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Basic Concepts of Statistics
Basic Concepts of Statistics
by :
DR. T.K. JAIN
AFTERSCHO☺OL
centre for social entrepreneurship
sivakamu veterinary hospital road
bikaner 334001 rajasthan, india
FOR – PGPSE / CSE PARTICIPANTS
afterschool@in.com
mobile : 91+9414430763
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 1
My words.....
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 2
What were the root words of
statistics ?
Latin = status
Germany = statistik
Italian = statista
french = statistique
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 3
Who carried out first cencus of
the world ?
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What are the subjects where
statistics has application ?
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What are 2 major sources of data?
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From where can we get secondary
data ?
1. industry report
2. previous researches
3. published data
4 annual reports
5. statistical department
6. directories / reports / data bases
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From where can we get primary
data ?
1. interview
2. survey
3. schedule / questionnaire
4. observation
5. experimentation
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What do we do after collection of
data ?
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How can we classify data ?
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Name a few international bodies
that publish data (which we can
use as secondary source of data)?
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What is the difference between
primary and secondary data ?
Primary data is first hand original in nature whereas secondary
data is in the form of compilation of existing data or already
published data.
The collection of primary data involves huge resources in
terms of money and time, finance and energy whereas
secondary data is relatively less costly.
Primary data is usually collected by keeping in mind the
purpose for which it is collected so its suitability will be more in
comparison to secondary data
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 13
What is difference between census
and sample survey ?
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What are the steps in presentation
of data ?
Classification of data (put data in classes)
Tabulation of data (prepare table from
data)
Frequency distribution of data (identify
frequencies)
Diagrammatic presentations of data
(prepare diagrams)
Graphic representation of data (prepare
graphs).
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What do you understand from
tabulation ?
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What are the parts of a table ?
Table Number
Title of the Table
Sub-title or Head Note
Captions and stub
Body
Footnotes
Source Note
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What is class limit ?
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What is class interval ?
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What is Class frequency ?
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It refers to that classification where both
the class limits are included in the class
itself while determining the class
intervals.
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What are the 3 methods of data
presentation ?
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POPULATION ??
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Statistical inference
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Qualitative data ?
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Quantitative data ?
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Frequency distribution ??
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What is median ?
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What is mode ?
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What is percentile ?
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Quartile ?
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Range ?
Measure of variability
largest - smallest value
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Interquartile range
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Variance ?
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Standard deviation
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Coefficient of variance ?
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Z score
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Outlier ?
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Box plot
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Covariance ?
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Correlation coefficient ?
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Weighted mean ?
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Grouped data
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Probability
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Experiment
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Sample space
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Sample point
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Tree diagram
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What is permutation &
combination?
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What is relative frequency method
?
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Subjective method of probability
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Event
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Venn diagram
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What is formula of permutation ?
Npr = n! / (n-r)!
p=permutation
n= total number of objects
r=how many objects you are taking at a time
! = multiply with reducing numbers till it reaches 1
example : 5p5 = 5! / (5-5)!
5!=5*4*3*2*1
0! = 1
thus answer = 120 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 55
How many different 4 digit letters
can you make out of A,B,C,D,E?
N = 5 (A,B,C,D,E)
R=4
formula = Npr = n! / (n-r)!
=5!/(5-4)!
= 120 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 56
How many different 4 digit numbers can you
make out of 1,2,3,4,0?
N = 5 (1,2,3,4,0)
R=4
but 0 cannot come in the first digit
for first digit we have 4 options (1,2,3,4), for next digits,
we can use 0. thus we have 4*4*3*2*1 = 96 options OR
formula = Npr = n! / (n-r)!
=5!/(5-4)! but this contains all those numbers which start
with 0. so let us keep 0 as fixed for 1st digit and solve it.
Now we have to pick up 3 digit out of 4
contd.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 57
contd.....
If it is not 0, permutation will be :
formula = Npr = n! / (n-r)!
=5!/(5-4)!
