Complex Variables Chapter 4 Integration in the Complex

Plane
4 (Chapter 4) Integration in the Complex Plane
4.1 Introduction to Line Integration
4.2 Complex Line Integration

4.3 Contour Integration and Greens Theorem

4.4 Path Independence, Indefinite Integrals, Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus in the Complex Plane
4.5 The Cauchy Integral Formula and Its Extension
4.6 Some applications of the Cauchy Integral Formula

4.7 Introduction to Dirichlet Problems

The Poisson Integral Formula for the Circle and Half Plane
1

Complex Variables 4.1 Introduction to Line Integration

Smooth piece of a curve a smooth arc :
the tangent is defined everywhere and changes its direction continuously
Let:

x t
continuous with continuousderivatives in t a t tb

EXAMPLES:
xt
1 t 2

2
t

y ( x) 2 x

The slop:

x t

y t

1 t 2

y x2

dy dy dt ' t

' t 0; ' t 0 and continuous

dx dx dt ' t

Piecewise smooth curve - - - a contour

2

Complex Variables
DEFINITION (Piecewise Smooth Curve (Contour)) A piecewise smooth curve is a
path made up of a finite number of smooth arcs connected end to end.
Contour = C1+C2+C3

Real Line Integrals

Consider a smooth arc C and F(x,y) .
Integral :

F x, y ds
B

we run from point to point

X k tk , Yk tk

to

X k 1 tk 1 , Yk 1 tk 1

The length of the vector

s k sk

is the distance between two points

3

Complex Variables
n

F x, y ds lim F x , y s
B

DEFINITION

k 1

if the limit exists ( sk is always positive length of a vector). When n , sk 0.

n

If F(x,y) =1: ds lim sk the arc length

B

For a contour:

k 1

F x, y ds F x, y ds F x, y ds F x, y ds
C1

C1 C2 C3

C2

C3

Other possibilities:
DEFINITION

F x, y dx lim F x , y x
B

k 1

if the limit exists ( xk = Xk - Xk-1 is a deviation and it can be positive or negative).

When n , xk 0.
DEFINITION

F x, y dy lim F x , y y
B

k 1

if the limit exists ( yk = Yk - Yk-1 is a deviation and it can be positive or negative).

When n , yk 0.

Complex Variables
Difference between the definitions:

F x, y dx F x, y dx
A

F x, y dy F x, y dy

BUT!

and

F x, y ds

F x, y ds
B

Some properties:
For a point Q on C with and points A and B (for all three definitions):

F x, y dx

F x, y dx

F x, y dx
B

kF x, y dx k F x, y dx
B

A F x, y G( x, y)dx A F x, y dx A Gx, y dx
B

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 1 Consider the smooth arc y( x) 1 x 2 from A=(0,1) to B=(1,0) .
Let F(x,y) = x y. Evaluate:
(a)

F x, y dx
B

F x, y dy
B

(b)

Solution.
(a)
x 1

x2 x4
1
2
F x, y dx xy dx x(1 x ) dx
A
0,1
0
4 x 0 4
2

(b)

1, 0

F x, y dy
B

1, 0

0,1

Or:

F x, y dy

xy dy

2
4
32
y 1 y dy 1 y 2 3 y
15
15
1

dy
F x, y dx
0,1
dx
1, 0

2 x
1

2 x 4 dx

xy 2 x dx

x 1 x 2 2 x dx

4
15
6