Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Navi Dictionary
Navi Dictionary
283
Compiled by Mark Miller
www.LearnNavi.org
Last updated: December 13th , 2015
This is the definitive dictionary for Navi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for
James Camerons film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Dr.
Frommer.
Some notes: The traditional Navi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly useful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Navi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates grammatical categorization: parentheses such as x represents an infix, where tpre-first1ar2on
are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to
show infix positions (for beginners), as in [ta.Ron]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Transitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive. Most, if
not all transitive verbs can be used intransitively in the absence of a direct object. Known modal
verbs and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim or vtrm, depending upon
transitivity according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes
will be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress in the
IPA; if an enclitic is added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that
variants, where specified, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information.
Abbreviations:
num. = number
ofp. = only for people
part. = particle
ph. = phrase
pn. = pronoun
prop. n. = proper noun
v. = verb
svin. = stative intransitive verb
vtr. = transitive verb
vin. = intransitive verb
vtrm. = transitive modal verb
vim. = intransitive modal verb
sbd. = subordinated
= morpheme boundary
+ = leniting morpheme boundary
= infix morpheme
adj. = adjective
adp. = adposition
adv. = adverb
conj. = conjunction
c.w. = compound word
dem. = demonstrative
intj. = interjection
inter. = interrogative
n. = noun
nfp. = not for people
An English - Navi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estonian, German, Hungarian, Portugus and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations
in other languages available.
Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after
the IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionary was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the cannon lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive
affixes that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified
semantic meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:
The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly Frommerian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many
words, which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer legalized some pronunciation errors
made during filming: these, like osss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved several constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.
These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zo Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer and Skxawng. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.
Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
>
>
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].
have
been
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions
split in
accordance with the Maximal Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can
be difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at."kE].
Please note the subtle difference between the characters for ejective, and "for stress.
This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,
let me know here or by email to mark@learnnavi.org, and I will correct them. As for version
number, Ill change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not large
change and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment.
2
I would like to take this opportunity to recognize those who have been instrumental in
the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First of course, is Dr. Paul Frommer and his
monumental effort in creating this amazing language. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for
originally creating and maintaining this document. Thanks also to Tuiq, who applied significant time and skills to automate the maintenance of this dictionary and its variants. Tuiqs
scripts also make the process of updating much easier for the authors of the various translations. Finally, thanks to everyone in the Learn Navi Community who are helping Navi to
bloom!
- Mark Miller, et alia
>
oratsyp: ["Po.Ra.tsjIp^] P F n. pond, pool (derived from ora lake)
otxang: [Po."t'aN] P F n. musical instrument (generic term)
rrko: ["Pr.ko] P F vin. roll
"
rrpxom: ["Pr.p'om] P F n. thunder
"
u: [Pu] P F n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)
ul: [Pul] P F vin. increase
>
umtsa: ["Pum.tsa] P F n. medicine
uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something
upe: ["Pu.pE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
u thing and pe inter. marker)
upxare: [Pu."p'a.RE] P F n. message
ur: [PuR] P F n. sight, look, appearance
ie: [."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual)
o: [".o] P F adp. under, below
txle: [."t'.lE] P F n. request
E
epang: [Ep."PaN] P F adj. complex
epxang: [E."p'aN] P F n. stone jar used to hold
small toxic arachnid
etrp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favorable, auspicious
>
ewktswo: ["Ewk.tswo] P F n. (sense of) taste (derived from ewku taste)
ewku: ["Ew.ku] P F vtr. taste (not intentionally)
eyawr: [E."jawR] P F adj. correct, right
eyk: [Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. lead
eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from
eyk lead)
eyktanay: [Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. deputy, general,
one step down from leader (derived from eyktan leader)
eykyu: ["Ejk.ju] P F n. leader (typically temporary, of a small group like a hunting party) (derived from eyk lead)
>
ftsap: [fI."tsap^] P F adv. each other (c.w. from
fpo this one and tsapo that one)
>
ftseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. here, this place (derived from tseng place)
ftxan: [fI."t'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (derived from txan great, much)
ftxon: [fI."t'on] P F adv., n. tonight (derived
from txon night)
fkan: [fkan] P F vin. resemble in a sensory modality, come to the senses as
fkarut: ["fka.Rut^] P F v. peel
fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful
fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty
fkeytok: ["fkEj.tok^] P F vin. exist (derived
from kifkeyti tok be in the world)
fkip: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (unspecified agent)
fkxake: ["fk'a.kE] P F v. itch
fkxen: [fk'En] P F n. vegetable (food)
fkxile: ["fk'i.lE] P F n. bib necklace
flawkx: [flawk'] P F n. leather
flawm: [flawm] P F n. cheek
fl: [fl] P F vin. succeed
flew: [flEw] P F n. throat
fl: [flI] P F adj. thin nfp.
flnutx: [flI."nut'] P F n. thickness (c.w. from fl
thin and nutx thick)
flrr: [flr] P F adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or
"
things)
fmal: [fmal] P F vtr. sustain
fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report
fmawnta: [fmawnta] P F n. that news (contraction of fmawnit a)
fmetok: ["fmE.tok^] P F v. test
fmi: [fmi] P F vtrm. try, attempt (with the
subjunctive)
fmokx: [fmok'] P F n. jealousy, envy
fnan: [fnan] P F vtr. be good at
fnawe: [fna."wEP] P F adj. cowardly
fnawetu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived
from fnawe cowardly)
fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type
fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind variant of
pefnel
fnetxum: [fnE."t'um] n. allergen (derived from
txum poison)
fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal
H
ha: [ha] P F adv. so, in that case
herw: ["hER.wI] P F n. snow
ha: [haP] P F vin. fit, suit, complement, inherent- herwva: ["hER.wI.va] P F n. snowflake (derived
ly enhance
from herw snow and lva flake)
hangir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon
hewne: ["hEw.nE] P F adj. soft (of an object)
hahaw: ["ha.haw] P F vin. sleep
heyn: [hEjn] P F vin. sit
ham: [ham] P F adj. previous
heyr: [hEJR] P F n. chest
hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from hifwo: ["hi.fwo] P F vin. flee, escape
ham previous and alo time)
hiyk: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. funny, strange
hangham: ["haN.ham] P F vin. laugh
hang: ["hI.PaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hi
hangvur: ["haN.vuR] P F n. joke, funny story (c.w.
small and ioang animal)
from hangham laugh and vur story)
hi: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. small, little (in size)
hapx: [ha."p'I] P F n. part
hkrr: ["hI.kr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w.
hapxtu: [ha."p'I.tu] P F n. member (derived
from hi" little, small and krr time)
from hapx part)
hm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, finished
hmpx: [hIm."p'I] P F n. minority, least, small
hasey si: [ha."sEj "si] P F vin. accomplish, bring
part
to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fi- hmtxampe: [hIm."t'am.pE] P F inter. how much
nished)
variant of pmtxan
hawl: [hawl] P F vtr. prepare
hmtxan: [hIm."t'an] P F n. amount (c.w. from
hawmpam: ["hawm.pam] P F n. noise. sound
hm small and txan much)
that is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate, hmtxew: [hIm."t'Ew] P F n. minimum (c.w.
