Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Emissions Calculations
Emissions Calculations
Introduction...........................................................................................................................4
Calculating Emissions for Air Permitting ..............................................................................4
Qualifying Emissions.....................................................................................................4
Quantifying Emissions...................................................................................................5
Calculations and Emission Limits from MDEQ Rules...................................................5
Particulate Matter ...................................................................................................6
Sulfur-Bearing Compounds....................................................................................6
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) ....................................................................7
Air Toxics................................................................................................................8
Emissions Inventory for the Renewable (Title V) Operating Permit ..................................10
Potential and Actual Emissions...................................................................................11
Point and Fugitive Emissions ......................................................................................12
Completing Your Emissions Inventory ........................................................................12
Compile Plant-Wide Information .................................................................................13
Identify Emission Units................................................................................................14
Identify Regulated Pollutants ......................................................................................15
Calculating Emissions for MAERS.....................................................................................17
What Pollutants Must Be Reported?...........................................................................17
Reporting Toxic Pollutants ..........................................................................................17
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) and MAERS ...............................................18
Approaches to Emission Estimation ...........................................................................20
Direct Measurement....................................................................................................21
Stack Tests...........................................................................................................21
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems...........................................................21
Step 1 Calculating the Hourly Emission Rate ..........................................................22
Concentration of Air Pollutant in the Stack ..........................................................22
Stack Gas Flow Rate............................................................................................25
Calculating Hourly Mass Emission Rate ..............................................................28
Step 2 Calculating the Source Specific Emission Factor.........................................29
Step 3 Determining the Annual Mass Emission Rate..............................................31
Mass Balance..............................................................................................................32
Mass Balances Examples...........................................................................................33
Surface Coating Operations.................................................................................33
Considerations When Calculating VOC Emissions .............................................37
Laboratory Hoods.................................................................................................37
Combustion Sources............................................................................................38
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 1
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 2
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 3
Emission Calculations
Introduction
There are at least three activities that require a facility to calculate the emissions of air
contaminants: applying for and complying with an air permit, determining applicability to
the Renewable Operating Permit program, and complying with the Michigan Air
Emissions Reporting System (MAERS). The methods of calculating emissions are
common to all three activities. Therefore, the emission calculation examples and
discussions found under the MAERS section of this tab are pertinent to air permitting and
ROP applicability.
Calculating Emissions for Air Permitting
An estimate of actual emissions is the first step in evaluating the impact of the proposed
installation or modification of a process. A source must first qualify and quantify the
emissions to determine which federal and/or state regulations might apply. When
emissions are characterized, control and pollution prevention techniques can be planned
for compliance with the appropriate emission standards. The permitting agency, the
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), establishes the allowable limits
for air emissions in the special conditions of the permit to install.
Qualifying Emissions
Qualifying emissions means identifying what compounds, elements or particles are being
released from the given source or process. The emitted materials are process or industry
specific. A reference for understanding various types of sources is the Air Pollution
Engineering Manual (AP-40). Frequently, industry-specific trade organizations can
provide information about sources.
Steps in qualifying emissions for a specific processes include:
Outlining the physical, chemical or biological changes that occur to those raw
materials.
Determining which of the raw materials pass through unchanged and also have
the potential to be emitted to the atmosphere.
Determining what by-products are produced as a result of the process and have
the potential to be emitted to the atmosphere.
Combining the raw materials and by-products for an overall list of the type of
emissions which could be released from the source.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 4
From the list of materials emitted to the atmosphere, determine which are subject to
regulation. Are any criteria pollutants (sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon monoxide,
oxides of nitrogen, ozone precursors, haze precursors, or lead) emitted? Are toxic air
contaminants, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), or other similar compounds present?
This will give an indication of which federal and state regulations need to be consulted for
further information.
Quantifying Emissions
Once the emissions have been identified, the next step is quantifying them. This means
determining how much of each chemical is being released to the atmosphere.
Regulations are based on quantified emissions expressed in units such as pounds per
hour and tons per year. Emissions are quantified based on one or a combination of
several factors. These include sampling, emission factors, equipment data and
information from chemical MSDS sheets, and the mass balance approach.
An explanation and examples of each emission estimation technique is found under
Calculating Emissions for MAERS beginning on page 17.
