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CHAPTER 14
Waiting Lines and Queuing Theory Models
TRUE/FALSE
14.1 A goal of many waiting line problems is to help a firm find the ideal level of services that
minimize the cost of waiting and the cost of providing the service.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, WAITING LINE COSTS}
14.2 One difficulty in waiting line analysis is that it is sometimes difficult to place a value on
customer waiting time.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, WAITING LINE COSTS}
14.3 The goal of most waiting line problems is to identify the service level that minimizes service
cost.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, WAITING LINE COSTS}
14.4 Two characteristics of arrivals are the line length and queue discipline.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.5 Limited calling populations are assumed for most queuing models.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.6 An "infinite calling population" occurs when the likelihood of a new arrival depends upon the
number of past arrivals.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.7 On a practical note if we were to study the waiting lines in a hair salon that had only five
chairs for patrons waiting, we should use an infinite queue waiting line model.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.8 If we are studying the arrival of automobiles at a highway toll station, we can assume an
infinite calling population.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.9 When looking at the arrivals at the ticket counter of a movie theater, we can assume an
unlimited queue.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.10 Arrivals are random when they are dependent on one another and can be predicted.
341
14.21 In the multichannel model (M/M/m), we must assume that the average service time for all
channels is the same.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, MULTICHANNEL QUEUING MODEL WITH POISSON
ARRIVALS AND EXPONENTIAL SERVICE TIMES (M/M/m)}
14.22 Queuing theory had its beginning in the research work of Albert Einstein.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, WAITING LINE COSTS}
14.23 The arrivals or inputs to the system are sometimes referred to as the calling population.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.24 Frequently in queuing problems, the number of arrivals per unit of time can be estimated by a
probability distribution known as the Poisson distribution.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.25 An automatic car wash is an example of a constant service time model.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, CONSTANT SERVICE TIME MODEL (M/D/1)}
14.26 Balking customers are those who enter the queue but then become impatient and leave without
completing the transaction.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.27 In a constant service time model, both the average queue length and average waiting time are
halved.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, CONSTANT SERVICE TIME MODEL (M/D/1)}
14.28 A hospital ward with only 30 beds could be modeled using a finite population model.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, FINITE POPULATION MODEL (M/M/1 WITH FINITE
SOURCE)}
14.29 A finite population model differs from an infinite population model because there is a random
relationship between the length of the queue and the arrival rate.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, CONSTANT SERVICE TIME MODEL (M/D/1)}
14.30 A transient state is the normal operating condition of the queuing system.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, SOME GENERAL OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC
RELATIONSHIPS}
343
14.31 A queue system is in a transient state before the steady state is reached.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, SOME GENERAL OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC
RELATIONSHIPS}
14.32 Littles Flow Equations are applicable for single-channel systems only.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, SOME GENERAL OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC
RELATIONSHIPS}
14.33 Littles Flow Equations are advantageous because if one characteristic of the operating system
is known, the other characteristics can be easily found.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, SOME GENERAL OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC
RELATIONSHIPS}
14.34 Using a simulation model allows one to ignore the common assumptions required to use
analytical models.
ANSWER: TRUE {moderate, MORE COMPLEX QUEUING MODELS AND THE USE
OF SIMULATION}
14.35 If we are using a simulation queuing model, we still have to abide by the assumption of a
Poisson arrival rate, and negative exponential service rate.
ANSWER: FALSE {moderate, SOME GENERAL OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC
RELATIONSHIPS}
MULTIPLE CHOICE
14.36 Queuing theory had its beginning in the research work of ________________________.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Albert Einstein
A.K. Erlang
J.K. Rowling
P.K. Poisson
A.K. Cox
14.38 In queuing analysis, total expected cost is the sum of expected _______ plus expected ________.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
balking.
cropping.
reneging.
blithering.
