 to 1996.[55]
Mockapetris received the 1997 John C. Dvorak Telecommunications Excellence Award
"Personal Achievement - Network Engineering" for DNS design and implementation, the
2003 IEEE Internet Awardfor his contributions to DNS, and the Distinguished Alumnus
award from theUniversity of California, Irvine. In May 2005, he received the

ACM Sigcomm lifetime award. In 2012, Mockapetris was inducted into theInternet
Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Joyce ReynoldsEdit
Main article: Joyce K. Reynolds

Joyce K. Reynolds of USC's Information Sciences Institute (ISI) served

as RFC Editor, together with Bob Braden, from 1987 to 2006,[56] and also performed
the IANAfunction with Jon Postel until this was transferred to ICANN, and worked with
ICANN in this role until 2001.[57] She was IETF User Services Area Director and a
member of theInternet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) from 1990 to 1998.
[58]

She has authored or co-authored many RFCs. In 2006, together with Bob Braden,

she received the Internet Society's Postel Award in recognition of her services to the
Internet.[56]

David ClarkEdit
We reject: kings,
presidents and voting.
We believe in: rough
consensus and running
code.
-Dave Clark at IETF
24

[59]

Main article: David D. Clark

David D. Clark (born 1944) is an Americancomputer scientist.[60] During the

period of tremendous growth and expansion of the Internet from 1981 to 1989, he acted
as chief protocol architect in the development of the Internet, and chaired the Internet
Activities Board, which later became the s. He is currently a Senior Research Scientist
at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
In 1990 Clark was awarded the ACMSIGCOMM Award "in recognition of his major
contributions to Internet protocol and architecture." [61] In 1998 he received the IEEE
Richard W. Hamming Medal "for leadership and major contributions to the

architecture of the Internet as a universal information medium". [62] In 2001 he was

inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for "his
preeminent role in the development of computer communication and the Internet,
including architecture, protocols, security, and telecommunications policy". [63] In 2001,
he was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado,
[64]

and in 2011 the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute,

University of Oxford "in recognition of his intellectual and institutional contributions to the
advance of the Internet."[65]

Dave MillsEdit
David L. Mills (born 1938) is an Americancomputer engineer.[67]Mills earned
his PhD in Computer and Communication Sciences from the University of
Michigan in 1971. While at Michigan he worked on the ARPA sponsored
Conversational Use of Computers (CONCOMP) project and developed DEC PDP8 based hardware and software to allow terminals to be connected over phone lines to
an IBM System/360 mainframe computer.[68][69]
Mills was the chairman of the Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures Task
Force(GADS) and the first chairman of the Internet Architecture Task Force. [70] He
invented theNetwork Time Protocol (1981),[71][72] the DEC LSI-11 based fuzzball
router that was used for the 56 kbit/s NSFNET (1985),[73] the Exterior Gateway
Protocol (1984),[74] and inspired the author of ping (1983).[75] He is an emeritus
professor at the University of Delaware.
In 1999 he was inducted as a Fellow of theAssociation for Computing Machinery,
and in 2002, as a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE). In 2008, Mills was elected to the National Academy of
Engineering (NAE). In 2013 he received theIEEE Internet Award "For significant
leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization,
and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet." [76]

Radia PerlmanEdit

Radia Perlman
Main article: Radia Perlman

Radia Joy Perlman (born 1951) is the software designer and network engineer who
developed the spanning-tree protocol which is fundamental to the operation
of network bridges.[77] She also played an important role in the development of linkstate routing protocols such as IS-IS (which had a significant influence on OSPF).
[78]

In 2010 she received the ACM SIGCOMM Award "for her fundamental

contributions to the Internet routing and bridging protocols that we all use and take for
granted every day."[79]

Dennis M. JenningsEdit
Main article: Dennis M. Jennings

Dennis M. Jennings is an Irish physicist, academic, Internet pioneer, and venture

capitalist. In 1984, the National Science Foundation (NSF) began construction of
several regional supercomputing centers to provide very high-speed computing
resources for the US research community. In 1985 NSF hired Jennings to lead the
establishment of the National Science Foundation Network(NSFNET) to link five of
the super-computing centers to enable sharing of resources and information. Jennings
made three critical decisions that shaped the subsequent development of NSFNET: [80]

that it would be a general-purpose research network, not limited to

connection of the supercomputers;

it would act as the backbone for connection of regional networks at each

supercomputing site; and

it would use the ARPANET's TCP/IP protocols.