The present Michigan Permit to Install application package requires supporting
information that includes an emissions summary. Each process needs a one-page
emissions summary covering amounts of all pollutants in pounds per hour and tons per
year. Emissions from each vent or stack need to be quantified with each toxic air
contaminant listed individually as maximum pounds per hour, stack concentration in
micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3), and predicted ambient impact in g/m3. Emission
estimates need to provide a reasonable margin of safety to ensure that the process can
operate within the levels quantified.
Calculations and Emission Limits from MDEQ Rules
Specific guidance for calculation of air releases and information regarding emission limits
can be found in the Michigan Administrative Rules for Air Pollution Control. Certain
sources and pollutants are also specifically addressed in federal regulations for National
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs), New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS) provisions, and the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
program.
Some of the major sections of the Rules are devoted to provisions for sources of
Particulate Matter (Part 3), Sulfur-bearing compounds (Parts 4 and 5), and Volatile
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 5
Organic Compounds (Parts 6 and 7). Other pollutants are addressed within the context
of other sections. Specific applicability of some of the rules is dependent upon whether a
source is located in an area where air quality meets standards (attainment) or not
(nonattainment).
In some cases, specific methods for source emission testing are referenced in the Rules.
These methods which are based largely on the provisions of 40 CFR part 60 (1989) are
listed in Part 10, Intermittent Testing and Sampling, Rule 1004 (R 336.2004). A complete
copy of Part 10 is available from the MDEQ Air Quality Division.
Particulate Matter
Emissions of particulate matter are discussed in Part 3, Emission Limitations and
Prohibitions--Particulate Matter of the Rules. Table 31 lists maximum allowable
emissions at operating conditions for fuel burning equipment, incinerators, steel
manufacturing, ferrous cupola foundry operations, chemical and mineral kilns, asphalt
paving plants, cement manufacture, iron ore pelletizing, fertilizer plants, and various
exhaust systems. Coke ovens are addressed in Rules 349-357 and 360; steel
manufacturing in Rules 358-359, 361-363, 365-366; basic oxygen furnaces in Rule 364;
and sintering operations in Rule 367. Figure 31 presents a chart relating emissions to
steam capacity rating and Table 32 provides information on allowable rate of emission
based on process weight rate.
Sulfur-Bearing Compounds
Parts 4 and 5 of the Rules provide information on emission limitations and prohibitions for
sulfur-bearing compounds. Part 5 rules are essentially obsolete at this point. Power
plants are the subject of Rule 401. Table 41 presents the amount of sulfur in fuel
limitations for fuel-burning equipment and Table 42 lists equivalent emission rates.
Guidance for fuel burning sources other than power plants is found in Rule 402. Oil- and
natural gas-producing or transporting facilities and natural gas-processing facilities are
regulated under Rule 403. Sulfuric acid plants are addressed in Rule 404.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 6
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 7
3.2 lb VOC
gal. coating
gal coating solids
x
x
gal. coating 0.54 gal. coating solids 0.55 gal. of applied coating solids
10.7 lb VOC
lb VOC
=
gal. of applied coating solids
gal. of applied coating solids
Air Toxics
The current Michigan air toxics program applies to new or modified sources of toxic air
contaminants. A discussion of the Michigan air toxics program is found in Part 2, Rules
224 through 232. The Michigan toxic air contaminants go beyond the 188 hazardous air
pollutants listed in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. All known substances can be
regulated as toxic air contaminants with the exception of some specifically listed
substances. Amounts of toxic air contaminants (TACs) are calculated on a pound per
hour basis for maximum allowable emission rates. Information is also needed to
calculate micrograms of TAC per cubic meter for various screening levels.
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 8
Table 1.
Air Part 6 Rules, Emission Limitations and Prohibitions -Existing Sources of Volatile Compound Emissions
[Promulgated as of January 1994]
601
Definitions.
602
603
Rescinded.
604
Storage of organic compounds having a true vapor pressure of more than 1.5 psia, but
less than 11 psia, in existing fixed roof stationary vessels of more than 40,000-gallon capacity.
605
Storage of organic compounds having a true vapor pressure of 11 or more psia in existing
stationary vessels of more than 40,000-gallon capacity.
606
Loading gasoline into existing stationary vessels of more than 2,000-gallon capacity at dispensing
facilities handling 250,000 or more gallons per year.
607
Loading gasoline into existing stationary vessels of more than 2,000-gallon capacity at loading
facilities.
