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Topic 5b&c
Topic 5b&c
Topic 5b&c
Electrical Supply
Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of most
widely used forms of energy.
It is a secondary energy source which means it comes
from the conversion of other sources of energy, like
coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural
sources, which are called primary sources.
The energy sources used to make electricity can be
renewable or non-renewable.
Hydropower
Dam
Runoff River
Solar Power
Primary Source
(Non-Renewable Energy)
Coal
It is a black solid that is reasonably soft.
Consists of carbon atoms that come from plant material from ancient
swamp forests.
When coal is burns, it will produces mainly carbon dioxide, some
carbon monoxide and soot (which are unburned carbon).
Many coals when burned produce smoky flames.
There are different types of coal. Some contain impurities such as
sulphur that pollute the atmosphere further when they burn,
contributing to acid rain.
The energy from coal content weight is not as great as oil because
when coal burns it produces more carbon dioxide than oil.
Primary Source
(Non-Renewable Energy)
Natural Gas
In addition to being burned to
heat water for steam, can
also be burned to produce
hot combustion gases that
pass directly through a
turbine, spinning the blades
of the turbine to generate
electricity.
Gas turbines are commonly
used when electricity utility
usage is in high demand.
Petroleum (oil)
Petroleum can be used to make steam to turn a turbine.
Petroleum and gas are non-renewable: they will not last forever.
When gas and oil is burnt they produce mainly carbon dioxide and water,
releasing the energy they contain.
The oil-based fuels provide less energy per kilogram than natural gas.
Both oil and natural gas produce carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas.
Primary Source
(Non-Renewable Energy)
Nuclear
Nuclear power is a method in
which steam is produced by
heating water through a
process called nuclear fission.
In a nuclear power plant, a
reactor contains a core of
nuclear fuel, primarily
enriched uranium. When
atoms of uranium fuel are hit
by neutrons they fission
(split), releasing heat and
more neutrons.
Under controlled conditions, these other neutrons can strike more uranium
atoms, splitting more atoms, and so on. Thereby, continuous fission can take
place, forming a chain reaction releasing heat. The heat is used to turn water
into steam that, in turn, spins a turbine that generates electricity.
Distribution
Three phase has properties that make it very desirable in electric power systems:
The phase currents tend to cancel out one another, summing to zero in the
case of a linear balanced load. This makes it possible to eliminate or reduce
the size of the neutral conductor; all the phase conductors carry the same
current and so can be the same size, for a balanced load.
Power transfer into a linear balanced load is constant, which helps to reduce
generator and motor vibrations.
Three-phase systems can produce a magnetic field that rotates in a specified
direction, which simplifies the design of electric motors.
Power Distribution
CHAPTER 5c
5.3 : BUILDING ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
Supply Control
The service cable usually terminates inside the building in a main cut-out, fitted as
near as possible to the service cable entry.
A meter is fitted after the main cut-out and everything up to and including the
meter are the property and responsibility of the electrical supply company.
A switch or circuit breaker is fitted after the meter and a distribution board follows
the switch. Everything from the switch to furthest outlet point is the property and
responsibility of the building owner.
The service intake and the control unit is 240 V single-phase for a domestic or
similar small building and for larger buildings is 415 V three-phase supply may be
required, depending upon the load.
The control unit must be sited so as to fulfil the following conditions:
Meter Board
Rewireable
fuse
miniature
circuit
breaker
Cartridge
fuses
Earthing
The basic principle of earthing is that of
limiting the difference in voltage between live
conductors and earth.
If a person touches a live conductor that is
correctly earthed, the flow of electricity
through the earth conductor should form a
path of lower resistance than that of a
persons body and the person should not
receive an electric shock.
An earth leakage
circuit breaker
Number and
diameter of
wires (mm)
1.0
1/1.13
13
44
1.5
1/1.38
16.5
29
2.5
1/1.78
23
18
7/0.85
30
11
7/1.04
38
7.3
10
7/1.35
52
4.4
Table 5.0: Electrical cable capacities. (Part tables of B.S. 6004 and 6346)
Solution:
(i)
Current I=P/V=5000W/240V= 20.8 A
(ii)
From Table 4.1; a 1/1.78 cable will allow a current of 23 A to flow with drop of 18 mV
(0.018 V) per ampere, per metre run.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Chapter 5
5.4 DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Lighting Circuit
Switch Control
Cable connection
A one way light switch is connected with
wiring to control a lamp.