Jennings was also actively involved in the start-up of research networks in Europe
(European Academic Research Network, EARN - President; EBONE - Board
member) and Ireland (HEAnet - initial proposal and later Board member). He chaired
the Board and General Assembly of the Council of European National Top Level
Domain Registries(CENTR) from 1999 to early 2001 and was actively involved in the
start-up of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
He was a member of the ICANN Board from 2007 to 2010, serving as Vice-Chair in
2009-2010.[81] In April 2014 Jennings was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame. [82]

Steve WolfEdit

NSFNET logo, c. 1987

Main article: Stephen Wolf

Stephen "Steve" Wolf participated in the development of ARPANET while working

for the U.S. Army.[83] In 1986 he became Division Director for Networking and
Communications Research and Infrastructure at the National Science
Foundation (NSF) where he managed the development of NSFNET.[84] He also
conceived the Gigabit Testbed, a joint NSF-DARPA project to prove the feasibility of IP
networking at gigabit speeds.[85] His work at NSF transformed the fledgling internet
from a narrowly focused U.S. government project into the modern Internet with
scholarly and commercial interest for the entire world. [86] In 1994 he left NSF to

join Cisco as a technical manager in Corporate Consulting Engineering. [83] In 2011 he

became the CTO atInternet2.[87]
In 2002 the Internet Society recognized Wolff with its Postel Award. When
presenting the award, Internet Society (ISOC) President and CEO Lynn St.Amour said
Steve helped transform the Internet from an activity that served the specific goals of
the research community to a worldwide enterprise which has energized scholarship and
commerce throughout the world. [88] The Internet Society also recognized Wolff in 1994
for his courage and leadership in advancing the Internet. [88]

Van JacobsonEdit

Van Jacobson in January 2006

Main article: Van Jacobson

Van Jacobson is an American computer scientist, best known for his work
on TCP/IPnetwork performance and scaling.[89] His work redesigning TCP/IP's flow
control algorithms (Jacobson's algorithm)[90][91] to better handle congestion is said to
have saved the Internet from collapsing in the late 1980s and early 1990s. [92] He is also
known for the TCP/IP Header Compression protocol described in RFC
1144: Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links, popularly known
as Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression. He is co-author of several widely
used network diagnostic tools, including traceroute, tcpdump, and pathchar. He was
a leader in the development of themulticast backbone (MBone) and the multimedia
tools vic,[93] vat,[94] and wb.[95]

For his work, Jacobson received the 2001ACM SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime
Achievement,[89] the 2003 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and
Communications Award,[92]and was elected to the National Academy of
Engineering in 2006.[96] In 2012, Jacobson was inducted into the Internet Hall of
Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Ted NelsonEdit

Ted Nelson
Main article: Ted Nelson

Theodor Holm "Ted" Nelson (born 1937) is

anAmerican sociologist and philosopher. In 1960 he founded Project Xanadu with
the goal of creating a computer network with a simple user interface. Project Xanadu
was to be a worldwide electronic publishing system usinghypertext linking that
would have created a universal library.[97] In 1963 he coined the terms "hypertext" and
"hypermedia". In 1974 he wrote and published two books in one,Computer
Lib/Dream Machines,[98] that has been hailed as "the most important book in the
history of new media."[99] Sadly, his grand ideas from the 1960s and 1970s never
became completed projects.

Abbreviations used in computing and on the

internet
ac

ABBREVIATION

academic organization: used in the e-mail and websiteaddresses of universities, colleges,

and schools

ADSL

NOUN

asymmetric digital subscriber line: a method ofconnecting a computer to the Internet that allows a
very fast exchange of information, and allows you to be connected at all times
without having to pay anyextra money

AGP

NOUN

accelerated graphics port: a place in a computer for connecting a circuit board that allows the
computer to quickly show images that have height and depth

avi

ABBREVIATION

audio/video interleaved: the last part of the name of afile that contains sound and pictures

B2B

ADJECTIVE

business-to-business: a type of business activity in which companies use the Internet to trade with
each other