608 Loading gasoline into delivery vessels at existing loading facilities handling less than 5,000,000 gallons
per year.
609
Loading delivery vessels with organic compounds having true vapor pressure of more than
1.5 psia at existing loading facilities handling 5,000,000 or more gallons of such compounds per
year.
610 Existing coating lines; emission of volatile organic compounds from existing automobile, light-duty
truck, and other product and material coatings.
611
612
613
614
615
616
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 9
Table 1.
(continued)
617
618
619
620
Emission of volatile organic compounds from existing flat wood paneling coating lines.
621
Emission of volatile organic compounds from existing metallic surface coating lines.
622
Emission of volatile organic compounds from existing components petroleum refineries; refinery
monitoring program.
623
Storage of petroleum liquids having a true vapor pressure of more than 1.0 psia, but less than
11.0 psia, in existing external floating roof stationary vessels of more than 40,000-gallon capacity.
624
625
Emission of volatile organic compound from existing equipment utilized in the manufacturing of
synthesized pharmaceutical products.
626
Rescinded
627
628
Emission of volatile organic compounds from components of existing process equipment used in
manufacturing synthetic organic chemicals and polymers; monitoring program.
629 Emission of volatile organic compounds from components of existing process equipment used in
processing natural gas; monitoring program.
630 Emission of volatile organic compounds from existing paint manufacturing processes.
631 Emission of volatile organic compounds from existing process equipment utilized in manufacture of
polystyrene or other organic resins.
632 Emission of volatile organic compounds from existing automobile, truck, and business machine
plastic part coating lines.
651
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 10
air emissions from emission units at your facility. Individual pieces of equipment or
processes with the potential to emit pollutants used to be referred to as "sources."
Under the CAA Amendments, individual pieces of equipment or processes are referred
to as "emissions units," while a "source" now represents the entire facility.
The primary purpose for conducting an air emissions inventory is to allow your facility to
quantify actual and potential emissions of all regulated air pollutants to then determine
your major source status under the CAA. This section provides guidance on completing
inventories of criteria pollutants, newly regulated hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) as
found in Appendix A, and other regulated pollutants in Appendix B. The inventory is
used in determining whether your facility is subject to specific regulatory requirements,
including Title V of the CAAA. Keep in mind that if your are subject to Title V, you will
be asked to gather information beyond emissions estimates. This section describes
this "emissions-related" information.
Potential and Actual Emissions
An emissions inventory containing potential and actual emissions is essential because
the determination of the applicability of many aspects of the CAA, and hence what
needs to be included in the renewable (Title V) operating permit application, depends
on a facilitys "potential to emit" a pollutant. Potential to emit is formally defined as...
the maximum capacity of a stationary source to emit a pollutant under its physical
and operational design. Any physical or operational limitation on the capacity of the
source to emit a pollutant, including air pollution control equipment and restrictions
on hours of operation or on the type or amount of material combusted, stored, or
processed, shall be treated as part of its design only if the limitation or the effect it
would have on emissions is federally enforceable (emphasis added) (40 CFR part
70).
Potential emissions differ from actual emissions in the following two ways:
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 11
If permit limitations exist for an operation at your facility, such as a pollution control
device or limits on hours of operation, those may be considered in determining your
facilitys potential to emit, it is imperative that these limitations be federally enforceable.
State construction or preconstruction permits were historically the prevalent means for
obtaining a federally enforceable limit on an emissions unit. Existing (pre-Title V) state
operating permit programs have varying degrees of federal enforceability.
Point and Fugitive Emissions
A complete emission inventory will include actual and potential emissions from all
emissions units, including point sources and fugitive emissions at your facility. Point
sources are emissions units with a discrete emission point, such as stacks, chimneys,
vents, or other functionally-equivalent openings. Fugitive emissions are those that do
not arise from a discrete emission point, such as solvent releases in a paint mix room,
or oil mist emissions from metal working equipment released into the building and then
eventually into the atmosphere through plant windows and doors. Most facilities are
more familiar with point source emissions.
The role of fugitive emissions in major source applicability determinations varies
depending upon the relevant major source definition (see Table 2). For nonattainment
pollutants and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), fugitives always count toward the
applicability thresholds. However, for the 100 tons per year (tpy) general threshold,
fugitives only count if the facility may be considered one of the 27 source categories
listed in the permit rule (See Appendix C).