= 120
Zero fixed for 1st potion, we have these options :
Npr = n! / (n-r)!
n=4,r=3
4!/(4-3)! = 24
deduct this 24 from 120
120 -24 = 96 answer
you can use any formula (out of these 2), you get the same answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 58
How many different 4 digit numbers can you
make out of 1,2,3,4,0 which are divisible by 2?
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In how many ways can Raj invite
any 3 of his 7 friends?
This is a question of combination. Here order
(sequence) is not important, his friends can come in
any order. Thus this is a case of combination.
Formula : N! / ((n-r)!*r!)
you can calculate combination by dividing
permutation by r!
=7! / ((7-3)!*3!)
=(7*6*5)/(3*2*1) = 35 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 60
How many different words can
you frame from FUTURE ?
Here we have two U
total we have 6 digits.
Formula : N ! / L!
N= total number of digits
L = those digits which are repeated.
Answer = 6! / 2!
= 360 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 61
How many different words can
you frame from DALDA ?
Here we have two D & A
total we have 5 digits.
Formula : N ! / L!
N= total number of digits
L = those digits which are repeated.
Answer = 5! / (2!*2!)
= 30 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 62
In how many ways can 8 person
sit around a round table ?
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How many 4 digit numbers can be
formed out of 1,2,3,5,7,8,9 if no
digit is repeated.
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How many numbers greater than
2000 can be formed from
1,2,3,4,5. No repeatition is
allowed.
5 digit numbers = 5! = 120
4 digit numbers,: we cant take 1 in the
beginning. We have 4 options for 1st digit 4 for
nd rd
2 digit 3 for 3 digit ...
4*4*3*2*1 = 96
total = 216 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 65
There are 6 books on english, 3 on maths, 2 on
GK. In how many ways can they be placed in
shelf, if books of 1 subject are together?
We have 3 subjects so 3!
books of same subjects can be interchanged.
So answer : 3!*6!*3!*2!
=6*720*6*2 = 51840 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 66
How many words can we make
out of DRAUGHT, the vowels are
never separated?
Number of vowels = 2
other digits = 5
we will treat vowels as 1 word
so we have 6!. Vowels can be interchanged so
2!
so answer = 6!*2! = 1440 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 67
In how many ways can 8 pearls be
used to form a necklace ?
(7-1) !
= 6! = 720 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 69
50 different jewels can be set to
form necklace in how many
ways ?
½ ( n -1) !
= ½ (50 -1)!
=1/2 (49)!
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 70
How many number of different
digits can be formed from
0,2,3,4,8,9 between 10 to 1000?
Let us assume that repeatition is not allowed
Let us make 2 digit numbers :
for first digit we have 5 option, for 2nd digit also we have 5 options
(including 0) = 25
for 3 digit numbers : 5*5*4 = 100
total 125
if repeatition is allowed :
for 2 digit : 5 * 6 = 30 for 3 digit : 5*6*6 = 180
total = 210 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 71
What is the number of permutations of 10 different
things taking 4 at a time in which one thing never
comes ?
=9p4
= (9*8*7*6)
=3024
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 72
There are 5 speakers (A,B,C,D,E) , in how
many ways can we arrange their speach that A
always speaks before B
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 73
5 persons are sitting in a round table in such a
way that the tallest person always sits next to
the smallest person?
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How many words can be formed
from MOBILE so that consonent
always occupies odd place ?
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In how many ways can we
arrange 6 + and 4 – signs so that
no two – signs are together?
++++++
there are 5 places between 2 +. one on extreme
left and one on extreme right.
We have 7 positions for – sign
7c4
we have 6 places for 6 + sign, so we have 6c6
total = 35 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 76
There are 10 buses between Bikaner and Jaipur. In
how many ways can Gajendra go to Jaipur and come
back without using the same bus in return journey?
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In how many ways can yamini distribute 8
sweets to 8 persons provided the largest sweet
is served to Jigyasha?
1 sweet is fixed
so we have 7!