none of the above
345
14.43 The three major characteristics of the input source that generates arrivals or customers for the
service system are _______________________________.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
negative exponential
normal
Poisson
Erlang
beta
14.48 A single automatic car wash with one bay and a cycle time of 2.5 minutes is what type of model?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
M/M/1
M/M/2
M/D/2
M/D/1
M/G/1
0.50
4.00
2.25
3.00
none of the above
347
14.52 A suburban specialty restaurant has developed a single drive-thru window. Customers order, pay,
and pick up their food at the same window. Arrivals follow a Poisson distribution while service times
follow an exponential distribution. If the average number of arrivals is 6 per hour and the service rate is 2
every 15 minutes, what is the average number of customers waiting in line behind the person being
served?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0.50
0.75
2.25
3.00
none of the above
0.25
0.50
0.75
2.25
3.00
0.50
0.25
0.75
2.25
3.00
14.55 Customers enter the waiting line at a cafeteria on a first-come, first-served basis. The arrival rate
follows a Poisson distribution, while service times follow an exponential distribution. If the average
number of arrivals is four per minute and the average service rate of a single server is seven per minute,
what is the average number of customers in the system?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0.43
1.67
0.57
1.33
none of the above
0.76
0.19
1.33
1.67
none of the above
0.43
0.57
0.75
0.25
0.33
349
14.58 Customers enter the waiting line to pay for food as they leave a cafeteria on a first-come, firstserved basis. The arrival rate follows a Poisson distribution, while service times follow an exponential
distribution. If the average number of arrivals is four per minute and the average service rate of a single
server is seven per minute, on average, how much time will elapse from the time a customer enters the
line until he/she leaves the cafeteria?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0.67 minutes
0.50 minutes
0.75 minutes
0.33 minutes
1.33minutes
0.467.
0.547.
0.800.
0.133.
none of the above
2 minutes.
4 minutes.
6 minutes.
8 minutes.
10 minutes.
negative exponential
normal
Poisson
Erlang
beta
mCs + WCw
mCw + WCs
mCs + WqCs
mCs + WqCw
mCw + WqCs
G/G/3
M/M/3
G/M/3
M/G/3
N/E/3
steady
primary
introductory
transient
start-up
351
14.66 A post office has a single line for customers waiting for the next available postal clerk. There are
two postal clerks who work at the same rate. The arrival rate of customers follows a Poisson distribution,
while the service time follows an exponential distribution. The average arrival rate is three per minute and
the average service rate is two per minute for each of the two clerks. What is the average length of the
line?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3.429
1.929
1.143
0.643
none of the above
3.429 minutes
1.929 minutes
1.143 minutes
0.643 minutes
none of the above
0.643
0.250
0.750
0.143
none of the above
Table 14-1
M/M/2
Mean Arrival Rate:
Mean Service Rate:
Number of Servers:
Queue Statistics:
Mean Number of Units in the System:
Mean Number of Units in the Queue:
Mean Time in the System:
Mean Time in the Queue:
Service Facility Utilization Factor:
Probability of No Units in System:
1.646
0.521
0.183 minutes
0.058 minutes
0.563
0.280
14.69 According to the information provided in Table 14-1, on average, how many units are in the line?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
1.646
0.563
0.280
1.125
0.521
0.563
0.437
0.720
0.280
none of the above
0.521
1.646
1.125
0.183
none of the above
353
14.72 According to the information provided in Table 14-1, what is the average time spent by a person
in this system?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0.058 minutes
1.646 minutes
0.521 minutes
0.183 minutes
none of the above
72.0%
28.0%
56.3%
It could be any of the above, depending on other factors.
none of the above
9.6 minutes.
2.5 minutes.
24.6 minutes.
2.1 minutes.
none of the above
14.75 Cars arrive at a local JLUBE franchise at the rate of 1 every 12 minutes. Service times are
exponentially distributed with an average of 15 minutes. Jack Burns, the JLUBE owner, has decided to
open a second work bay, i.e., make the shop into a two-channel system. Under this new scheme, the total
time an average customer spends in the system will be
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
37 minutes.
2.1 minutes.
9.6 minutes.
33.3 minutes.
24.6 minutes.
Table 14-2
M/M/2
Mean Arrival Rate:
Mean Service Rate:
Number of Servers:
Queue Statistics:
Mean Number of Units in the System:
Mean Number of Units in the Queue:
Mean Time in the System:
Mean Time in the Queue:
Service Facility Utilization Factor:
Probability of No Units in System:
5.455
3.788
1.091 minutes
0.758 minutes
0.833
0.091
14.76 According to the information provided in Table 14-2, which presents a queuing problem solution,
on average, how many units are in the line?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
5.455
3.788
1.091
0.758
0.833
355
14.77 According to the information provided in Table 14-2, which presents a queuing problem solution,
what proportion of time is at least one server busy?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0.833
0.758
0.091
0.909
none of the above
5.455
3.788
9.243
10.900
none of the above
Table 14-3
M/M/3:
Mean Arrival Rate:
Mean Service Rate:
Number of Servers:
Queue Statistics:
Mean Number of Units in the System:
Mean Number of Units in the Queue:
Mean Time in the System:
Mean Time in the Queue:
Service Facility Utilization Factor:
Probability of No Units in System:
2.889
0.889
0.722 minutes
0.222 minutes
0.667
0.111
14.79 According to the information provided in Table 14-3, which presents a queuing problem solution,
what proportion of time is the system totally empty?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0.111
0.333
0.889
0.667
none of the above
0.333 minutes
0.889 minutes
0.222 minutes
0.722 minutes
0.111 minutes
0.111
0.889
0.222
0.722
0.667
357
14.83 If everything else remains constant, including the mean arrival rate and service rate, except that
the service time becomes constant instead of exponential,
(a) the average queue length will be halved.