Table 2. Role of Fugitive Emissions in Applicability Determination
CAA Program
Nonattainment pollutants
Yes
HAPs
Yes
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 12
Quantifying emissions
The first step in conducting an emissions inventory is to identify and gather background
data and information that will be used throughout the inventory process. Sources of
information, such as those listed below, should be assembled from plant and corporate
files to help identify and characterize the facility's air emissions:
Toxic chemical release reporting forms prepared for SARA Title III, Section 313
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 13
State Implementation Plan (SIP) emission inventory descriptions for your facility,
or similar facilities
Identify Emissions Units
The next step in the emissions inventory process involves the systematic identification
of all emissions units (both point and fugitive) at your facility. For the inventory to be
complete, we recommend that you include any piece of equipment involved in
operations or support of operations that could release pollutants to the atmosphere.
You should include units even if they have been exempt from state permitting or are
considered "grandfathered" from permitting requirements. You generally do not need to
include equipment associated with office activities (such as "white out" fluid, paint spray
cans for office use, or cleaners for office lavatories). You should include seemingly
insignificant activities, such as use of paint spray cans for marking items being
manufactured at your facility, if the equipment or activity is part of, or supports
operations. Some items that should be included, but that are often overlooked include:
product, raw material, and waste material storage and handling operations
storm water run-off, sewage and process wastewater treatment plants
laboratories
cooling towers
CFC sources
Point and fugitive emission units can be initially identified by reviewing plant flow and
design drawings, prior or current air pollution and other environmental permits, emission
reports made to regulatory agencies, and other information describing the plant that has
been collected. In addition, emission units can be identified through discussions with
plant operations and maintenance personnel.
Your list of identified emissions units should be visually verified during a plant walkthrough by personnel that are familiar with the plant and its operations. This plant walkthrough should be thorough to identify any emissions units that have not previously
been included in existing inventories. Care should be taken to identify emissions units
that are not operating at the time of the walk-through, but may be operated at other
times during the year.
All identified emissions units should be given a unique designation or identification number
to facilitate record keeping and data entry into a database. This designation can be as
simple as a unit number or a code that designates the building, facility, or process. The
designations should be consistent with any other designations that may
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 14
have been assigned in current air pollution permits or in any reports submitted to
regulatory authorities.
In addition to identifying emissions units, we recommend that you also identify
personnel responsible for design, operations, and maintenance of each identified unit.
These personnel will be able to provide important information for each unit that will be
useful during the preparation of the inventory.
Note again that you need to address emissions from units that may seem insignificant
and that you may not have had to address in the past. It may eventually turn out that
you will not need to address these units in your Title V permit beyond identifying them;
however, you cannot adequately calculate your facility-wide potential to emit regulated
pollutants unless you include all emissions units in your inventory.
Identify Regulated Pollutants
After identifying emissions units at your facility, you will need to identify the regulated
pollutants emitted from each unit. These pollutants can be identified from the information
sources mentioned previously, as well as from your general knowledge of the
manufacturing processes and operations that take place at your facility.
Compounds regulated under the CAA are: the six criteria pollutants for which the
USEPA has promulgated National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), the 188
chemicals to be regulated as HAPs, Title VI stratospheric ozone depletion pollutants,
and pollutants regulated under the NESHAP and NSPS regulations.
These compounds constitute the universe of federally regulated air pollutants, and are
the pollutants you must address under the Title V operating permit program.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 15
Actual Emissions
Potential Emissions
(tpy)
Actual Emissions
(tpy)
Potential Emissions
(tpy)
Actual Emissions
(tpy)
Criteria Pollutants
SO2
PM-10
VOC
CO
NOx
Lead
Lists of HAPs and other regulated pollutants are found in Appendices A and B.
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 16
Ammonia
Carbon monoxide (CO);
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) expressed as NO2;
Particulate matter (PM);
Particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM-10);
Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM-2.5)
Sulfur oxides (SOx) expressed as SO2
Volatile organic compounds (VOC); and
Lead (Pb).
However, if the emission of one of the above pollutants from a source classification
code (SCC) is less than 0.01 tons (20 pounds) per year, the emission does not have to
be reported. Additional discussion of pollutant terminology and conventions begins on
page 55.