unexpected or startling (derived from hawng
from hm small and txew limit)
overabundance and pam sound)
hmtxewvay: [hIm."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. minimally
hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance
(derived from hmtxew minimum)
hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. late (c.w. from hno: [hI."no] P F adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri"
hawng overabundance
and krr time)
cate (of things)
>
hawntsyokx: [hawn."tsjok'] P F n. glove (c.w. hpey: ["hI.pEj] P F vin. hesitate, hold back for a
from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)
short time (derived from hi small and pey
hawnu: ["haw.nu] P F vtr. protect, shelter
wait)
hawnven: [hawn."vEn] P F n. shoe (c.w. from htxoa: [hI."t'o.a] P F intj. excuse me (derived
hawnu protect and venu foot)
from hi small and txoa forgiveness)
hawre: [haw."REP] P F n. hat (c.w. from hawnu hoan: ["ho.an] P F n. comfort
protect and reo head)
hoet: ["ho.Et^] P F adj. vast, broad, expansive
>
hawtsyp: ["haw.tsjIp^] P F n. nap (derived from hol: [hol] P F adj. few
hahaw sleep)
holpxay: [hol."p'aj] P F n. number (c.w. from
hay: [haj] P F adj. next
hol few and pxay many)
hayalo: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from holpxaype: [hol."p'aj.pE] P F inter. how many
hay next and alo time)
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
hn: [hn] P F n. net, web
hona: ["ho.na] P F adj. endearing, adorable, cute
hefi: ["hE.fi] P F vtr. smell (not intentionally)
hrrap: ["hr.ap^] P F n. danger
>
hefitswo: ["hE.fi.tswo] P F n. (sense of) smell (de- hu: [hu] "P F adp. with (accompaniment)
rived from hefi smell)
hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although
hek: [hEk^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, un- hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind
>
expected
hufwetsyp: [hu."fwE.tsjIp^] P F n. breeze, light
hena: ["hE.na] P F vtr. carry
wind (derived from hufwe wind)
>
hermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] P F n. snow flurry (deri- hultstxem: [hul."tst'Em] P F vtr. hinder
ved from herw snow and meyp weak)
hum: [hum] P F vin. leave, depart
hertxayo: ["hER.t'a.jo] P F n. snow field (derived huru: ["hu.Ru] P F n. cooking pot
from herw snow and txayo field)
10
I
ien: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument
ikut: ["i.kut^] P F n. large pestle (grinding tool);
meal-mashing pole
il: [il] P F vin. bend
inan: [i."nan] P F vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain
knowledge from sensory input (stress moves
to first syllable with infixation)
inanfya: [i."nan.fja] P F n. sense (means of perception) (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledge
from sensory input and fyao path, way)
ingyen: ["iN.jEn] P F n. feeling of mystery or incomprehension
ingyenga: ["iN.jE.NaP] P F adj. mysterious, puzzling, enigmatic (derived from ingyen feeling
of mystery)
>
ingyentsim: ["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. mystery, riddle,
enigma, conundrum (c.w. from ingyen feeling
of mystery and tsim source)
>
ingyentsyp: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. trick, sleight
of hand, clever/special methodology (derived
from ingyen feeling of mystery)
io: ["i.o] P F adp. over, above
ioang: [i."o.aN] P F n. animal, beast
ioi: [i."o.i] P F n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel
(item of)
ioi si: [i."o.i si] P F vin. adorn (derived from ioi
adornment)
irayo: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks
irayo si: [i."Ra.jo "si] P F vin. thank, give thanks
(derived from irayo thanks)
11
12
13
L
lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else
lal: [lal] P F adj. old (opposite of mip) nfp.
lam: [lam] P F vin. seem, appear
lang: [laN] P F vtr. investigate, explore
PF
>
latsi: [la."tsi] LA v. keep up with someone
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain
lawk: [lawk^] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about,
say something concerning
lawnol: ["law.nol] P F n. great joy
lawr: [lawR] P F n. melody
law si: ["law "si] P F vin. make clear (derived
from law clear)
layompin: [la."jom.pin] P F n. black (derived
from layon black)
layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black
ltxayn: [l."t'ajn] P F vtr. defeat in battle, conquer
leal: [lE."Pal] P F adj. wasteful (derived from al
waste) nfp.
leaw: [lE."Paw] P F adj. only
leen: [lE."PEn] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (derived from en guess) nfp.
lefkrr: [lE."fkr] P F adj. current (derived from
"
fkrr this time)
lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived
from fngap metal)
lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joyous, pleasant (derived from fpom happiness,
peace) nfp.
lefpomron: [lE.fpom."Ron] P F adj. healthy (mentally) (derived from fpomron health or wellbeing (mentally)) ofp.
lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok'] P F adj. healthy
(physically) (derived from fpomtokx health
(physical) ) ofp.
lehawmpam: [lE."hawm.pam] P F adj. noisy
(derived from hawmpam noise)
lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived
from hawng overabundance)
lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. late (derived
from hawngkrr late) "
lehpey: [lE."hI.pEj] P F adj. hesitant, in a state of
hesitation (derived from hpey hesitate)
lehoan: [lE."ho.an] P F adj. comfortable (derived
from hoan comfort)
lehrrap: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. dangerous (derived
from hrrap" danger)
leioae: [lE.i.o."a.E] P F n. respect
leioae si: [lE.i.o."a.E si] P F vin. to respect (derived from leioae respect)
lek: [lEk^] P F vtr. heed, obey
lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from
kin need)
15
16
M
ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker)
makto: ["mak.to] P F vtr. ride
mal: [mal] P F adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiring
masat: ["ma.sat] P F n. breastplate (armor)
mauti: ["ma.u.ti] P F n. fruit
maw: [maw] P F adp. after (time)
mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm
maweypey: [ma."wEj.pEj] P F svin. be patient
(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)
maweypeyyu: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] P F n. One who
is patient (derived from maweypey be patient)
mawfwa: ["maw.fwa] P F conj. after (c.w. from
maw after and fwa that)
mawkrr: ["maw.kr] P F adv. after, afterwards
(c.w. from maw" after and krr time)
mawkrra: [maw."kr.a] P F conj. after (temporal)
"
variant of akrrmaw
(c.w. from krr time and
maw after)
mawl: [mawl] P F n. half
may: [majP] P F vtrm. try, sample, evaluate,
check out, test-drive
mkxu: [m."k'u] P F vtr. interrupt, throw out of
harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm)
meem: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious
mefo: ["mE.fo] P F pn. they, those two (derived
from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
mek: [mEk^] P F adj. empty, or metaphorically:
having no value
mekre: ["mEk.RE] P F n. supplies
>
mektseng: ["mEk.tsEN] P F n. gap, breach (c.w.
from mek empty and tseng place)
melo: ["mE.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+
dual marker and alo time)
menari: [mE."na.Ri] P F n. eyes (two) (derived
from me+ dual and nari eye)
meoauniaea: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. harmony, living at one with nature
merki: ["mER.ki] P F n. ground rack (for smoking
meats)
mesrram: [mE.sr."am] P F n., adv. the day befo" days ago (derived from trr
re yesterday, two
day)
mesrray: [mE.sr."aj] P F n., adv. the day after tomorrow, two "days from now (derived from trr
day)
meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor
17
N
na: [na] P F adp. like, as
narng: ["naP.RIN] P F n. forest
naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be
drunk
nafu: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as
and fu this)
namake: [nam."Pa.kE] P F adv. confidently (derived from amake confident)
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, encouragement (mirative)
nari: ["na.Ri] P F n. eye
nari si: ["na.Ri si] P F vin. watch out, be careful
(derived from nari eye)
narlor: [naR."loR] P F adj. beautiful visually (derived from nari eye and lor beautiful, pleasant
to the senses)
narv: [naR."vP] P F adj. ugly, unsightly (derived from nari eye and v unpleasant to the
senses)
natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] P F conj. for example,
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tkenong example)
nawfwe: [naw."fwE] P F adj. fluent (for speech)
Contraction of na hufwe
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble
nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] P F n. great person (derived from nawm great)
nawri: ["naw.Ri] P F adj. talented
nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value
nine)
18
>
niktsyey: ["nik.tsjEj] P F n. food wrap (food items
wrapped in edible leaves or vines) (c.w. from
nik convenient and tsyey snack, light meal)
nim: [nim] P F adj. timid, shy
ninan: ["ni.nan] P F adv. by reading (derived
from inan read)
ningyen: ["niN,jEn] P F adv. mysteriously, in a
puzzling fashion (derived from ingyen feeling of mystery)
nip: [nip^] P F vin. become stuck, get caught in
something
nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people)
nivi: ["ni.vi] P F n. sleeping hammock (general
term)
n: [nI] P F adverbial deriving affix
nal: [nI."Pal] P F adv. wastefully (derived from
al waste)
naw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from aw
one)
nawtu: [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one person) (c.w. from aw one and tute person)
nawve: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. first (derived
from awve first)
nen: [nI."PEn] P F adv. making an informed
guess, acting on intuition (derived from en
guess)
neng: [nI."PEN] P F adv. equally, on the same level (derived from engeng level)
neoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (derived from eoio ceremonious)
neveng: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv. like a child, immaturely (derived from eveng child)
neyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in