(b) the average waiting time will be doubled.
(c) the average queue length will be doubled.
(d) There is not enough information to know what will happen to the queue length and waiting
time.
(e) none of the above
ANSWER: a {moderate, CONSTANT SERVICE TIME MODEL (M/D/1)}
14.84 At an automatic car wash, cars arrive randomly at a rate of 7 cars every 30 minutes. The car wash
takes exactly 4 minutes (this is constant). On average, what would the length of the line be?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8.171
7.467
6.53
0.467
none of the above
28 minutes
32 minutes
17 minutes
24 minutes
none of the above
28 minutes
32 minutes
17 minutes
24 minutes
none of the above
14.87 At an automatic car wash, cars arrive randomly at a rate of 7 every 30 minutes. The car wash
takes exactly 4 minutes (this is constant). On average, how many customers would be at the car wash
(waiting in line or being serviced)?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8.17
7.46
6.53
0.46
none of the above
primary
transient
NOC
balanced
steady
5.4 minutes.
6.0 minutes.
8.0 minutes.
2.5 minutes.
none of the above
Table 14-4
M/D/1
Mean Arrival Rate:
Constant Service Rate:
Queue Statistics:
Mean Number of Units in the System:
Mean Number of Units in the Queue:
Mean Time in the System:
Mean Time in the Queue:
Service Facility Utilization Factor:
Probability of No Units in System:
1.875
1.125
0.625 minutes
0.375 minutes
0.750
0.250
359
14.90 According to the information provided in Table 14-4, which presents a queuing problem solution
for a queuing problem with a constant service rate, on average, how much time is spent waiting in line?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
1.875 minutes
1.125 minutes
0.625 minutes
0.375 minutes
none of the above
1.875
1.125
0.625
0.375
none of the above
0.375 minutes
4 minutes
0.625 minutes
0.25 minutes
none of the above
Table 14-5
M/D/1
Mean Arrival Rate:
Constant Service Rate:
Queue Statistics:
Mean Number of Units in the System:
Mean Number of Units in the Queue:
Mean Time in the System:
Mean Time in the Queue:
Service Facility Utilization Factor:
1.607
0.893
0.321 minutes
0.179 minutes
0.714
14.94 According to the information provided in Table 14-5, which presents the solution for a queuing
problem with a constant service rate, on average, how much time is spent waiting in line?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
1.607 minutes
0.714 minutes
0.179 minutes
0.893 minutes
none of the above
0.893
0.714
1.607
0.375
none of the above
361
14.97 According to the information provided in Table 14-5, which presents the solution for a queuing
problem with a constant service rate, on average, how many minutes does a customer spend in the
system?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
0.893 minutes
0.321 minutes
0.714 minutes
1.607 minutes
none of the above
0.217
0.643
0.321
0.179
none of the above
0.217.
0.643.
0.286.
0.714.
none of the above.
1.1500
1.1658
.8578
.8696
none of the above
14.101 The school of business has 3 fax machines. The toner in each machine needs to be changed after
about 5 hours of use. There is one unit secretary who is responsible for the fax machine maintenance. It
takes him 15 minutes to replace the toner cartridge. What is the average number of fax machines in the
queue?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
.0142 hours
.1563 hours
.0249 hours
.2749 hours
none of the above
363
14.104 The school of business has 3 fax machines. The toner in each machine needs to be changed after
about 5 hours of use. There is one unit secretary who is responsible for the fax machine maintenance. It
takes him 15 minutes to replace the toner cartridge. What is the average time spent in the system?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
.0142 hours
.1563 hours
.0249 hours
.2749 hours
none of the above
PROBLEMS
14.106 A new shopping mall is considering setting up an information desk manned by one employee.
Based upon information obtained from similar information desks, it is believed that people will arrive at
the desk at the rate of 15 per hour. It takes an average of two minutes to answer a question. It is assumed
that arrivals are Poisson and answer times are exponentially distributed.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
ANSWER:
(a) Po = 0.50
(b) = 0.50
(c) L = 1
(d) Lq = 0.50
(e) W = 0.0667 hours
(f) Wq = 0.0333 hours {moderate, SINGLE-CHANNEL QUEUING MODEL WITH
POISSON ARRIVALS AND EXPONENTIAL SERVICE TIMES (M/M/1), AACSB: Analytic
Skills}
14.107 Sam the Vet is running a rabies vaccination clinic for dogs at the local grade school. Sam can
vaccinate a dog every 3 minutes. It is estimated that the dogs will arrive independently and randomly
throughout the day at a rate of 1 dog every 6 minutes, according to a Poisson distribution. Also assume
that Sam's vaccinating times are exponentially distributed. Find the:
(a) probability that Sam is idle.