Reporting Toxic Pollutants
Under MAERS, the reporting of approximately 240 toxic pollutants is optional. MDEQ,
AQD will analyze the emissions data submitted by each company and estimate the
toxic air pollutant emissions from the information provided for the criteria pollutants.
This includes activity information such as source classification codes and material
throughput. Facilities submitting their MAERS report electronically will be able to view
the estimation of toxics prior to submitting their report. The MAERS software is
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 17
equipped with an emission calculator. If the emission estimates are in error, the AQD
would appreciate the facilitys help in correcting those estimates of toxic emissions.
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) and MAERS
Section 313 of the federal Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA) of 1986, also known as Title III of the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act, requires certain facilities to report Toxic Chemical Release
Inventory (TRI) information for any listed chemicals manufactured, processed, or
otherwise used by the facility above specific thresholds.
Manufacture - production, preparation, import, or compound of an EPCRA
Section 313 chemical. Example: manufacturing benzene on-site for distribution
and sale.
Process - preparation or process of a listed toxic chemical for distribution in
commerce. This is usually the incorporation of a toxic chemical into a product. An
EPCRA Section 313 chemical is processed as a reactant, as a formulation or
article component, repackaged, or as an impurity. Example: process paint
containing certain glycol ethers.
Otherwise use - use of a listed toxic chemical that is not covered by the terms
manufacture or process. EPCRA Section 313 chemicals are otherwise used as
chemical processing or manufacturing aids, or for ancillary or other use.
Example: using Freon 113 as a coolant in a closed-loop refrigerant system to
cool process streams.
There are about 650 toxic chemical categories covered by Section 313. A small number
of these are identified as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT). Activity
thresholds for non-PBT chemicals are more than 25,000 pounds manufactured, or
more than 25,000 pounds processed, or more than 10,000 pounds otherwise used.
PBT chemical thresholds are significantly lower regardless of the activity - more than 10
pounds or 100 pounds, depending on the chemical; for dioxin and dioxin-like
compounds the activity threshold is more than 0.1 grams.
The USEPA can add, remove, or modify the list of toxic chemicals that must be
reported. Facilities should check each year for any changes to the Section 313
chemicals and chemical categories and reporting requirements.
Michigan has over 900 TRI facilities and almost 2,000 MAERS facilities. Although the
MDEQ does not have an exact knowledge of how many facilities are filing both reports,
it is estimated that well over half of the TRI facilities report under MAERS.
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 18
Facilities that report toxic pollutants under MAERS and are subject to EPCRA Section
313 TRI reporting requirements should develop a system that could satisfy both. This
would eliminate the redundancy of calculations. The following outlines MAERS and TRI
requirements.
y The reporting period for both MAERS and TRI is the calendar year. The initial
submittal dates of the reports differ. MAERS forms are due March 15. TRI forms
are due July 1.
y Under MAERS, facilities must estimate and report their releases of seven criteria air
contaminants and may report an additional 240 toxic pollutants (80 requested by the
Great Lakes Commission and 160 requested by the Toxics Unit of the Air Quality
Division). All 188 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) are included in the list of 240
toxic pollutants. A majority of the MAERS toxic pollutants are included in one form or
another on the list of TRI chemicals. Under EPCRA Section 313, facilities must
estimate and report releases (including disposal) and other waste management
activities for approximately 650 chemicals and chemical compound categories.
y The submittal of emission data collected by MAERS to EPA must be made on a
process-by-process basis, as defined by EPA source classification codes (SCCs). In
addition to emission estimates, several other parameters such as material
throughput, operating schedules, stack parameters, and emission factors must be
reported at the process level. EPCRA Section 313 TRI requires facilities to report at
the facility level.
y Under MAERS, facilities do not have to report an emission if it is less than 20
pounds per year for each activity (SCC process). EPCRA Section 313 has no
minimum threshold for quantity released; once a facility meets the reporting
threshold for chemical use mentioned above, it must submit a report, even if there
are no releases.
A facility should consider developing an effective emission estimation system that can
adequately address MAERS and EPCRA Section 313 TRI reporting requirements.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 19
Source: Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42) Fifth Edition, Volume 1: Stationary Point and Area Sources,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 20
Direct Measurement
The most accurate way of estimating emissions from a source is directly measuring the
concentration of air pollutants in the stack gas. Stack tests and continuous emission
monitoring systems (CEMS) are two methods of collecting actual emission data. This
section explains how source testing data from stack tests and CEMS can be used in the
completion of a facilitys Michigan Air Emission Reporting System (MAERS) submittal.