= 5040 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 78
Yamini & Jigyasha go to a train and they find
6 vacant seats. In how many ways can they sit?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 79
How many words can you make
from DOGMATIC?
8!
40320 answer
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Gajendra has 12 friends out of whom 8 are
relatives. In how many ways can he invite 7
in such a way that 5 are relatives?
8c5 * 4c2
=56*6
=336 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 81
There are 8 points on a plane. No 3 points
are on a straight line. How many
traiangles can be made out of these ?
8c3
= 56 answer
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In how many ways can you form a
committee of 3 persons out of 12
persons ?
12c3
=220 answer
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How many different factors are
possible from 75600 ?
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A box contains 7 red 5 white and 4 blue balls.
How many selections can be made that we pick
up 3 balls and all are red?
It is a question of combination.
Total possibilities = 7c3
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A box contains 7 red 5 white and 4 blue balls.
What is the probability that in our selections
we pick up 3 balls and all are red?
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How many words can be formed by using all the
letters of the word DRAUGHT so that a. vowels
always come together & b. vowels are never together?
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In how many ways can a cricket
eleven be chosen out of a batch
of 15 players.
15c11
=15! / ((15-11)!*11!)
=15!/(4!*11!)
=(15*14*13*12)/(4*3*2*1)
1365 answer
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In how many a committee of 5 members can be
selected from 6 men 5 ladies consisting of 3 men and
2 ladies
6c3 *5c2
=[(6*5*4)/(3*2*1)] [(5*4)/(2*1)]
=20*10
=200 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 91
How many 4-letter word with or without
meaning can be formed out of the letters of the
word 'LOGARITHMS' if repetition of letters is
not allowed
10p4
=(10*9*8*7)
=5040 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 92
how many ways can the letter of
word 'LEADER' be arranged
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How many arrangements can be made out of the
letters of the word 'MATHEMATICS' be arranged
so that the vowels always come
together
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 95
How many 3 digit numbers can be formed from the
digits 2,3,5,6,7 and 9 which are divisible by 5 and
none of the digits is repeated?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 96
In how many ways can 21 books on English and 19
books on Hindi be placed in a row on a self so that
two books on Hindi may not
be together?
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Out of 7 constants and 4 vowels
how many words of 3 consonants
and 2 vowels can be formed?
Selection of 5 digits
=7c3 *4c2
=35*6 = 210
5 digits can be arranged in 5! ways
=120
total options : 210*120 = 25200 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 98
What is effective rate of interest ?
= ((1+rate)^n -1 )/(rate)
=((1+12/1200)^60 -1) / (12/1200)
=.8167 / .01
dividing factor =81.669
monthly savings = 1000000/81.669
=12244.44 per month answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 109
What is a sample ?
2,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,13,13,14,14,14,15,17,21,22,34,
43
out of these mode is 14 (because its frequency
is 3)
Class frequency
10 to 20 4
20 to 30 8
30 to 40 12
40 to 50 4
apply the formula : modal class = 30 to 40
= 30 + ((12-8) / ((12-8)+(12-4)) * class interval
= 30 + 4/12 * 10 = 30+3.3 = 33.3 answer
Formula
= frequency of a class / number of items
Median = 20+(17-5)/12 * 10 = 30
mode cannot be calculated because there are
two equal modal values, so we use the
following formula
Mode = 3median – 2 mean
mode = 30 answer k
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 136
Calculate rank correlation
using the following data ?
X Y
2 11
4 8
6 3
8 1
(q3 – q1)/ 2
(q3-q1) / (q3+q1)
Deviation = difference
here we find the difference of each value with
mean and this will create standard deviation.
Formula = square root of (sum of squares of
difference of each element from mean)
Y-Y1/Y2-Y1 =X-X1/X2-X1
Y-5/9-5 = X-7/2-7
-5Y+25=4X-28
=4X+5Y -53 =0
for parallel, constant = k
4(3) +5(4)+k=0
k = -32
so equation = 4x+5y-32=0 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 176
What is a variable ?