B2C

ADJECTIVE

business-to-consumer: a type of business activity in which companies use the Internet

to sell products andservices directly to customers

bak

ABBREVIATION

the last part of the name of a backup file

bmp

ABBREVIATION

bitmap: the last part of the name of a file that containspictures

bps

ABBREVIATION

bits per second: a unit for measuring the rate at whichinformation can be sent over an Internet line

b-to-b

ADJECTIVE

business-to-business: used for describing a type ofbusiness activity in which companies use the
Internet to trade with each other

C2B

ADJECTIVE

consumer-to-business: used for describing a type ofbusiness activity in which a customer deals with
acompany over the Internet

CGI

NOUN

computer-generated imagery: images produced by a computer

com

ABBREVIATION

commercial organization: used in the email andwebsite addresses of companies

cps

ABBREVIATION

characters per second: a measure of how fastinformation moves from one computer or file to
another

CSS

NOUN

cascading style sheets: a set of instructions used to describe the way a document written on a
computer, for example a website, should look when it ispublished

D/A

digital-to-analog

dpi

ABBREVIATION

dots per inch: a measurement of the ability of a computer screen or printer to produce a clear image

edu

ABBREVIATION

educational institution: used in the email and websiteaddresses of

some colleges and schools, especially in the U.S.

EOF

end of file

exe

ABBREVIATION

executable file: the last part of the name of a programfile

FAQ

NOUN

frequently asked questions:

a list of questions withanswers provided, intended to help people tounderstand or use
something, especially on the Internet

FTP

NOUN

file transfer protocol: a set of rules for moving computer files from one computer to another in a
network, especially over the Internet

GHz

ABBREVIATION

gigahertz

GIF

NOUN

Graphic Interchange Format: a type of computer filethat contains an image. GIF is also used as part
of afile name.

GIGO

NOUN

garbage in, garbage out: the idea that a computerprogram is only as good as the information that is
put into it

gov

ABBREVIATION

government organization: used in e-mail and Internetaddresses

HTML

NOUN

hypertext markup language: the computer languageused for writing pages on the Internet

http

NOUN

hypertext transfer (or transport) protocol: the systemused on the Internet to exchange documents in
HTML

IMS

ABBREVIATION

information management system

IP address

NOUN

Internet Protocol address: a code that represents a particular computer and is used to send
messages to it on a network (=group of computers) or the Internet

ISP

NOUN

Internet service provider: a company that providescustomers with a connection to the Internet

JPEG

NOUN

a method of reducing the size of computer files that contain images so that they can be sent quickly
by e-mail or over the Internet

jpg

ABBREVIATION

the last part of the name of a file that contains aphotograph

ABBREVIATION

COMPUTING

kilobyte

kb

ABBREVIATION

kilobyte

kbps

ABBREVIATION

kilobits per second: a unit for measuring the speed of a modem

Mb

ABBREVIATION

megabyte: a unit for measuring the size of a computers memory, equal to just over one million bytes

meg

NOUN

INFORMAL

a megabyte

MHz

ABBREVIATION

megahertz

mips

NOUN

million instructions per second: a unit for measuringcomputer speed

mov

ABBREVIATION

the last part of the name of a movie file

MP4

NOUN

a method of reducing the size of a computer file thatcontains video and audio so that it can
be sent quicklyby e-mail or over the Internet

org

ABBREVIATION

private organization: used in email and Internetaddresses

PDF

NOUN

Portable Document Format: a type of computer filethat can contain words, images, etc. and can
be senton the Internet and read on any computer

SEO

ABBREVIATION

search engine optimization: the process of editing the material on a website so that the website
appears near the top of the list of results produced by a search engine and so attracts more visitors

SKU

NOUN

Stock Keeping Unit: a number that is used for referringto a product that is sold on the Internet

TL;DR

ABBREVIATION

too long, didnt read: used in response to a post orarticle on the Internet to say that the text was too
long to read in full

UX

NOUN

user experience: the overall experience that someone has when using a product, system or service

TCP/IP

ABBREVIATION

transmission control protocol/Internet protocol: a setof rules used by all computers on the Internet
thatallow them to communicate with each other

tif

ABBREVIATION

the last part of the name of a file that contains a bitmap image

txt

ABBREVIATION

the last part of the name of a file that contains a text file

URL

NOUN

Uniform Resource Locator: an Internet address

WAP

NOUN

wireless application protocol: a type of technology that allows you to send e-mails and look at
information on the Internet using a cell phone or pager

wav

ABBREVIATION

the last part of the name of a sound file

WLTM

ABBREVIATION

would like to meet: used in advertisements innewspapers or on the Internet

UGC

user generated content: material published using the Internet that

is produced by ordinary people rather than by professional writers, artists, photographers, etc.