The discussion will focus on the methodology to follow in converting data collected
during source testing into a pollutant mass emission rate, i.e., tons of pollutant emitted
per year. Albeit very important for compliance demonstration purposes, this discussion
will not include comparison of stack testing and CEMS results, or all of the various air
pollutant concentration limits contained within the state and federal air quality
regulations.
The use of source test data reduces the number of assumptions regarding the
applicability of emissions data to a source (a common consideration when emission
factors are used); as well as the control device efficiency, equipment variations, and
fuel characteristics. Even then, the results will be applicable only to the conditions
existing at the time of the testing or monitoring. To provide the best estimate of longerterm (e.g., yearly or typical day) emissions, these operating conditions should be
representative of the source's routine operations.
Stack Tests
Stack tests provide a means to determine the concentration of emissions of an air
pollutant at the point of release. These tests are conducted according to established
procedures. Stack tests provide a snapshot of emissions during the period of the test.
Samples are collected using probes inserted into the stack, then pollutants are
collected in or on various media and sent to a laboratory for analysis or analyzed onsite by continuous analysis. Pollutant concentrations are obtained by dividing the
amount of pollutant collected during the test by the volume of the air sampled. Only
trained stack testers should perform the stack tests.
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems
Continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) involve the installation of monitoring
equipment that accumulates data on a pre-determined time schedule in a stack or duct.
The continuous measurements provide data under all operating conditions. Use of
CEMS requires attention to detail and strict adherence to state and federal guidelines.
Emissions data are available through direct measurement using continuous emissions
monitors, usually located in the exhaust downstream of a combustion device.
Information
obtained
from
CEMS
is
considered
reliable,
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 21
[air pollutant] * stack gas flow rate = hourly mass emission rate
Eq (2)
hourly mass emission rate / hourly activity = source specific emission factor
Eq (3)
According to Equation 1, the hourly mass emission rate is the concentration of air
pollutant multiplied by the stack gas flow rate. The concentration of air pollutants and
stack gas flow rate can be reported in a number of different ways or units, such as
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) or pounds per standard cubic foot (lbs/scf). To
correctly calculate the hourly emission rate, the concentration and gas flow rate must be
in units that are compatible with each other.
Concentration of Air Pollutant in the Stack
The concentration of an air pollutant is calculated by dividing the mass of the air
pollutant collected by the volume or mass of stack gas sampled (see Equation 4).
During a stack test, most air pollutants are collected on some type of media. The
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 22
type of media depends on the type of air contaminant being measured. For example,
particulate matter and metals, which are solids, are collected on a filter. Benzene, which
is in a gaseous state, is collected on a solid sorbent, such as charcoal. The total
volume of stack gas sampled is typically measured by a dry gas meter. Continuous
emission monitoring systems (CEMS) measure gaseous air pollutants directly by
fluorescence (SO2), infrared spectroscopy (CO), chemiluminescence (NOx), and flame
ionization detection (VOCs). Table 4 identifies the concentrations of the criteria air
pollutants typically found in stack test and CEMS results. Concentrations can be
reported on a mass or volume basis.
