Covalent Bonding

Sharing of electrons between two atoms

Both atoms are usually nonmetals
Two electrons are shared it is a single bond
Four e- are shared it is a double bond
Six e- are shared it is a triple bond
Coordinate covalent bond is when both
electrons being shared come from one of the
atoms

Lewis structures
O2

Lewis structures
O2

These two electrons are shared, so how many electrons

does each atom have?

Lewis structures
O2

Since each atom only has 7 e- some electrons have to

move to share more electrons until each has 8 electrons

Lewis structures
O2

Since each atom only has 7 e- some electrons have to

move to share more electrons until each has 8 electrons

Lewis structures
O2

Now each atom has 8 electrons so oxygen has a double

bond

How do you know where to put

atoms in a lewis structure?
The atom that has the most bonding
potential is the one that goes in the middle.
This is the atom that has the most unpaired
electrons
Atoms that have only one unpaired electron
must be on the outside of the structure.
ie) H,Li,Na,Cl,F

H2O
Oxygen has two unpaired e- and hydrogen
only has one so which one goes in the
middle?
Oxygen

H2O
Oxygen has two unpaired e- and hydrogen
only has one so which one goes in the
middle?
Oxygen

H2O
Oxygen has two unpaired e- and hydrogen only
has one so which one goes in the middle?
Oxygen

Hydrogen only has to have two electrons because

it is not big enough to hold 8

NH3
Nitrogen is in the middle because it has 3
unpaired electrons

NH3
Nitrogen is in the middle because it has 3
unpaired electrons

CO2
Carbon is in the middle because carbon has
4 unpaired electrons and oxygen only has
two

CO2
Carbon is in the middle because carbon has
4 unpaired electrons and oxygen only has
two

CO2
Carbon only has six electrons and each
oxygen now has seven so electrons have to
be moved to share

CO2
Carbon only has six electrons and each
oxygen now has seven so electrons have to
be moved to share

CO2
So CO2 has double bonds

Coordinate Covalent Bond

NH4+

Where does the last hydrogen have to go?

Coordinate Covalent Bond

NH4+

Since we are dealing with NH4+ what we

need to add is an H+, which has no e-. It
will share with the two e- on the top of the
Nitrogen.

Coordinate Covalent Bond

NH4+

Since we are dealing with NH4+ what we

need to add is an H+, which has no e-. It
will share with the two e- on the top of the
Nitrogen.

Coordinate Covalent Bond

NH4+

Since both electrons came from the nitrogen,

this is a coordinate covalent bond

VSEPR
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Non bonding electrons around a central
atom will cause the molecule to bend
Basic structures are tetrahedron, pyramidal,
bent, linear, (trigonal planar, square planar,
trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral, see saw.)

VSEPR Examples
H2O

VSEPR Examples
H2O

So the molecule would look like this

VSEPR Examples
NH3

VSEPR Examples
NH3

VSEPR Examples
NH3

VSEPR Examples
CO2

VSEPR Examples
CO2

VSEPR Examples
CH4

Polarity
Polarity is a difference in electronegativity
between two atoms that causes electrons to
not be shared equally.
This causes one part of the molecule to
carry a slight positive charge and one side to
carry a slight negative charge

Polarity
If the difference is
0.0-0.4 nonpolar covalent (shared equally)

Polarity
If the difference is
0.0-0.4 nonpolar covalent (shared equally)
0.4-1.0 moderately polar covalent

Polarity
If the difference is
0.0-0.4 nonpolar covalent (shared equally)
0.4-1.0 moderately polar covalent
1.0-2.0 polar covalent

Polarity
If the difference is

0.0-0.4 nonpolar covalent (shared equally)

0.4-1.0 moderately polar covalent
1.0-2.0 polar covalent
>2.0 ionic

Polarity
The electrons will be around the atom with
the larger electronegativity more often
because larger electronegativity means that
the atom wants the electrons more.
This means that the atom with the larger
electronegativity will have a partial negative
charge

Polarity
The electrons will be around the atom with
the larger electronegativity more often
because larger electronegativity means that
the atom wants the electrons more.
This means that the atom with the larger
electronegativity will have a partial negative
charge

Polarity
The electrons will be around the atom with the
larger electronegativity more often because larger
electronegativity means that the atom wants the
electrons more.
This means that the atom with the larger
electronegativity will have a partial negative
charge
The other atom will have a partial positive charge

Polarity Examples
H2O

Polarity Examples
H2O

Polarity Examples
H2O

Polarity Examples
H2O

Polarity Examples
CO2

Polarity of Molecule
If a molecule has partial positives and
partial negatives the molecule may be polar,
has a positive side and a negative side. If
you can separate all the + from the by one
plane or one line it is polar.
Shape of the molecule will make a
difference as to whether it is or is not polar

Polarity of Molecule

Intermolecular Attractions
Attraction between two molecules (weak
bonds between two molecules)
Van der Waals forces are the weakest
attractions and include dispersion forces and
dipole interactions.

Intermolecular Attractions
Van der Waals forces are the weakest
attractions and include dispersion forces and
dipole interactions.
Dispersion forces are caused by motion of
electrons creating very small electrical charges

Intermolecular Attractions
Van der Waals forces are the weakest
attractions and include dispersion forces and
dipole interactions.
Dispersion forces are caused by motion of
electrons creating very small electrical charges
Dipole interactions are when the partial positive
of one molecule interacts with the partial
negative of another

Intermolecular Attractions
Hydrogen bonding is a stronger bond than
van der Waals.
It is an attractive force between hydrogen of
one molecule and the unpaired electrons on
a highly electronegative atom of another
molecule.
Between hydrogen and either F, O, or N