answer (derived from eyng answer)
nia: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (derived from ia end)
nit: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (abstract) (derived from it bit, a small amount)
no: [nI."PoP] P F adv. in a manner which is enjoyable, enjoyably (derived from o exciting)
nul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more
nulul: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F adv. increasingly, more
and more (derived from ul increase)
nawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv. as
you know, as is known (casual speech
[naw."no.mum]) (derived from awn passive participle infix and omum know)
nayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do
(casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayo-
eng us (inclusive))
nfe: [nI."fEP] P F adv. badly (derived from fe
bad)
nfkeytongay: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F adv. actually,
as a matter of fact (c.w. from tfkeytok situation and ngay true)
nfkrr: [nI."fkr] P F adv. lately, currently (deri"
ved from fkrr
this time)
nflrr: [nI."flr] P F adv. gently, tenderly (derived
from flrr "gentle)
nfmokx: [nI."fmok'] P F adv. jealously, enviously (derived from fmokx jealousy)
nfnu: [nI."fnu] P F adv. silently (derived from
fnu quiet)
nfrakrr: [nI."fRa.kr] P F adv. as always (derived
"
from frakrr always)
nftr: [nI."ftR] P F adv. to the left (derived
from ftr left)
nftue: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. easily (derived from
ftue easy)
nftxan: [nI."ft'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent
(derived from ftxan so, to such an extent)
nftxavang: [nI."ft'a.vaN] P F adv. passionately,
with all heart (derived from ftxavang passionate)
nfwefwi: [nI."fwE.fwi] P F adv. by whistling, in
a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi
whistle)
nfyao: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. in a manner (derived from fyao way)
nfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv. like an adult,
maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)
nhawmpam: [nI."hawm.pam] P F adv. noisily
(derived from hawmpam noise)
nhawng: [nI."hawN] P F adv. too, excessively
(derived from hawng overabundance)
nhay: [nI."haj] P rr adv. next (derived from hay
next)
nhek: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. strangely, oddly (derived from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
manner, adverbial)
nhpey: [nI."hI.pEj] P F adv. hesitantly (derived
from hpey hesitate)
nhoan: [nI."ho.an] P F adv. comfortably (derived from hoan comfort)
nhoet: [nI."ho.Et^] P F adv. widely, pervasively
(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)
nhol: [nI."hol] P F adv. few, not many (derived
from hol few)
19
20
21
zong save)
nokx: [nok'] P F vtr. give birth to
nong: [noN] P F vtr. follow, proceed after
nopx: [nop'] P F vtr. put away, store
nrr: [nr] P F vin. glow, be luminous
" .a]
nrra: ["nr
P F n. pride, feeling of pride
"
nu+: ["nu.] P F adp. beyond
nui: ["nu.i] P F vin. fail, falter, go astray, not obtain expected or desired result
nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived
"
from krr time)
nulnew: [nul."nEw] P F vtrm. prefer (ii) (derived from new want)
nume: ["nu.mE] P F vin. learn
Ng
nga: [Na] P F pn. you
nga: [NaP] P F vtr. contain
ngam: [Nam] P F n. echo
ngampam: ["Nam.pam] P F n. rhyme (c.w. from
ngam echo and pam sound)
ngampam si: ["Nam.pam si] P F vin. rhyme (derived from ngampam rhyme)
>
ngatsyp: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. little you, you little
(derived from nga you)
ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm
ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true
ngaytxoa: [Naj."t'o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologies (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.
from ngey your and txoa forgiveness)
ngn: [N."Pn] P F vin. suffer mentally or
emotionally, be miserable
ngng: [NN] P F n. stomach
ngzk: ["N.zIk^] P F adj. difficult, hard
ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honorific (honourific) form) (derived from nga you)
ngep: [NEp^] P F n. navel
O
oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me
oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclusive), you and I (derived from oe I)
ohakx: [o."hak'] P F adj. hungry
>
oetsyp: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. little me, little I (de- ohe: ["o.hE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial
rived from oe I)
form)
oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause
P
pao: ["pa.Po] P F n. side
pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement
pam: [pam] P F n. sound
pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from
pam sound and rel image)
pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. spelling (derived from pamrel writing and fyao way)
pamrel si: [pam."REl "si] P F vin. write (derived
from pamrel writing)
pamrelsiyu: [pam."rEl.si.ju] P F n. writer (derived from pamrel writing)
pamrelvi: [pam."REl.vi] P F n. letter (phonetic
symbol) (derived from pamrel writing)
>
pamtseo: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. music (c.w. from
pam sound and tseo art)
>
pamtseongopyu: [pam.tsE.o."Nop.ju] P F n. music creator, composer (c.w. from pamtseo music and ngopyu creator) eg. James Horner
>
pamtseo si: ["pam.tsE.o "si] P F vin. play music
(with fa for instrument played) (derived from
pamtseo music)
>
pamtseotu: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. musician (derived from pamtseo music)
pan: [pan] P F n. third, one third
pate: ["pa.tE] ZS v. get to a place, arrive
pawm: [pawm] P F v. ask
pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid
payfya: ["paj.fja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
water and fyao way)
payva: ["paj.I.va] P F n. drop of water (derived
from pay water and lva drop)
paynga: ["paj.NaP] P F adj. moist, humid, damp
(derived from pay water and nga contain)
payoang: [paj."o.aN] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay
water and ioang animal)
paysena: ["paj.sE.na] P F n. water container (c.w.
from pay water and shena container)
23
ant of slosneppe
pesomwew: [pE.som."wEw] P F inter. what temperature? (derived from somwew temperature)
pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who variant of tupe
peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) variant of
upe
pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck
pey: [pEj] P F vin. wait, wait for
piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open, clear (for cloudless
skies)
piak si: [pi."ak^ si] P F vin. open (derived from
piak open)
pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe
pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor
pmtxan: [pIm."t'an] P F inter. how much variant of hmtxampe
pwopx: [pI."wop'] P F n. cloud
>
pwopxtsyp: [pI."wop'.tsjIp] P F n. nebula (derived from pwopx cloud) lit.: little cloud
pllngay: [pl."Naj] P F vin. admit (derived from
" and ngay true)
plltxe speak
plltxe: [pl."t'E] P F v. speak
plltxeyu: " [pl."t'E.ju] P F n. speaker (derived
" speak)
from plltxe
po: [po] P F pn. he, she
poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
Px
pxan: [p'an] P F adj. worthy
pxask: ["p'a.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way!
(vulgar)
pxasul: ["p'a.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food
pxaw: [p'aw] P F adp. around
pxawngip: ["p'aw.Nip^] P F n. environment (c.w.
from pxaw around and ngip space)
pxawpa: ["p'aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumference, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
pao side)
pxawpxun: ["p'aw.p'un] P F n. armband (c.w.
from pxaw around and pxun arm)
pxay: [p'aj] P F adj. many (used with singular
or plural noun forms)
pxayopin: ["p'aj.o.pin] P F adj. colorful, multicolored, variegated (c.w. from pxay many and
opin color)
pxek: [p'Ek^] P F vtr. kick, shove
pxel: [p'El] P F adp. like, as
pxelo: ["p'E.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (derived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)
pxen: [p'En] P F n. functional clothing (item of)
pxesrram: [p'E.sr."am] P F n., adv. three days ago
(derived from" trr day)
pxesrray: [p'E.sr."aj] P F n., adv. three days from
now (derived" from trr day)
pxey: [p'Ej] P F num. three
pxeyve: ["p'Ej.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (derived from pxey three)
pxi: [p'i] P F adj. sharp (as a point)
pxim: [p'im] P F adj. erect, upright
24
R
ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning
ralnga: ["Ral.NaP] P F adj. meaningful, instructive, something from which a lesson can be learned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga contain)
ralpeng: [Ral."pEN] P F vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w.
from ral meaning and peng tell)
ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain
>
ramtsyp: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. hill (derived from
ram mountain)
ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. well
ran: [Ran] P F n. intrinsic character or nature, essence, constititution; basic nature of something
resulting from the totality of its properties; often best translated as personality
rangal: ["Ra.Nal] P F vin. wish
raspu: [Ra."spuP] P F n. leggings (used in war)
rawke: ["Raw.kE] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defense
rawm: [Rawm] P F n. lightning (general term)
rawmpxom: ["Rawm.p'om] P F n. thunder and
lightning (derived from rawm lightning and
rrpxom thunder)
rawn: [Rawn] P F vtr. replace, substitute
r: [R."P] P F part. do not (for negative imperatives, commands only)
reo: ["RE.Po] P F n. head
rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture
rel arusikx: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. movie, film,
video (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)
>
reltseo: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from
rel image and tseo art)
>
reltseotu: ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (visual)
(derived from reltseo visual art)
reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically) nfp.