WWW

ABBREVIATION

the World Wide Web

XML

NOUN

Extensible Markup Language: a markup language thatallows information to

be shared between differentcomputer systems, especially on the Internet

Internet Timeline
Read about milestones, advancements, and major breakthroughs in the
development of the Internet.

1969
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) goes online in December, connecting
four major U.S. universities. Designed for research, education, and government
organizations, it provides a communications network linking the country in the
event that a military attack destroys conventional communications systems.
1972
Electronic mail is introduced by Ray Tomlinson, a Cambridge, Mass., computer
scientist. He uses the @ to distinguish between the sender's name and network
name in the email address.
1973
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is designed and in 1983 it
becomes the standard for communicating between computers over the Internet.
One of these protocols, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), allows users to log onto a
remote computer, list the files on that computer, and download files from that
computer.
1976
Presidential candidate Jimmy Carter and running mate Walter Mondale use email to
plan campaign events.
Queen Elizabeth sends her first email. She's the first state leader to do so.
1982
The word Internet is used for the first time.
1984

Domain Name System (DNS) is established, with network addresses identified by

extensions such as .com, .org, and .edu.
Writer William Gibson coins the term cyberspace.
1985
Quantum Computer Services, which later changes its name to America Online,
debuts. It ofers email, electronic bulletin boards, news, and other information.
1988
A virus called the Internet Worm temporarily shuts down about 10% of the world's
Internet servers.
1989
The World (world.std.com) debuts as the first provider of dial-up Internet access for
consumers.
Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics) develops a new
technique for distributing information on the Internet. He calls it the World Wide
Web. The Web is based on hypertext, which permits the user to connect from one
document to another at diferent sites on the Internet via hyperlinks (specially
programmed words, phrases, buttons, or graphics). Unlike other Internet protocols,
such as FTP and email, the Web is accessible through a graphical user interface.
1990
The first efort to index the Internet is created by Peter Deutsch at McGill University
in Montreal, who devises Archie, an archive of FTP sites.
1991
Gopher, which provides point-and-click navigation, is created at the University of
Minnesota and named after the school mascot. Gopher becomes the most popular
interface for several years.
Another indexing system, WAIS (Wide Area Information Server), is developed by
Brewster Kahle of Thinking Machines Corp.
1993
Mosaic is developed by Marc Andreeson at the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications (NCSA). It becomes the dominant navigating system for the World Wide
Web, which at this time accounts for merely 1% of all Internet traffic.
1994
The White House launches its website, www.whitehouse.gov.
Initial commerce sites are established and mass marketing campaigns are launched
via email, introducing the term spamming to the Internet vocabulary.

Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark start Netscape Communications. They introduce the
Navigator browser.
1995
CompuServe, America Online, and Prodigy start providing dial-up Internet access.
Sun Microsystems releases the Internet programming language called Java.
The Vatican launches its own website, www.vatican.va.
1996
Approximately 45 million people are using the Internet, with roughly 30 million of
those in North America (United States and Canada), 9 million in Europe, and 6
million in Asia/Pacific (Australia, Japan, etc.). 43.2 million (44%) U.S. households own
a personal computer, and 14 million of them are online.
1997
On July 8, 1997, Internet traffic records are broken as the NASA website broadcasts
images taken by Pathfinder on Mars. The broadcast generates 46 million hits in one
day.
The term weblog is coined. Its later shortened to blog.
1998
Google opens its first office, in California.
1999
College student Shawn Fanning invents Napster, a computer application that allows
users to swap music over the Internet.
The number of Internet users worldwide reaches 150 million by the beginning of
1999. More than 50% are from the United States.
E-commerce becomes the new buzzword as Internet shopping rapidly spreads.
MySpace.com is launched.
2000
To the chagrin of the Internet population, deviant computer programmers begin
designing and circulating viruses with greater frequency. Love Bug and Stages
are two examples of self-replicating viruses that send themselves to people listed in
a computer user's email address book. The heavy volume of email messages being
sent and received forces many infected companies to temporarily shut down their
clogged networks.
The Internet bubble bursts, as the fountain of investment capital dries up and the
Nasdaq stock index plunges, causing the initial public ofering (IPO) window t