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    Construct A Fold Cross-Section Using The Kink Method

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    abd_hafidz_1
    The document describes the kink method for constructing a fold cross-section using dip data. It involves dividing the fold into zones of constant dip bounded by lines that bisect the angles between adjacent dips. An example is provided with 10 dip measurements to demonstrate drawing the bisector lines and extending the dips on either side. While the method provides an approximation, the actual fold geometry is unlikely to match perfectly. Modifications may be needed to reconcile the cross-section with stratigraphy.

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    Construct A Fold Cross-Section Using The Kink Method

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    abd_hafidz_1
    638 views7 pages
    The document describes the kink method for constructing a fold cross-section using dip data. It involves dividing the fold into zones of constant dip bounded by lines that bisect the angles between adjacent dips. An example is provided with 10 dip measurements to demonstrate drawing the bisector lines and extending the dips on either side. While the method provides an approximation, the actual fold geometry is unlikely to match perfectly. Modifications may be needed to reconcile the cross-section with stratigraphy.

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    structural geology

    Original Title

    Construct a Fold Cross-Section Using the Kink Method

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    The document describes the kink method for constructing a fold cross-section using dip data. It involves dividing the fold into zones of constant dip bounded by lines that bisect the angles between adjacent dips. An example is provided with 10 dip measurements to demonstrate drawing the bisector lines and extending the dips on either side. While the method provides an approximation, the actual fold geometry is unlikely to match perfectly. Modifications may be needed to reconcile the cross-section with stratigraphy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    638 views7 pages

    Construct A Fold Cross-Section Using The Kink Method

    Uploaded by

    abd_hafidz_1
    The document describes the kink method for constructing a fold cross-section using dip data. It involves dividing the fold into zones of constant dip bounded by lines that bisect the angles between adjacent dips. An example is provided with 10 dip measurements to demonstrate drawing the bisector lines and extending the dips on either side. While the method provides an approximation, the actual fold geometry is unlikely to match perfectly. Modifications may be needed to reconcile the cross-section with stratigraphy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    of 7

    1/19/2016

    ConstructaFoldCrossSectionUsingtheKinkMethod

    ConstructaFoldCrossSectionUsingtheKink
    Method
    StevenDutch,NaturalandAppliedSciences,UniversityofWisconsinGreenBay
    FirsttimeVisitors:PleasevisitSiteMapandDisclaimer.Use"Back"toreturnhere.

    HowtheKinkMethodWorks
    It'sfairlycommonforfoldstoexhibituniformdipsforawideintervalandthenchangedipabruptly.In
    otherwordsthefoldexhibitsaseriesofkinksratherthansmoothcurvature.Wecanapproximatesuch
    foldsusingthekinkmethod.Itisabitmorecommonthesedaysforfoldstoberepresentedthiswaythan
    withtheBuskorarcmethod.
    Thebasicmethodistoalloweachdipmeasurementtodefineazonewherethedipisconstant.The
    boundariesofthedipzonesarethelinesthatbisectanglesbetweenadjacentdips.Theexamplebelow
    beginswiththreedifferentwaystofindthebisector.
    Theactualpointherethefoldkinksmaynotcoincideexactlywiththebisector.Whyshouldit?Ifyouhave
    twodipsatpoints1and2,thechangeindipcouldcomeanywherebetweenthem,andisnotnecessarily
    goingtocoincidewithalinehalfwaybetweenthetwodips.Thismethod,likeallfoldconstruction
    techniques,isanapproximation.

    Example

    Intheexampleatleft,dipdataare
    shown.Wewanttoconstructa
    crosssectionthatsatisfiesthedata.
    Thestratigraphicunitsarecolored
    herebutwillnotbecoloredfor
    mostoftheremainingdiagrams.It
    isoftenbetternottoconsider
    stratigraphyuntilafterthecross
    sectionisdrawn.

    https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/SL162KinkMethod.HTM

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    ConstructaFoldCrossSectionUsingtheKinkMethod

    WefirstfindthelineL12that
    bisectstheanglebetweendips1
    and2.
    Onewayistoconstructlines
    perpendiculartodips1and2(in
    red).TheyintersectatC12.Bisect
    theangleformedbythetwo
    perpendiculars(showningreen).

    ExtendthedipsouttoL12.When
    youcrosstheline,continuewith
    thedipontheoppositeside.That
    is,usedipangle1ontheleftsideof
    lineL12anddipangle2onthe
    right.