25
S
sanok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from
saatenuk C )
sanu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectionate form of sanok mother)
>
sanutsyp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy
(used for young girls) (derived from sanu
mommy)
sasem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parent or set of parents
(derived from sanok mother and sempul
father)
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry
salew: [sa."lEw] P F v. proceed, go
salewfya: [sa."lEw.fja] P F n. direction, course
(derived from salew proceed and fyao path)
san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote
sang: [saN] P F adj. warm
sar: [saR] P F vtr. use
sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat)
sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,
urgh
saylahe: [saj."la.hE] P F adv. et cetera (derived
from s alahe and others) (contraction)
sayrp: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj. handsome, good looking
ofp. (male)
sanla: [s."Pan.la] P F n. yearning (derived
from anla yearn for)
seoio: [s."PE.o.i.o] P F n. ceremony, ritual, rite
(derived from eoio ceremonious)
seoio si: [s."PE.o.i.o si] P F vin. take part in
a ceremony, perform a ritual (derived from
seoio ceremony)
26
27
28
nrra pride)
snumna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim ofp. (refers
to a dim person)
soha: ["soP.ha] P F vtr. be enthusiastic about,
show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note:
Being enthusiastic is always transitive in
Navi -PF)
soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive
form soai)
sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent
som: [som] P F adj. hot
somwew: [som."wEw] P F n. temperature (derived from som hot and wew cold)
somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE] P F inter. what temperature? (more common) (derived from
somwew temperature)
sop: [sop^] P F vin. travel
sopyu: ["sop.ju] P F n. traveller (derived from
sop travel)
sosul: [so."sul] P F adj. pleasant smell of nearby
running water, rain, moist vegetation
spaw: [spaw] P F vtr. believe
sp: [sp] P F v. jump
sppeng: [sp."pEN] P F vin. restore oneself (metaphorically) (derived from speng restore)
spee: [spE."PE] P F vtr. capture
speetu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived
from spee capture)
speng: [spEN] P F vtr. restore
spono: ["spo.no] P F n. island
spule: ["spu.lE] P F vtr. propel
spulmokri: [spul."mok.Ri] P F n. telephone (derived from spule propel and mokri voice)
spulyaney: [spul.ja."nEj] P F n. canoe paddle
(c.w. from spule propel and yaney canoe)
spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old, former nfp.
spxam: [sp'am] P F n. mushroom, fungus
spxin: [sp'in] P F adj. sick
srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes
or no questions
sran: [sRan] P F part., intj. yes (colloquial)
srane: ["sRa.nE] P F part., intj. yes
sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful
sr: [sR] P F n. cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a
loom
srtx: [sRt'] P F vtr. annoy, bother
sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time)
sre: [sREP] P F n. tooth
29
30
T
ta: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal
sense with other time words)
taem: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above
taleng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin
talengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue
(c.w. from taleng skin and ean blue)
tafkip: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w.
from ta from and fkip up among)
tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that
takip: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from
ta from and kip among)
takrra: [ta."kr.a] P F conj. since (temporal) vari" (c.w. from krr time and ta from)
ant of akrrta
takuk: ["ta.kuk^] P F vtr. strike
talun: [ta."lun] P F adp. because of, due to
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)
tam: [tam] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that
will do, OK
tam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content,
there there
tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree)
tanh: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle
tare: ["ta.RE] P F vtr. connect, relate to, have a relationship with
31
32
kifkey world)
tftxavang: [tI."ft'a.vaN] P F n. passion (derived
from ftxavang passionate)
tftxey: [tI."ft'Ej] P F n. choice (derived from ftxey choose)
tftxulu: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech-making,
public speaking (derived from ftxulu orate,
give speech)
tfyawntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t'u] P F n. guidance
(derived from fyawntxu guide)
tfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full
fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
thawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (derived from hawl prepare)
thawnu: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. protection (derived
from hawnu protect, shelter)
thawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "si] P F vin. protect (derived from thawnu protection)
thpey: [ti."hI.pEj] P F n. hesitation (derived
from hpey hesitate)
thona: [tI."ho.na] P F n. cuteness, adorableness
(derived from hona endearing)
tkn: [tIk."PIn] P F n. free time, the absence of business (derived from n be busy)
tkakpam: [tI.kak."pam] P F n. deafness (derived from kakpam deaf )
tkakrel: [tI.kak."REl] P F n. blindness (derived
from kakrel blind)
tkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target
(derived from kan aim)
tkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. work (derived
from kem action, deed)
tkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "si] P F vin. work
(derived from tkangkem work)
tkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n. project, piece of work (derived from tkangkem work)
tkanu: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived
from kanu smart)
tkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from
kawng bad)
tkeftxo: [tI.kE."ft'o] P F n. sadness (derived
from keftxo unhappy)
tkeftxonga: [tI.kE."ft'o.NaP] P F adj. sad (derived from keftxo unhappy) nfp.
tkelu: [tI."kE.lu] P F n. lack (derived from ke
not and lu be)
tkenong: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. example (derived
from kenong model)
33
tmwi: [tIm."wi.] P F n. fairness, justice (derived from mui proper, fair, right, justified)
tmy: ["tIm.jI] P F n. low level (c.w. from tm low
and y level)
tn: [tIn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (derived from n be busy)
tnawri: [tI."naw.Ri] P F n. talent (derived from
nawri talented)
tnew: [tI."nEw] P F n. desire (derived from new
want)
tng: [tIN] P F vtr. give
tngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay
true)
tngzk: [tI."N.zIk^] P F n. difficulty, problem
(derived from ngzk difficult)
tng lawr: [tIN lawR] P F vin. sing wordlessly, give out a tune or melody (derived from lawr
melody)
tng mikyun: ["tIN "mik.jun] P F vin. listen (derived from tng give and mikyun ear)
tng nari: ["tIN "na.Ri] P F vin. look (derived
from tng give and nari eye)
tngong: [tI."NoN] P F n. lethargy, laziness (derived from ngong lazy)
tngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. abstract idea of a creation
(derived from ngop create)
>
tng tseng: ["tIN "tsEN] P F vin. back down, give ground (derived from tng give and tseng
ground)
tng zekw: ["tIN "zEk.w] P F vin. touch (intentionally) (derived from tng give and zekw
finger)
tno: [tI."no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to detail
tnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived
from newomum be curious)
tnui: [tI."nu.i] P F n. failure (abstract concept)
(derived from nui fail, falter)
toeyktng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (derived from eyk cause (root)) (Pronounced
[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)
tohakx: [tI.o."hak'] P F n. hunger (derived from
ohakx hungry)
tomum: [tI."o.mum] P F n. knowledge (derived
from omum know)
tpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived
from pawm ask)
tphem: [tI."p.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived
from phem arrive)
34
35
Ts
>
tsau: ["tsa.Pu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from
tsa that and u thing)
>
tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w.
from tsa- that and fyao way)
>
tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning
or frustration, crap!, ah, hell!
>
tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl "si] P F vin. bond with,
establish a neural connection (derived from
tsaheylu bond)
>
tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural connection)
>
>
tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F dem. that
(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem action)
>
tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F adv. then, at that time, that
" from tsa- that and krr time)
time (derived
>
tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the
meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up
to)
>
tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject)
>
tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless,
even so
>
tsam: [tsam] P F n. war
>
tsamopin: ["tsa.mo.pin] P F n. warpaint (c.w.
from tsam war and opin color)
>
tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w.
from tsam war and pongu party)
>
tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived
from tsam si make war and yu agent suffix)
>
tsanul: ["tsan.Pul] P F vin. improve, get better
(c.w. from sltsan good and ul increase)
>
tsang: [tsaN] P F n. a piercing
>
tsankum: ["tsan(N).kum] P F n. advantage, benefit, upside, gain (c.w. from tsanul improve,
get better and kum result)
>
tsankumnga: ["tsan(N).kum.NaP] P F adj. advantageous (derived from tsankum advantage, benefit, upside, gain)
>
tsapalute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology
36
>
tsapalute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE "si] P F vin. apologise (apologize) (derived from tsapalute apology)
>
tsapo: ["tsa.po] P F pn. that one (for people only)
(c.w. from tsa that and po he/she)
>
tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsau-ri that (topical) and a subordinator)
>
tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object)
>
tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsau-t that (patientive) and a subordinator)
> >
> >
tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F dem., n.
there, that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng
place)
>
tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from
tsa that and tute person)
>
tsaw: [tsaw] P F dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive
subject)
>
tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsau that (subjective) and a subordinator)
>
tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun
>
tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall ofp.