If required, several lamps may be
controlled from one switch.
Switch Control
Switch Control
Switch Control
Used in conjunction with two, two-way switches, provides control of a lamp from three
or more positions.
Suitable for long corridors with several doors, long halls and multi-flight staircases,
require intermediate switch control for reasons of both safety and convenience.
Switch Control
Socket Outlets
1 gang 13A
2 gang 13 A
3 phase socket
multiple socket
Socket Outlets
Dining room
Living room
Double bedroom
Single bedroom
Hall
Landing
Garage
hospitals, factories and office blocks will require a three phase supply due
to the higher electrical load.
The loading may be too high therefore a private sub-station is needed
which fed electricity from the high voltage cables from the nearest
switching station.
The electrical installation in a large building is similar to a small building,
but is divided into sections.
There may be one main intake panel incorporating large fused switches or
circuit-breakers, each of which controls a feeder cable to subsidiary
distribution panels in different parts of building, or each separate building
in group.
The subsidiary distribution panels are smaller versions of the main intake
panel and they control distribution boards for each sub-section.
CURRENT RATING
The current rating of the cable and components must never be less than
the protective device which controls it.
A fused switch of 100 A rating can only serve a cable having a current
rating of 100 A or more and the switchgear at the opposite end of the
circuit must be of 100 A rating up to the next smaller fuse or miniature
circuit-breaker.
It is important that fuses or miniature circuit-breaker should provide
discrimination, e.g. each subsidiary fuse or circuit-breaker should isolate a
fault in its own section before the fuse or circuit-breaker one stage further
back in the installation can operate.
To ensure this, the ratings of two successive fuses or miniature circuitbreakers must differ by at least 30 per cent and preferably 50 per cent. To
achieve this, it may sometimes be necessary to increase the cable and
switchgear ratings so that the main fuse or miniature circuit-breaker can
not operate before the subsidiary one.
VOLTAGE DROP
In a small electrical installation the voltage drop in the
circuit wiring is not usually significant, but in larger
installations the voltage drop in the cables between the
main intake and the subsidiary distribution panels may
be very high.
The IEE Regulations require that the voltage drop
between the main intake point and each supply point
shall not exceed 2.5 per cent of the nominal supply
voltage.
METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION
Radial distribution
The main intake normally consists
of a main switch connected to
fused switches through a bus-bar
chamber.
Several separate feeder cables
are run from the main intake panel
to the subsidiary distribution panels
which may be situated in separate
buildings or at strategic points
inside one building.
METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION
Ring main distribution
In the case of a large development scheme
having several buildings around the
perimeter of the site, a ring-main circuit
would be taken around the site with
supplies taken into each building.
advantages:
Each building and individual sections of the ring
may be isolated without switching off the entire
installation.
The current may flow in either direction which
reduces the voltage drop.
The ring may be sized to take account of the diversity factor for all the buildings, since
a heavy load may be required for any one of the buildings, but it is unlikely that such a
load will be required for all the buildings simultaneously
Types in use:
PVC or vulcanized rubber insulated cables mounted
on porcelain cleats inside brick or concrete ducts with
hardwood or metal access doors on each floor.
Paper, mineral, PVC or vulcanized rubber insulated
cables run in sheet steel vertical ducts.
Uninsulated copper or aluminium bars run in steel
sheet vertical ducts.
METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION-Tall
Building
Type of distribution depends on:
Building types and dimension
Supply length
Load required for building operations
BUSBAR TRUNKING
SYSTEM
FLOOR DUCTS
FLOOR DUCTS-Grid
This method provides
adequate flexibility for
telephone and electrical
supplies and is used in
open-plan offices. A
suitable spacing of the
ducts is 1.5 to 2 m, but
other spacings may be
used depending upon the
degree of flexibility
required
FLOOR DUCTS-Branching
This method uses a central feeder
duct with branches to each window
bay. The branches may either
terminate just short of the wall, or
extend to wall outlets. Figure 4.26
shows a branching duct layout with
wall outlets. The layout provides
reasonable flexibility for open-plan
offices, but is also used for
partitioned offices with the central
feeder duct in the corridor.
FLOOR DUCTS-Perimeter
This is the cheapest
method but does not
provide
the
flexibility
obtained by the grid and
branching layouts. A main
feeder duct is located about
450 mm form the outside
wall with short branches
taken from junction boxes
to
wall
outlets
for
telephones
or
both
telephones and electrical
supply.
End of Chapter 5
Thank you