    Here'sanotherway:halfway
    betweendatumpoints2and3,
    drawlinesparalleltodips2and3
    (showninred).Bisecttheangleto
    findlineL23

    https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/SL162KinkMethod.HTM

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    ConstructaFoldCrossSectionUsingtheKinkMethod

    Extenddips2and3toL23,then
    continueontheoppositesideof
    thelinewiththeappropriatedip.
    Forexample,extenddip2,then
    whereitintersectsL23,continue
    withdip3.
    Wecanalsoextendthelinethat
    originatesatdatumpoint1.
    BetweenL12andL23ithasdip2,
    thenontherightofL23ithasdip3.

    Yetanotherapproachistoaverage
    twoadjacentdips.Thedesiredline
    passesthroughthemidwaypoint
    betweenthetwodatumpoints.
    Drawaverticallinethroughthat
    pointandmeasuretheaverage
    anglefromtheverticalline.Pay
    carefulattentiontodipdirectionso
    thatthelinehastheproperslope.

    LinesleftofL34havedip3,tothe
    righttheyhavedip4.Continuethe
    linesthatoriginatedatdatum
    points1and2byextendingthem
    throughL34withtheappropriate
    dips.

    https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/SL162KinkMethod.HTM

    3/7

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    ConstructaFoldCrossSectionUsingtheKinkMethod

    Dips510arehandledthesameway,sotheremainingillustrationssimplyshowtheresultsforeachpairof
    dips.

    L45constructed.Linesare
    extendedtoL34andthedip
    beyondisindicated.Dips4and5
    areveryclosetoalreadyexisting
    linesandareunlikelytogiveany
    newinformation,sowedon'tneed
    toconstructlinesthroughdips4
    and5fornow.

    L56constructed.Therocksat
    datumpoint6arestratigraphically
    lowerthananywehavesofarseen,
    soweextenddip6tolineL56,then
    continuetotheleftparalleltothe
    previouslydrawnlines.

    L67constructed.Therocksat
    https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/SL162KinkMethod.HTM

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    ConstructaFoldCrossSectionUsingtheKinkMethod

    datumpoint7areevenlowerthan
    thoseatdatumpoint6,sowealso
    extenddip7tolineL67,then
    continuetotheleftparalleltothe
    previouslydrawnlines.

    L78constructed.Therocksat
    datumpoint8arestilllower,sowe
    alsoextenddip8tolineL78,then
    continuetotheleftparalleltothe
    previouslydrawnlines.

    L89constructed.Datumpoint9lies
    betweentwoalreadyconstructed
    linesandisnotlikelytotellus
    anythingwedon'talreadyknow.
    Fornowweomitdrawingaline
    throughit.

    https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/SL162KinkMethod.HTM

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    ConstructaFoldCrossSectionUsingtheKinkMethod

    L910completed.Sincepoint10falls
    closetoanalreadydrawnline,
    thereisnorealneedtoconstruct
    anotherlineforit,either.

    TyingtheDiagramtoReality
    Itisvirtuallycertainwhenyoudrawacrosssectionusingstrictlygeometricmethodsthatthecontactswill
    notmatchexactlywiththeirpredictedpositions.Therearemanyreasonswhynot:
    Theunitswillnotbeuniforminthickness
    Therearesmallconstructionerrors
    Dipsarenotuniformfromplacetoplace
    Dipmeasurementshavesmallerrors
    Foldsdonothaveidealgeometricalshapes.

    Herewehaveindicatedthe
    stratigraphy.Itisvirtuallycertain
    whenyoudrawacrosssection
    usingstrictlygeometricmethods
    thatthecontactswillnotmatch
    exactlywiththeirpredicted
    positions.
    Whatweneedtodonowisredraw
    thefoldssothecrosssection
    matchesboththedipsandthe
    stratigraphy.

    https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/SL162KinkMethod.HTM

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    ConstructaFoldCrossSectionUsingtheKinkMethod

    Herethecrosssectionlinesare
    subdued.
    Mostofthetimeyoucanmodify
    thefoldshapesbyhandtomatch
    thestratigraphywithouttoomuch
    trouble.Modifiedcontactsarein
    black.

    Donotgetdistractedbyyourdipsymbolsorstratigraphiccolors.Theonlyrequirementisthatthe
    stratigraphyanddipsmatchonthesurface.Bepreparedtomodifythecolorsanddepartfromthedips
    belowthesurfaceifit'scalledfor.Comparethetwodiagramsabovetoseethatthiswasactuallydone.
    ReturntoCourseSyllabus
    ReturntoTechniquesManualIndex
    ReturntoProfessorDutch'sHomePage
    Created18October2000,LastUpdate20October2000
    NotanofficialUWGreenBaysite

    https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/SL162KinkMethod.HTM

    7/7

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