>
tsawlh: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl
big (in size) and hi small (in size))
>
tsawl slu: ["tsawl "slu] P F vin. grow (c.w. from
tsawl big and slu become)
>
tsawlultxa: [tsawl.ul."t'a] P F n. large gathering,
conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa meeting)
>
tsawsngem: [tsaw."sNEm] P F adj. muscular (derived from tsawl big and tsngem muscle)
>
ts: [tsP] P F v. squirt
>
tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter)
>
tsea: [tsE."Pa] P F vtr. see (physical sense)
>
>
tseatswo: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n. (sense of) sight,
vision (derived from tsea see)
> >
tseltsul: ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. whitewater rapids
(countable, but only rarely)
>
tsenga: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. where, place where (derived from tseng place)
>
tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place
>
tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived
from tseng place)
>
tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where variant of
peseng
>
tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art
>
tseotu: ["tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (generic term) (derived from tseo art)
>
tseri: ["tsE.Ri] P F vtr. note, notice
>
tsewtx: [tsEwt'] P F adj. dirty
>
tsim: [tsim] P F n. source
>
tsk: [tsIk] P F adv. suddenly, without warning
>
tslpey: [tsIl."pEj] P F n. hope (abstract idea) (derived from slpey hope)
>
tsng: [tsIN] P F num. four
>
tssy: ["tsI.syI] P F vin. whisper
>
tsve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
from tsng four)
>
tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow
>
tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon)
>
tsko swizaw: ["tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and arrow (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
>
>
tskxaytsyp: ["tsk'aj.tsjIp^] P F n. hail (derived
from tskxepay ice)
>
tskxe: [tsk'E] P F n. rock, stone
>
tskxekeng: ["tsk'E.kEN] P F n. training, exercise
>
tskxekeng si: ["tsk'E.kEN "si] P F vin. exercise,
train (derived from tskxekeng training)
>
tskxepay: ["tsk'E.paj] P F n. ice (derived from
tskxe stone and pay water)
>
tskxevi: ["tsk'E.vi] P F n. pebble, small stone polished smooth by natural forces (derived from
tskxe rock, stone)
>
tslam: [tslam] P F vtr. understand
>
tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false
>
tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand
(derived from tslam understand and ol
perfective aspect infix)
>
tsmi: [tsmi] P F n. nectar
>
tsmisnrr: ["tsmi.snr] P F n. bladder lantern, nectar lantern (c.w." from tsmi nectar and nrr
glow)
>
tsmm: [tsmIm] P F n. track, trace (of animal or
person)
>
tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling
>
tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived
from tsmuk sibling)
>
tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from
tsmuk sibling)
>
tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived
from tsmuk sibling)
>
tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup
>
tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat
>
tsngawpay: ["tsNaw.paj] P F n. tears (c.w. from
tsngawvk cry and pay water)
>
tsngawpayvi: ["tsNaw.paj.vi] P F n. teardrop
(c.w. from tsngawvk cry and pay+vi water,
with partitive marker)
>
tsngawvk: ["tsNaw.vIk^] P F vin. cry, weep
37
>
tsngem: [tsNEm] P F n. muscle
>
tsn: [tsnI] P F sbd. that (function word) (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
>
tson: [tson] P F n. obligation, duty, imposed requirement
>
tsong: [tsoN] P F n. valley
>
tsongropx: ["tsoN.Rop'] P F n. hole, cavity, excavation with a bottom (visible or presumed) (c.w.
from tsong valley and ropx hole)
> >
tsongtsyp: ["tsoN.tsjIp] P F n. dimple (derived
from tsong valley)
>
tsonta: ["tson.ta] P F conj. to (with kxm) (derived from tson obligation, duty, imposed requirement) (contraction of tsonit a)
>
tsop: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung
>
tspang: [tspaN] P F vtr. kill
>
tsranten: ["tsRan.tEn] P F vin. matter, be of importance
>
tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village
>
tsrei: ["tsRE.Pi] P F vtr. throw
>
tsrul: [tsRul] P F n. nest; protected area serving as
the home of Pandoran fauna
>
tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife
>
tstalsena: ["tstal.sE.na] P F n. knife sheath (c.w.
from tstal knife and shena carrier)
>
tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave ofp.
>
tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut, overcast (for
cloudy skies)
>
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful,
considerate
>
tstu si: ["tstu "si] P F vin. close (derived from
tstu closed)
>
tstxo: [tst'o] P F n. name
>
tstxolu: ["tst'o.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from
tstxo name and lu word)
>
tsuo: ["tsu.Po] P F n. ability
>
tsuksm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin
>
>
tsuktswa: [tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. forgettable (derived from tswa forget)
>
tsukyom: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. edible (derived
from yom eat)
>
tsulf: [tsul."f] P F n. mastery
>
tsulf si: [tsul."f "si] P F vin. master (derived
from tsulf mastery)
>
tsulftu: [tsul."f.tu] P F n. master of an art,
craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulf
mastery)
>
tsulftunay: [tsul.f.tu."naj] P F n. near-master
(derived from tsulftu master)
>
tsun: [tsun] P F vim. can, be able
>
tsunslu: ["tsun.slu] P F vin. may, be possible
(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
>
tsurokx: [tsu."Rok'] P F vin. rest
>
tswa: [tswaP] P F vtr. forget
>
tswayon: ["tswaj.on] P F vin. fly
>
tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid
>
>
tswintsyp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (derived from tswin queue)
>
tsyafe: ["tsja.fE] P F adj. mild, moderate, comfortable
>
tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing
>
tsyr: [tsjR] P F vtr. reject
>
tsyey: [tsjEj] P F n. snack, light meal
>
tsyeym: [tsjEjm] P F n. treasure; something rare
and of great value
> >
tsyeytsyp: ["tsjEj.tsjIp^] P F n. tiny bite (derived from tsyey snack, light meal)
>
tsyl: [tsjIl] P F vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire
body up)
>
tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour
>
tsyokx: [tsjok'] P F n. hand
>
tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour
(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)
Tx
txa: [t'aP] P F adj. hard
txal: [t'al] P F n. back (of the body)
txampay: [t'am."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from
txan much and pay water)
txampx: [t'am."p'I] P F n. majority, most, large
part (derived from txan much)
txan: [t'an] P F adj. much
txanatan: ["t'a.na.tan] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w.
from txan much and atan light)
txanew: ["t'a.nEw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from txan much and new want)
txanfwerw: [t'an."fwER.wI] P F n. blizzard (derived from txan much and hufwe+herw
wind+snow)
txankrr: [t'aN."kr] P F adv. for a long time (c.w.
" and krr time)
from txan much
txanlal: ["t'an.lal] P F adj. ancient, very old (c.w.
from txan much and lal old)
38
39
U
uk: [uk^] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last
shadow)
ukxo: [u."k'o] P F adj. dry
ulte: ["ul.tE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction)
ultxa: [ul."t'a] P F n. meeting
ultxarun: [ul."t'a.Run] P F vtr. encounter, meet
by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and
run find)
ultxa si: [ul."t'a "si] P F vin. meet with someone
intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ultxa meeting)
ultxatu: [ul."t'a.tu] P F n. meeting participant
(derived from ultxa meeting)
um: [um] P F adj. loose
unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream
unil si: ["u.nil si] P F vin. dream (derived from
unil dream)
uniltrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'] JC,P F n. avatar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltranyu
dreamwalker and tokx body)
uniltrantokxolo: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'.o.loP] P F
n. clan, or group of avatars (c.w. from uniltrantokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo
clan)
V
var: [vaR] P F vim. to persist in a state, to continue to perform an action
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark
vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] P F n. dark color (derived from vawm dark)
vawt: [vawt^] P F adj. solid, not hollow
vay: [vaj] P F adp. up to
vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay
" time)
up to and krr
v: [vP] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noisome
vng: [vN] P F adj. thirsty
vpam: ["v.pam] P F n. noise. ugly or unpleasant sound, screech (derived from v unpleasant to the senses and pam sound)
vek: [vEP."kI] P F vtr. hate
veo: ["vEP.o] P F n. order (as opposed to disorder
or chaos), organization
vefya: ["vE.fja] P F n. system, process, procedure,
approach (c.w. from veo order, organization
40
be)
vin: [vin] P F vtr. request, ask for
vingkap: ["viN.kap^] P F vtr. occur to one, pop
into ones mind
vir: [vi."R] P F v. spread, proliferate
vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul
vll: [vl] P F vin., vtr. indicate, point at
"
vol: [vol] P F num. eight
volve: ["vol.vE] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived
from vol eight)
vospx: [vo."sp'I] P F n. month (derived from
vospx twelfth and zst of a year)
W
walak: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. energetic, active
wan: [wan] P F vtr. hide
wawe: [wa."wE] P F n. meaning, importance, significance
way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial)
way a plltxe: [waj a pl.t'E] P F ph. spoken poem
(as a melodic recital) "(derived from way sing
(ceremonial register))
way a rol: [waj a Rol] P F ph. sung poem (derived from way sing (ceremonial register))
way aylu: [waj. ajlI.Pu] P F ph. words of a
poem or lyrics of a song (derived from way
sing (ceremonial register))
way si: ["waj "si] P F vin. sing (derived from
way song)
waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song cord (c.w.