X Freq. C.F
10 TO 20 4 4
20 TO 30 6 10
30 TO 40 8 18
40 TO 50 7 25
50 TO 60 5 30
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 183
SOLUTION
X Freq. C.F
10 TO 20 4 4
20 TO 30 6 10
30 TO 40 8 18
40 TO 50 7 25
50 TO 60 5 30
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 185
Solution
FORMULA = L 1 (31p – c) / f * (class
interval)
31p= n/100 *31 = 30/100 *31 =9. 3
9.3 falls in 20 to 30
= 20 + (9.3 – 4) / 6 * (10)
=20 + ((5.3/6) *10)
=20 + 8.8
= 28.8 ANSWER
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 186
Can mean, mode and median be
equal?
Yes - in normal distribution, mean, mode and median
are all equal.
In normal distribution, we have 3 characteristics :
1. data are symmetrical
2. data are more in central values and less as we move
apart
3. mean=mode=median
most of statistical formula require normal distribution.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 187
How to calculate median in bigger
data :
Formula :( N+1 )/ 2
n=number of data
for example : 1,2,3,4,5,6,6,7
here we have 8 values , so (8+1)/2 = 4.5
so we should take mid value between 4 and 5,
which is 4.5 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 188
What types of data series are there
?
There are many types of data series :
individual data
discrete series
continuous series
in continuous data series, there is no value
which is not possible.
(for example : 0 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 30) ....
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 189
What are the measures of
dispersion?
Dispersion = how the data is looking in
comparison to mean.
If data is wide apart from mean, there is high
dispersion.
If the data is just close to mean, there is very
less dispersion.
If data has more dispersion, there is less
uniformity in the data. We have many tools to
measure dispersion like range, variance etc.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 190
Example of high and less
dispersion of data :
Low dispersion : 6,6,7,7,7,7,8,8,9,
high dispersion : 1,4, 8, 19,20,50,60,80,100
you can see, the first data set has far more consistency
and dispersion is less.
Tools to measure dispersion are : range, standard
deviation, variance, mean deviation etc.
Range = highest – least value.
In the first case range = 9-6 = 3, in 2nd case range =
100-1 = 99
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 191
What is standard deviation?
We calculate P value.
If P value is less than alpha, we reject null
hypothesis
if P value is more than alpha then we cant
reject null hypothesis
10/(10+25)
=10/35 or 2/7 answer
5/15*4/14*3/13
or 5c2/15c2 =
=2/91
((1/(σsqrt(2π)))*e^(x-m)^2 / (2σ^2)
N = 4, r = 3 p = .5
formula of combination = N! / ((N-r)! * r!)
C = 4! / ((4-3)! * 3!) =24 / (1*6) = 4
4! = 4*3*2*1 = 24
Ncr = 4,
p^r = (.5)^3 = .125
(1-p)^(n-r). = (1-.5)^(4-3) = .5
solution = 4*.125*.5 =.25 answer
f(x) = ((e^-λ)(λ^x)) / x!
where,
λ is an average rate of value.
x is a poisson random variable.
e is the base of logarithm(e=2.718)
N*p*q
n = number of units
p = probability
q = (1-p)
Error = fluctuations
standard deviation of mean is also called
standard error of mean
its formula = standard deviation / sqrt(n)
n = number of items in sample
x y
a 11.5 11.5 23
b 8.5 8.5 17
totl: 20 20 40
1st = .25
2nd ..25
rd
3 .25
th
4 .25
H L
R 460 140 600
P 240 160 400
TOT. 700 300 1000
Formul a = (o – e)^2
H L
R 1600 1600
P 1600 1600
45 * .0043
=.19
it means that there is 19% chance that exactly 2
tools are defective.
e^ -lemda
= 2.71828 ^ (-1)
=.37
m^x
= 1^2
=1
X! = 2! = 2
(.37 * 1) / 2
=.19
here we can see that 19% probability is there
that there are 2 tools which are defective.
Answer
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