(b) proportion of time that Sam is busy.
(c) average number of dogs receiving or waiting to be vaccinated.
(d) average number of dogs waiting to be vaccinated.
(e) average time a dog waits before getting vaccinated.
(f) average amount (mean) of time a dog spends between waiting in line and getting
vaccinated.
ANSWER:
(a) Po = 0.5
(b) = 0.5
(c) L = 1
(d) Lq = 0.5
(e) Wq = 0.05 hours
(f) W = 0.1 hours {moderate, SINGLE-CHANNEL QUEUING MODEL WITH POISSON
ARRIVALS AND EXPONENTIAL SERVICE TIMES (M/M/1), AACSB: Analytic Skills}
365
14.108 Sam the Vet is running a rabies vaccination clinic for dogs at the local grade school. Sam can
vaccinate a dog every 3 minutes. It is estimated that the dogs will arrive independently and randomly
throughout the day at a rate of 1 dog every 4 minutes, according to a Poisson distribution. Also assume
that Sam's vaccinating times are exponentially distributed. Find the:
(a) probability that Sam is idle.
(b) proportion of time that Sam is busy.
(c) average number of dogs receiving or waiting to be vaccinated.
(d) average number of dogs waiting to be vaccinated.
(e) average time a dog waits before getting vaccinated.
(f) average amount (mean) of time a dog spends between waiting in line and getting
vaccinated.
ANSWER:
(a) Po = 0.25
(b) = 0.75
(c) L = 3
(d) Lq = 2.25
(e) Wq = 0.15 hours
(f) W = 0.2 hours {moderate, SINGLE-CHANNEL QUEUING MODEL WITH POISSON
ARRIVALS AND EXPONENTIAL SERVICE TIMES (M/M/1), AACSB: Analytic Skills}
14.109 A dry cleaner has a single drive-thru window for customers. The arrival rate of cars follows a
Poisson distribution, while the service time follows an exponential distribution. The average arrival rate is
16 per hour and the average service time is three minutes.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
ANSWER:
(a) Lq = 3.2
(b) Wq = 0.2 hours (12 minutes)
(c) Po = 0.20
(d) Pn>k = 0.512 {moderate, SINGLE-CHANNEL QUEUING MODEL WITH POISSON
ARRIVALS AND EXPONENTIAL SERVICE TIMES (M/M/1), AACSB: Analytic Skills}
14.110 A dry cleaner has a single drive-thru window for customers. The arrival rate of cars follows a
Poisson distribution, while the service time follows an exponential distribution. The average arrival rate is
16 per hour and the average service time is three minutes. If the dry cleaner wants to accommodate (have
enough room for) all of the waiting cars at least 96 percent of the time, how many car-lengths should they
make the driveway leading to the window?
ANSWER:
The probability of having more than 14 cars in the system is (16/20)14+1 = 0.035, so they should
make the driveway approximately 13 car-lengths long (because one car will be at the service
window). (The probability of having more than 13 cars in the system is 0.044 (which is too
high), and the percentage only gets worse as the queue length is shortened.) {hard, SINGLECHANNEL QUEUING MODEL WITH POISSON ARRIVALS AND EXPONENTIAL
SERVICE TIMES (M/M/1), AACSB: Analytic Skills}
14.111 Sam the Vet is running a rabies vaccination clinic for dogs at the local grade school. Sam can
vaccinate a dog every 3 minutes. It is estimated that the dogs will arrive independently and randomly
throughout the day at a rate of 1 dog every 6 minutes, according to a Poisson distribution. Also assume
that Sam's vaccinating times are exponentially distributed. Sam would like to have each waiting dog
placed in a holding pen. If Sam wants to be certain he has enough cages to accommodate all dogs at least
90 percent of the time, how many cages should he prepare?