from way song and telem cord)
w+: [w] P F adp. against (as in: fight against)
wsul: ["w.sul] P F vin. compete
wte: [w."tE] P F vtr. argue, dispute
wtu: ["w.tu] P F n. opponent (derived from
w- against)
wtx: [wt'] P F vtr. be bad at
weay: ["wE.Paj] P F adj. sour
wem: [wEm] P F vin. fight
wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. squad, military clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and
pongu group)
wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold
weyn: [wEjn] P F vtr. draw, illustrate
win: [win] P F adj. fast
win spi: ["win s."pi] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from
win fast and spi do (reflexive))
win si: ["win "si] P F vin. rush something, make
something fast (derived from win fast)
wip: [wip^] P F adj. salty
wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or
frustration, damn!
wngay: [wI."Naj] P F vtr. prove (derived from
wntxu show and ngay true)
wntxu: [wIn."t'u] P F vtr. show
wo: [wo] P F vtr. reach for
wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud
wokau: [wok."a.u] JC,P F n. pendulum drum
(c.w. from wok loud and au drum)
wotx: [wot'] P F n. totality, whole
wrrpa: ["wr.pa] P F n., adv. outside
"
wrrzau: [wr."za.Pu] P F vin. come out, emerge
(derived "from wrrpa outside and zau come)
wum: [wum] P F adv. approximately, roughly
wur: [wuR] P F adj. cool, chilly
>
wutso: ["wu.tso] P F n. dinner, served meal
41
Y
ya: [ja] P F n. air
yafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] P F n. weather (derived
from fkeytok exist)
yak: [jak^] P F n. fork, branch, point of divergence
yak si: [jak^ si] P F vin. diverge, change direction, go astray (derived from yak point of divergence)
yaney: [ja."nEj] P F n. canoe
yapay: ["ja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from
ya air and pay water)
yawne: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. beloved
yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yawntu: ["jawn.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yawnyewla: [jawn."jEw.la] P F n. broken heart,
broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne beloved
and yewla disappointment)
yawo: [ja."wo] P F vin. take off, launch (c.w.
from ya air and wo reach for)
yayayr: [ja."jajR] P F n. confusion
yayayrnga: [ja."jajR.NaP] P F adj. confusing (derived from yayayr confusion)
>
yayayrtsim: [ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. something confusing, source of confusion (c.w. from yayayr
confusion and tsim source)
yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant
yayo: ["ja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and
ioang animal)
>
yayotsrul: ["ja.jo.tsRul] P F n. birds nest (c.w.
from yayo bird and tsrul nest)
ykx: [Jk'] P F vtr. not notice, ignore, snub
yn: [jn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down
ye: [jE] P F adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full
yekrr: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. early (derived from
yern soon "and krr time)
yern: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. soon
yehakx: ["jE.hak'] P F adj. satisfied from hunger,
full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry)
yem: [jEm] P F vtr. put, place
yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay water)
yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "si] P F vin. dip into
liquid (derived from yemfpay dipping)
yemstokx: ["jEm.stok'] P F vtr. put on (clothing), don (c.w. from yem sn put on and to-
kx body)
yengwal: [jEN."wal] P F n. sorrow
yevng: ["jE.vN] P F adj. satisfied from thirst by
drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived from
ye satisfied and vng thirsty)
yewla: ["jEw.la] P F n. disappointment, emotional
let-down, failed expectation
yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight
yeyfya: ["jEj.fja] P F n. straight line (derived
from yey straight and fyao path)
y: [jI] P F n. shelf, ledge, level, step, rung (Can also be used metaphorically to refer to the level of anything scalable - anything that can
have levels or degrees, highs and lows, water level, temperature, talent, anger, etc.)
ym: [jIm] P F vtr. bind
yll: [jl] P F adj. communal
"
ylltxep: ["jl.t'Ep^] P F n. communal fire or fire pit
" yll communal and txep fire)
(c.w. from
yo: [jo] P F n. surface
yo: [joP^] P F svin. be perfect, flawless
yoko: ["joP.ko] P F n. circle (derived from yo
perfect and koon ring)
yoa: ["jo.a] P F adp. in exchange for
yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time)
yom: [jom] P F vtr. eat
yomtng: ["jom.tIN] P F vin. feed (with dative object) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tng give)
yomyo: ["jom.jo] P F n. plate, (for food) (c.w.
from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilitarian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))
yomyo lerk: ["jom.yo lE."rIk^] P F n. leaf plate
(c.w. from yomyo plate (for food) and lerk
leafy)
yora: [jo."RaP] P F vtr. win
yoratu: [jo."RaP.tu] P F n. winner (derived from
yora win)
yrr: [jr] P F adj. wild, natural (something in its
"
original,
unmodified, untampered-with natural
state)
yrrap: ["jr.ap^] P F n. storm (derived from ya air
"
and hrrap
danger)
yuey: ["ju.Ej] P F adj. beautiful (inner beauty)
ofp.
yune: ["ju.nE] P F vtr. listen to (intentionally)
yur: [juR] P F vtr. wash
42
Z
zarp: [za."P.RIp^] P F vtr. pull (derived
from rp move)
zau: ["za.Pu] P F vin. come
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four
zamunge: [za."mu.NE] P F vtr. bring (derived
from munge bring)
zapx: [za."p'I] P F n. front (part or section) (derived from hapx part)
zare: [za."REP] P F n. forehead, brow (c.w. from
zapx front and reo head)
zasrn: [za."sRIn] P F vtr. borrow (derived from
srn temporarily transfer from one to another)
zawng: [zawN] P F vin. scream
zawprrte: [zaw."pr.tEP] P F vin. be enjoyable
" come and prrte pleasu(derived from zau
rable)
zawr: [zawr] P F n. animal call
zfi: ["z.fi] P F adj. modified, interfered with, no
longer in a natural state
zekw: ["zEk.w] P F n. finger
zel: [zEl] P F adv. then (counterfactual use)
zene: ["zE.nE] P F vim. must
zenke: ["zEN.kE] P F vim. must not (ii) (c.w.
from zene must and ke not)
zerok: ["zE.Rok^] P F vtr. remember
zeswa: ["zE.swa] P F n. grass
zeswavi: ["zE.swa.vi] P F n. blade of grass (derived from zeswa grass)
zet: [zEt^] P F vtr. treat (emotionally), display an
attitude towards
43
The following are charts of Navi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.
Note that when using numbers in conversational Navi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a
grammatical rule, called the Koren Holpxay, or the Number Principle, which states that
in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence You
two are teachers. in Navi would be Menga lu karyu. and the sentence They are teachers.
would be Fo lu karyu..
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
kew
aw
mune
pxey
tsng
mrr
pukap
kin
Navi Numbers: 0 39
1
2
3
vol
mevol
pxevol
volaw
mevolaw
pxevolaw
vomun mevomun pxevomun
vopey
mevopey
pxevopey
vosng mevosng pxevosng
vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr
vofu
mevofu
pxevofu
vohin
mevohin
pxevohin
Navi Numbers: 40 63
5
6
7
mrrvol
puvol
kivol
mrrvolaw
puvolaw
kivolaw
mrrvomun puvomun kivomun
mrrvopey
puvopey
kivopey
mrrvosng puvosng kivosng
mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr
mrrvofu
puvofu
kivofu
mrrvohin
puvohin
kivohin
x1
aw
mune
pxey
tsng
mrr
pukap
kin
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
tsvol
tsvolaw
tsvomun
tsvopey
tsvosng
tsvomrr
tsvofu
tsvohin
Ordinal Numbers
Number + -ve
8
volve
awve
9 volawve
muve 10 vomuve
pxeyve 11 vopeyve
tsve
12
vosve
mrrve 13 vomrrve
puve
14 vofuve
kive
15 vohive
44
x4096
zazam
mezazam
pxezazam
tszazam
mrrzazam
puzazam
kizazam
zamtsvosng
Example Number
zam + tsvo + sng 64 + 48 + 4
100
Non-Navi Numbers
8 eyt 9
nayn
Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.
