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Find The Wavelength of Hydrogen Spectral Lines (Balmer Series)
Find The Wavelength of Hydrogen Spectral Lines (Balmer Series)
Find The Wavelength of Hydrogen Spectral Lines (Balmer Series)
Page no.
Abstract
Introduction
Bohrs Atomic model
Hydrogen spectrum
Balmer series
Methods and materials
Apparatus
Experimental procedure
Results
For Red light
Percentage error
For Turquoise light
Percentage error
For Blue light
Percentage error
For Voilet light
Percentage error
Discussion
Balmer lamp
Power supply for Balmer lamp
Notes on operation
Conclusion
Sources of error
Reference
Appendix
2
2
3
4
5
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
15
15
15
ABSTRACT
replica.
Diffractionreferstothe"bending"ofwavesaroundsharp
edgesorcorners.Theslitsofagratinggiverisetodiffractionand
thediffractedlightinterferessoastosetupinterferencepatterns.
Completeconstructiveinterferenceoccurswhenthephaseorpath
differenceisequaltosomewholenumberofthewavelength.In
generalthegratingequationforconstructivemaximais
m=d sin
lines as:
1
1 1 ________(x)
=v =R( 2 2 )
n1 n2
When Hydrogen atom is excited, the electron absorbs the
energy of the exciting agent and jumps into an outer orbit. As an
electron in the outer orbit is unstable, it jumps back into the inner
1
1 1 R R
=R 2 2 = 2
2 n 4 n
( )
BALMER SERIES:
n2
n1
=2
-1
1
1 1
=1.09737 103 2 2 A
2 n
This series lies in the visible (or optical) region. The
( )
n1
=2&
=3
n2
1
1 1
=1.09737 103 2 2
2 3
A-1
( )
= 656.28 nm
Limiting member:
The wavelength of the limiting member can be calculated
by putting
=
n2
In this case
n1
=2&
n2
1
1 1
=1.09737 103 2 2
A-1
=364.5nm
Sr.#
Line
Wavelength(nm)
Colour
656.28
Red
486.13
Turquoise
To
find
H
H
particular
=gSin
434.05
Blue
410.17
violet
wavelength,
use
the
relation:
Where
1 d
=tan ( )
f3
m=d sin
Where d is the spacing of the slits in the grating, m is the
order of the diffracted wavelength, and is the angle through
which the wavelength has been deviated. A set of Balmer lines
originating from various energy levels is schematically shown in
fig.
Apparatus:
Balmer lamp
Power supply of Balmer lamp
Small optical bench
Bench clamp
Adjustable slit
Holder with spring clips
Copy of Rowland grating(600 lines/mm)
Translucent screen
Multi clamps
Lenses f=100mm and f=50mm
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
and
10
= 1.775cm
So,
From
Where,
= gSin
1 d
=tan ( )
f3
1.775
)=
0.42cm) = 22.78o
4.2
1
tan
1
=tan
= gSin
PERCENTAGE ERROR
Percentage error =
1.47
11
= 1.40cm
= gSin
Here,
1 d
=tan ( )
f3
So,
From
Where,
1.40
)=
0.33cm) = 18.26o
4.2
1
tan
1
=tan
= gSin
PERCENTAGE ERROR
7.63
= 1.25cm
12
As,
= gSin
Here,
1 d
=tan ( )
f3
So,
From
Where,
1.25
)=
0.29cm) = 16.17o
4.2
1
tan
1
=tan
= gSin
PERCENTAGE ERROR
7.14
= 1.125cm
So,
From
Where,
13
= gSin
1 d
=tan ( )
f3
1.125
)=
0.26cm) = 14.57o
4.2
1
tan
1
=tan
= gSin
2.42
H
H
H
(degree)
(nm)
1.775
22.78
646.61
1.40
18.26
523.26
1.25
16.17
465.07
1.125
14.57
420.10
DISCUSSION
BALMER LAMP
14
15
Measured
value (nm)
True Value
(nm)
646.61
656.28
1.47
523.26
486.13
7.63
465.07
434.05
7.14
420.10
410.17
2.42
H
H
H
Percentage
error
16
SOURCES OF ERROR
Instrument resolution
Failure to calibrate or check zero of instrument
Failure to account for a factor
Environmental factors
Instrument drift
REFERENCE
APPENDIX
Grating constant:
In this formula is the angle of emergence (called deviation, D, for
the prism) at which a wavelength will be bright, d is the distance between
slits (note that d = 1 / N if N, called the grating constant, is the number of
lines per unit length) and n is the "order number", a positive integer (n = 1, 2,
3, ...) ...
Diffraction Grating:
Diffraction grating is optical device used to learn the different
wavelengths or colors contained in a beam of light. The device usually
consists of thousands of narrow, closely spaced parallel slits (or
grooves).
Spectrum:
Slit:
A long narrow cut or opening.
X___________________________________________________
M. Usman Mustafa
17
Group 5 (Leader)