Eq (4)
VOCs, SO2,
NOx, CO,
HCL
PM,
TOXICS
Mass of
Pollutant
Collected
Volume of
Stack Gas
Sampled
Concentration of
Pollutant in Stack Gas
Concentration
Units
ppmvd
M(grams)
PM
M(grams)
Vd(m3@ dry
standard
conditions)
Vdw(scf)
PM
M(grams)
Vd(dscf)
PM
M(grams)
Vd(dscf)
PM
M(grams)
Vdw(acf)
PM
M(grams)
Vd(dscf)
Emission Calculations
M * 1000mg/g
Vd
mg/m3
M * 1 lb/453.59 grams
Vdw
M * 1 lb/453.59 grams
Vd
M * 15.432 grains/gram
Vd
M * 1 lb/453.59
grams*1000
Vdw * pdw
M * 1 lb/453.59
grams*1000
Vd * p d
lbs/scf
March 1999
lbs/dscf
grains/dscf
lbs/1000 lbs
(actual)
lbs/1000 lbs
(dry)
Page 23
Table 5 - Nomenclature
acf
acfm
C
dscf
dscfm
Fd
ft3
Hin
HHV
M
m3
mg
MW
P
pdw
pd
ppmvd
Q
R
scf
scfm
STP
T
Vd
Vw
Vdw
Videal
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 24
60 minutes/hour
1 lb/453.59 grams
0.02832 m3/ft3
1 lb/7000 grains
Combustion Sources: The stack gas leaving a combustion device (e.g. incinerator or
boiler) contains certain levels of air pollutants which can be made to appear smaller if
the total stack gas quantity is increased by adding non-pollutant gas to the stream. The
volume fraction of any gas present in the stack gas can be reduced by dilution, i.e.,
adding air. It is for this reason that combustion equipment concentration emission
standards are written with a specified amount of excess air (e.g., 0.08 grains/dscf
corrected to 12% carbon dioxide). These excess air corrections are important when
comparing stack test results to the emission standards but not when calculating the
mass emission rate. No matter how much the stack gas is diluted, the mass emission
rate will not change because the decrease in concentration will be offset by the
increase in stack gas flow rate.
If concentrations from stack tests are corrected to 50% excess air, 7% CO2, or 7% O2,
make sure the stack flow rate is in the same units when calculating the mass emission
rate.
Stack Gas Flow Rate
The second piece of information needed to calculate the hourly mass emission rate is
the stack gas flow rate (see Equation 1). As one can see in Table 4, the concentrations
are based upon volumes of air at actual or standard pressure and temperature, and dry
or wet conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to know how to convert acfm to scfm and
scfm to dscfm.
Flow rates can be determined using continuous volume flow rate monitor, stack
sampling data or, for combustion sources, can be estimated based on heat input using
fuel factors.
Converting ACFM to SCFM
The volume of a gas varies with changes in pressure and temperature. In order to
simplify comparison of gases, chemists adopted a set of standard conditions of
temperature and pressure. Accordingly, Rule 119(m) of the Michigan Administrative
o
Rule for Air Pollution Control defines standard conditions as a gas temperature of 70
Fahrenheit (460 + 70o F = 530o R) and a gas pressure of 1 atmosphere (29.92 inches
of mercury absolute).
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 25
The volume of a gas or volume flow rate of a gas at one temperature and pressure can
be converted to its volume or volume flow rate at standard conditions by using the ideal
gas equation which relates pressure, volume, and temperature.
According to the ideal gas law:
Eq (5)
Where:
Qstd = gas flow rate at standard temperature and pressure
Qo = gas flow rate at actual conditions
Pstd = pressure at standard conditions is 29.92 inches Hg or 1 atmosphere
Tstd = temperature at standard conditions is 70o F
Po = pressure at actual conditions (inches Hg)
o
To = temperature at actual conditions ( F)
Eq (6)
This approach can only be used for exhaust flows < 5% moisture
For Combustion Sources: When direct measurements of stack gas flow rate are not
available, Q can be calculated using fuel factors (Fd factors):
Eq (8)
Where:
Fd
= fuel factor, dry basis
%O2
= measured oxygen concentration, dry basis expressed as a percentage
Hin
= heat input rate in MMBtu/hr
Eq (9)
Emission Calculations
Hin = R * HHV
106
Spring 2000
Page 26
Where:
R
= mass fuel rate in lbs/hr
HHV
= higher heating value of the fuel in Btu/lb
The average Fd factors are provided in EPA Reference Test Method 19 for different
fuels and are shown in Table 7. Also in Table 7 are the higher heating values (HHV) of
fuel.
Table 7- Fuel Factors and Higher Heating Values
Fuel Type
Coal
anthracite
bituminous
lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
natural
Wood
Wood Bark
Fd (dscf/MMBtu)
HHV(Btu)
10,100
9,780
9,860
12,300/lb
13,000/lb
7,200/lb
9,190
9,190
150,000/gal
140,000/gal
8,710
9,240/lb
9,600/lb
1,050/scf
5,200/lb
4,500/lb
EXAMPLE #2:
Company A operates a distillate oil-fired boiler. The fuel rate is 20 gallons of
oil per hour. The percent O2 in their exhaust gas is 2.1%. Determine the stack
gas flow rate Qdscfm.