Trrtxon
trrong
trrongmaw
rewon
srekamtrr
kxamtrr
kxamtrrmaw
hangir
kaym
sretonong
txonong
txonongmaw
txon
srekamtxon
kxamtxon
kxamtxomaw
txon
sresrrong
trrong
dawn
after dawn
morning
before noon
noon
after noon
early afternoon
late afternoon
before nightfall
nightfall
after nightfall
night
before midnight
midnight
after midnight
night
before dawn
dawn
ngls: ["PIN.lI.sI] P F n. English language (loa- kunsp: ["kun.sIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from
ned from Eng. English)
Eng. gunship)
Rrta: ["Pr.ta] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned lupuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (loaned
" Earth)
from Navi / Eng. word book)
from Eng.
Losntsyeles: [los."antsJE.lE.sI] P F pn. Los
Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned
Angeles (loaned from "Eng. Los Angeles)
from Greek Europe)
>
matsa: [ma.tsa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned
ewro: ["Ew.Ro] P F n. euro (loaned from Eng. eufrom Hebrew matsa)
ro)
nFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] P F adv. French (loaned
>
hamets: [ha.mE.tsI] P F n. leavened bread (loafrom French Franais)
ned from Hebrew chametz)
nToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] P F adv. German (loaned from German Deutsche)
Jakesully: [ZEjk'su:li] M n. moron, toruk mak>
"
toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor- nTsyungwen: [nI."tsjuN.wEn] P F adv. Zhongwen (loaned from Mandarin Chinese
mally allowable under Navi phonotactic
Zhongwen)
rules)
45
>
Toitslan: ["to.i.tslan] P F prop.n. Germany (loaned from German Deutschland)
>
Toitsye: ["to.i.tsjE] P F adj. German (language)
(loaned from German Deutsch)
toktor: ["tok.toR] P F n. doctor (loaned from
Eng. doctor)
>
tsynel: [tsj.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned
from Eng. channel)
>
tsyrf: [tsjI.R.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from
Eng. giraffe)
>
tsyoklt: ["tsjok.lIt^] P F n. chocolate (loaned
from Eng. chocolate)
txolar: ["t'o.lar] P F n. dollar (loaned from Eng.
dollar)
wep: [wEp^] LN n. web (as in world wide web,
www) (loaned from Eng. web)
>
weptseng: ["wEp.tsEN] LN n. website (loaned
from Eng. / Navi web place)
wou: ["wo.u] P F svin. be amazing, fascinating
(slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)
Yeysu: [jEj.su] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from
Italian Jesu)
Yuesey: [ju.E.sEj] P F prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned
from Eng. U.S.A.)
46
47
Flora
ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik'] P F n. leaf pitcher plant
(c.w. from ampi touch and rikx move)
o: ["P.Po] P F n. pitcher plant
elewll: ["PE.lEP.wl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus
"
(derived from ewll
plant)
anheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral
plant (c.w. from ean blue and heyu spiral)
apxangrr: [a."p'a.Nr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from
"
apxa large and ngrr
root)
atokirina: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the great tree
awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise
eanean: ["E.an."E.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous
plant (c.w. from ean blue)
eyaye: [E."ja.jE] P F n. warbonnet
fkxakewll: ["fk'a.kE.wl] P F n. itch plant (c.w.
" ewll plant)
from fkxake itch and
flefle: ["flE.flE] P F n. Sols delight, magnetotrophic
plant
fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut'.wl] P F n. metalfollowing plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and
sutx follow)
fwkwll: ["fw.kI.wl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w.
from fwk mantis" and ewll plant)
hrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl] P F n. puffer plant
"
kllpxiwll: [kl."p'i.wl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from
"
"
kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant)
kxaylte: ["k'ajl.tE] P F n. cillaphant (derived
from kxayl high)
loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and heyu spiral)
mnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (derived from mn turn)
mulpxar: [mul."p'aR] P F n. roosterhead plant
paliwll: ["paP.li.wl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant
(c.w. from pali" direhorse and ewll plant)
>
pamtseowll: ["pam.tsE.o.wl] P F n. cat ear, mu"
sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo
music and ewll
plant)
paywll: ["paj.wl] P F n. water plant, dapophet
" water and ewll plant)
(c.w. from pay
penghrrap: [pEN."hr.ap^] P F n. binary sunshine,
fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap
danger)
48
>
txumtswll: [t'um."tsP.wl] P F n. Baja tickler, vrumut: ["v.Ru.mut^] P F n. vein pod (c.w.
" from ts squirt
from v unpleasant and rum ball)
poison-squirting plant (c.w.
and ewll plant)
yomhang: [jom."hIP.aN] P F n. small animal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
and hang insect)
vfewll: ["v.fE.wl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell
plant (c.w. from" v unpleasant and fahew yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] P F n. chalice plant (c.w.
from yom eat and ioang animal)
smell)
Fauna
>
angtsk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)
fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron
fpxafaw: ["fp'a.faw] P F n. medusa
fwampop: ["fwam.pop^] P F n. tapirus
fwk: ["fw.kI] P F n. mantis
ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee
ikranay: [ik.Ra."naj] JC/P F n. forest banshee
kaliweya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poisonous arachnid
kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard
nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Caniferratus costatus, striped armored wolf
pali: ["paP.li] P F n. direhorse
49
Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphemes are probably invariable. Weve included these not only to show instances where a phrase
encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For
this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from
Dr. Frommers blog at Naviteri.org. Theyve been included in no specific conversational order,
but rather alphabetically.
awa swawtsyp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit
efu ohakx: ["PE.fu o."hak'] P F ph. be hungry
ivong nkong: [] P F ph. slow is fine
n nga fyape nfkrr: [] P F ph. whats been keeping you busy lately?
aytele a ngey hapxm kifkey lu fyape?: [] P F ph. How are things in your part of the world?
txle pa(lu)lukanur: [."t'.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F ph. Navi idiom: txle si palulukanur tsn
smarit livonu; Ask a thanator to release its prey, its a foregone conclusion
etrpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F ph. good luck
Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] P F,JC ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you
fpor syaw fko staw: [] P F ph. this is staw
fnu, ma evi. Sanur leru hawtsyp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] P F ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking
a nap. Let her rest.
ftia oel lfyati leNavi no nwotx: [] P F ph. studying Navi is a ton of fun for me!
ftxey...fuke: [ft'Ej fu."kE] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fwa kan ke tam; zene swizawit livonu.: [] LN,P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: To aim is not
enough; one must release the arrow.; Intent is not enough; its action that counts.
fwk ke fwefwi: ["fw.kI kE "fwE.fwi] P F ph. Navi idiom: a mantis doesnt whistle, its against
someones or somethings nature
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sjaw NaR] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F ph. next time from me
hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)
irayo: [i."Ra.jo] P F intj. thanks, thank you
kaltx: [kal."t'I] P F intj. hello (casual)
kaltx sivi, ma staw: [] P F ph. say hello, staw
ka wotx: [ka wot'] P F ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality)
kea tkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks)
kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] P F ph. isnt that so? right? no?
ke...kawit: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kawit at all)
kem amui, kum afe: [] P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when
something that should have turned out well didnt)
kenten m kumpay: ["kEn.tEn mI "k'um.paJ] P F ph. Navi idiom: (like) a fan lizard in gel, a
sense of being in an environment where youre prevented from acting naturally or doing what you
want to do
ke pxan: [kE p'an] P F ph. Im not worthy
ke tare: [kE "ta.RE] P F ph. Its irrelevant; It doesnt matter
ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didnt get that, I didnt understand
ke zene win spivi: [] P F ph. take your time, dont rush
kyevame: [kI.jE."va.mE] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon
krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F ph. at times, on occasion
" tmeyp
"
kunspri txana
lu tsyal a mn.: [] P F ph. The gunships main weakness is the rotor system.