ANSWER:
He needs to prepare 2 cages. The probability of having more than 3 dogs in the system is 6.25
percent while the probability of having more than 2 dogs in the system is 12.5 percent. {hard,
SINGLE-CHANNEL QUEUING MODEL WITH POISSON ARRIVALS AND
EXPONENTIAL SERVICE TIMES (M/M/1), AACSB: Analytic Skills}
14.112 A new shopping mall is considering setting up an information desk operated by two employees.
Based on information obtained from similar information desks, it is believed that people will arrive at the
desk at the rate of 20 per hour. It takes an average of 4 minutes to answer a question. It is assumed that
arrivals are Poisson and answer times are exponentially distributed.
(a) Find the proportion of the time that the employees are busy.
(b) Find the average number of people waiting in line to get some information.
(c) Find the expected time a person spends just waiting in line to have his question answered.
ANSWER:
(a) = 0.667
(b) Lq = 1.0667
(c) Wq = 0.0533 hours {hard, MULTICHANNEL QUEUING MODEL WITH POISSON
ARRIVALS AND EXPONENTIAL SERVICE TIMES (M/M/m), AACSB: Analytic Skills}
367
14.113 Cars arrive at a parking lot entrance at the rate of 20 per hour. The average time to get a ticket
and proceed to a parking space is two minutes. There are two lot attendants at the current time. The
Poisson and exponential distribution appear to be relevant in this situation.
(a) What is the probability that an approaching auto must wait?
(b) What is the average waiting time?
(c) What is the average number of autos waiting to enter the garage?
ANSWER:
(a) Po = 0.50
(b) Wq = 0.25 minutes
(c) Lq = 0.0833 autos {hard, MULTICHANNEL QUEUING MODEL WITH POISSON
ARRIVALS AND EXPONENTIAL SERVICE TIMES (M/M/m), AACSB: Analytic Skills}
14.114 Bank Boston has a branch at Bryant College. The branch is busiest at the beginning of the
college year when freshmen and transfer students open accounts. This year, freshmen arrived at the office
at a rate of 40 per day (8-hour day). On average, it takes the Bank Boston staff person about ten minutes
to process each account application. The bank is considering having one or two tellers. Each teller is paid
$12 per hour and the cost of waiting in line is assumed to be $8 per hour.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
What is the total daily waiting cost for the single teller model?
What is the total daily waiting cost for the two-teller model?
What is the total daily service cost for the single teller model?
What is the total daily service cost for the two-teller model?
Which model is preferred?
ANSWER:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
14.115 At the start of football season, the ticket office gets busy the day before the first game.
Customers arrive at the rate of four every ten minutes. A ticket seller can service a customer in four
minutes. Traditionally, there are two ticket sellers working. The university is considering an automated
ticket machine similar to the airlines e-ticket system. The automated ticket machine can service a
customer in 2 minutes.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
What is the average length of the queue for the in-person model?
What is the average length of the queue for the automated system model?
What is the average time in the system for the in-person model?
What is the average time in the system for the automated system model?
Assume the ticket sellers earn $8 per hour and the machine costs $20 per hour (amortized
over 5 years). The wait time is only $4 per hour because students are patient. What is the
total cost of each model?
ANSWER:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Lq = 2.844
Lq = 1.6
W = 0.1852 hours or 11.11 minutes
W = 0.1 hours or 6 minutes
Total cost (in-person) = (2 * $8/hour) + (24/hour * .1852 hours) ($4/hour) = $33.78
Total cost (automated) = (1 * $20/hour) + (24/hour * .1 hour) ($4/hour) = $29.60
{hard, various, AACSB: Analytic Skills}
14.116 Consider a single-server queuing system with Poisson arrivals of 10 units per hour and a constant
service time of 2 minutes per unit. How long will the customer waiting time be in seconds, on average?
ANSWER: 10 / [(2)(30)(3010)] = .00833333 hours = 0.5 minutes = 30 seconds
{moderate, CONSTANT SERVICE TIME MODEL (M/D/1), AACSB: Analytic Skills}
369
SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY
14.117 With regard to queuing theory, define what is meant by balking.
ANSWER: This refers to the situation when arriving customers choose to not enter the queue
because it is too long to suit their needs or interests. {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A
QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.118 With regard to queuing theory, define what is meant by reneging.
ANSWER: the situation when customers in a queue choose to leave the queue before getting
service {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.119 What is meant by a single-channel queuing system?
ANSWER: one service facility system fed by one queue {moderate, CHARACTERISTICS
OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.120 What is meant by a multichannel queuing system?
ANSWER: more than one service facility all fed by the same queue {moderate,
CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.121 What is meant by a single-phase system?
ANSWER: Arrivals leave the system after receiving service at only one station. {moderate,
CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}
14.122 What is meant by a multiphase system?
ANSWER: Service is provided at more than one station, one after the other. {moderate,
CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING SYSTEM}