50
>
kxetse s mikyun kop plltxe: ["k'E.tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."t'E] LN,P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase:
"
the tail and ears also speak; body language is important
loreyu awnampi: [lo."RE.Ju Pawn."ampi] P F ph. Navi idiom: (like) a touched helicoradian, extreme shyness
ma frapo, ayngaru oey tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to
you) my sister, Newey
makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F ph. take care, travel safely
ne kllte: ["nE "kl.tE] P F ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)
"
nga lpivawk nit
nul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself
nga lpivawk nno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself
nga pesuhu kteng ntrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with?
ngari solalew polpxaya zst: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?
ngari txelan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t'EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F ph. dont worry, may your heart be
calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F ph. How are you? are you well?
ngaru lu pefnetxintn ntrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society?
ngaru oey lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague
>
ngaru tsulf: ["Na.Ru tsul."f] P F ph. to you the mastery
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me
nga zolau ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where did you come from?
ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you?
>
ngey kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj. "k'E.tsE lu "wE.Ru] P F,JC ph. Navi idiom: your tail is mine!,
youre going down!
nlun ayioi aeoio ayeyktan lu lor frato: [] P F ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the
leaders are the most beautiful
nprrte: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
" sray a txampayri sim, sl set kelku si m Helutral: []
oe olongokx m
P F ph. I was born in a
town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o si "Na.Ru] P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar)
oeri solalew zst apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old
oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honor
oeru syaw (fko) Txew: [] P F ph. my name is Txew
oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja si] P F ph. fills me with satisfaction, joy
oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t'o.a li."vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
oe tskxekeng si ssulnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery
oey txintn lu fwa stn fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch fish
pefya nga fpl: [] P F ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?)
pum ngey: [pum "NE.j] P F ph. yours, I should thank you
rutxe lpivawk nit: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself
rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please?
rutxe tivng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone!
sfpl asteng tkan ateng: [] P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: Great minds think alike!
seykxel s nitram: [sEj."k'El sI nit."Ram] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations
smon nprrte: [smon nI."pr.tEP^] P F ph. nice to know you
"
srake fnan ngal lfyati leNavi:
[] P F ph. are you good at Navi?
srake smon ngar oey meylan alu Entu s Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and
Kamun?
51
52
The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Navi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
pseudo-vowels (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.
a
aw
ay
e
ew
ey
f
h
i
tFtang
A
AW
AY
E
EW
EY
F
H
I
The Alphabet
k
KeK
kx Kxekx
l
LeL
ll
Ll
m
MeM
n
NeN
ng NgeNg
o
O
p
PeP
px PxePx
r
ReR
rr
Rr
53
s
t
tx
ts
u
v
w
y
z
S
TeT
TxeTx
Ts
U
V
W
Y
Z
Inflections
Verbal Infixes
alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsngalmawvk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe halyangham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tswamayon. I flew.
arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsngarmawvk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe haryangham. I will be laughing.
asy: [a.sj] P F future tense with intention or determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .):
Oel tspasyang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.
>
ats: [a.ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2 (INFR .): Oel tspatsang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe tawnaron-a tte lu.
I am a hunted person.
ay: [a.j] LN future tense (predictive) verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit tayaron. I
will hunt the yerik.
ng: [.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe srngew. I dance (ugh!).
Optionally, when ng occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised,
giving eng. For example, Fskxawngri tsapalute sengi oe.
p: [.p] P F reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (REFL .): Oe stpeftxaw. I check myself.
ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sreiew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [E.R] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe terran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ej.k] P F causative verbal infix the pre-first position (CAUS .): Oel teykerkup pot. I caused
him to die.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new
tslilvam. I want to understand.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oey swizaw nngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.
irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe
new tslirvam. I want to be understanding.
iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe wivem. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
iyev: [i.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel kiyevame ngati.
I will see you.
lm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived
from m + ol: Oe tlmtxaw. I just now returned.
ly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), derived from y + ol: Oe hlyahaw. I will have slept soon.
m: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tswmayon. I just flew.
rm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived
from m + er: Oe trmtxaw. I was just now returning.
ry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.),
derived from y + er: Oe hryahaw. I will be sleeping soon.
54
sy: [I.sj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .):
Oel tspsyang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.
y: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit tyaron.
I will hunt the yerik soon.
yev: [I.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel kyevame ngati.
I will see you.
ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe tolran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe tusaron-a tte lu. I am a
hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Naviy,
luyu hapx. You are part of The People.
Noun Case Inflections
: [] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, , e, i and (variant of y)
(GEN .): Oel yom ikran yerikit. I eat the ikrans yerik.
it: [it^] P F patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
l: [Il] P F agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(variant of l) (ERG .): Ikranl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
ri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of ri) (TOP.): Fskxawngri tsapalute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
r: [R] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of ru) (DAT.): eltur ttxen si
intriguing
ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet ngaru
tng. I give food to you.
t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat kame.
I see you.
ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukl. The toruk hunts you.
ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oey. To my friends.
y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
ya: [ja] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Naviya. Calm, you Navi.
y: [j] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, , e, i and (variant of ) (GEN .): Oel yeiom
Neytiriy yerikit. I happily eat Neytiris yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: may
look like ey)
Other Inflections
This is a list of Navi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of
the meaning. Not all Navi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity,
where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated they
can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech
that arent specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.
55
a: [a] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean
tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.
an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan tftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.
ay+: [aj] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen fl. The rules succeed.
e: [E] P F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.
fay+: [faj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.
f: [fI] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.
fkeyk: [fkEjk^] P F (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape ftrr?
Whats the condition of the river today?
fne: [fnE] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsau lu? What kind of tree is that?
fra: [fRa] P F (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.
fray+: [fRaj] P F (pro.) all of these plural for nouns (ALL OF THESE): Frayhelutral lor lu. All of
these houses are beautiful.
kaw: [kaw] P F not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kam. I never went.
kel: [kEl] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that indicates a lack of the original noun: Tompakeltalun
zene tute Klforniay payit sivar nnn. Because of the drought, Californians have to use less
water.
lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number suffix for aw, mune, pxey: Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.
munsna: [mun.sna] P F (pro.) pair for nouns (PAIR): munsnahawnven a pair of shoes
nay: [naj] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that is related to the original by being a step down
in some relevant heirarchy - size, rank, accomplishment, etc.: . .
o: [o] P F (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzsto. I saw someone
for years.
pay+: [paj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsramei? What knives did you throw?
pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
pxe+: [p'E] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three
children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun
which often undergoes ellision)
sna: [sna] P F prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro.
otherwise. : snanantang a pack of viperwolves Note: sna- indicates naturally occurring groups
or sets. Use sstarsm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by a person.
>
tsa: [tsa] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel tsea tsanantangit. I see that nantang.
>
tsay+: [tsaj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.
>
tsyp: [tsjIp^] P F (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Zau ftseng, ma itetsyp.
Come here, little daughter.
ve: [vE] P F (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren aawve trusey awsiteng. The first rule
of living together.
vi: [vi] P F partitive relationship marker: Oe nume m numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.
Other Inflectional Morphology
These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical
speak) above. In other words, the markers here dont just change the meaning - they change
the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,
like t. Others are productive for certain subsets, like yu, which can go on any verb.
>
ketsuk: [kE.tsuk^] P F (pro.) not able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Swaw lamu
ketsuktswa The moment was unforgettable
56
57
Non-Frommerian Words
These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in the
extant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Navi words. They are, for the most part, spurious inventions for the Activists Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. None
of these words were run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consensus
is that they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise not
know what their definitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their use
is highly discouraged. Many of them flout Navi inflectional rules or phonotactic constraints.
Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below.
h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]
Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan name
arlek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plant
Beydaamo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warrior of the Tipani
chantu gorek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]
ASG n. stone jar
chey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from
Pah sivil chey rack)
Eywa ksey nivibrista: [Ejwa kPsEj niviPbriPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradles
everyone
Eywa silivi maskit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masPkit^nivi] ASG Ewyas wisdom is revealed to all
of us
Eywa te _ tansey makta: [Ejwa tEP tanPsEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.
the love of Eywas embrace is gifted to (personal
name)
feru mpreduk: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. basket
Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
Grolryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of caves
Hukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Ikalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
iveh knivi sdir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. baby sling
ksey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleep
Kaoli Tei: [ka.o.li. tE.i] G prop.n. the plains
of Goliath
>
Koo Tsura: [ko: tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani village
Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the
Tipani
Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurai
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The Changelog
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