Step 1 - Calculate the heat input rate (Hin) MMBtu/hr
Hin = (R * HHV)/ 106
Hin = (20 gal/hr * 140,000 Btu/gal * 1MM)/106
Hin = 2.8 MMBtu/hr
Step 2 - Calculate the stack gas flow rate Qdscfm
From Table 7, the Fd factor for distillate oil is 9,190 dscf/MMBtu
Q = Fd* ((20.9)/(20.9 - %O2 )) * (Hin /60)
Q = 9,190 * ((20.9)/(20.9 - 2.1)) * (2.8/60)
Qdscfm = 477
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 27
lb-mole pollutant
MM lb-mole air
lb pollutant
lb-mole pollutant
lb-mole air
386.5 ft3 air
EXAMPLE #3:
Company B operates a boiler equipped with a CEMS for SO2. According to the CEMS,
the in-stack concentration of SO2 is 33 ppmvd. The stack gas flow rate Qdscfm is
155,087. What is the emission rate of SO2 in lbs/hr?
Using Equation (10) and the molecular weight of SO2 is 64 (i.e., 32+(16 * 2)):
33 * 64 * 155,087 * 60 = 51 lbs of SO2/hr
386.5 * 106
Converting mg/m3 to lbs/hr
3
The mass of air pollutant per volume of stack gas (mg/m ) is corrected to dry standard
conditions. Thus, to calculate the mass emission rate, the concentration of air pollutant
is multiplied by the stack gas flow rate, in units of dscfm.
Eq (11)
Emission Calculations
ft
min
lb
gram
2004
min
hr
m3
ft3
gram = lbs/hr
mg
Page 28
ft3 *
min
min
hr
= lbs/hr
3
ft *
min
min
hr
= lbs/hr
Eq (14)
grains * lb *
3
ft * grains *
ft3 *
min *
min = lbs/hr
hr
Eq (15)
lb pollutant
lb air
ft3
min
min
hr
lb air = lbs/hr
ft3
Eq (16)
lb pollutant *
lb air
*
ft3 *
min *
min *
hr *
lb air = lbs/hr
ft3
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 29
terms of material usage, e.g., tons of coal or gallons of oil fired. The basic equation
used in emission factor calculations is:
Eq (17)
lb of pollutant emitted
ton of material
lb pollutant emitted hr
ton of material/hr
Hin = R * HHV
106
lbs pollutant *
hr *
hr *
lbs fuel *
Emission Calculations
2004
lbs pollutant
MMBtu
Page 30
lbs fuel
year
*
*
MMBtu/year
MM
106
MMBtu
year
MMBtu
year
*
*
1 ton
2000 lbs
tons pollutant
year
ton of material
yr
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 31
Mass Balance
Mass balance is a method that estimates emissions by analyzing inputs of raw
materials to an emission unit and accounting for all of the various possible outputs of
the raw materials in the form of air emissions, wastewater, hazardous waste, and/or the
final product. As the term implies, one needs to account for all the materials going into
and coming out of the process for such an emission estimation to be credible.
M A SS BA LA NCE A PPROACH
air em issio n s
ra w m a te ria ls
p ro d u c t
E M IS S IO N U N IT
w a ste w ate r
h az a rd o u s w aste
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 32
Mass balances are greatly simplified and very accurate in cases where all of the
consumed solvent is emitted to the atmosphere. But many situations exist where a
portion of the evaporated solvent is captured and routed to a control device such as an
afterburner (incinerator) or condenser. In these cases, the captured portion must be
measured or estimated by other means, and the disposition of any recovered material
must be accounted for. As a second example, in degreasing operations, emissions will
not equal solvent consumption if waste solvent is removed from the unit for recycling or
incineration. A third example is where some fraction of the diluent (which is used to
liquefy cutback asphalt, for example) is believed to be retained in the substrate
(pavement) rather than evaporated after application. In these examples, a method of
accounting for the non-emitted solvent is required to avoid an overestimation of
emissions.
Mass balances may be inappropriate where material is consumed or chemically
combined in the process, or where losses to the atmosphere are a small portion of the
total process throughput. As an example, applying mass balances to petroleum product
storage tanks is not generally feasible because the losses are too small relative to the
uncertainty of any metering devices. In these cases, emission factors can be used.
Mass Balance Examples
Below are some examples of using the mass balance approach of estimating
emissions. The processes included in the examples are surface coating operations,
laboratory hoods, and combustion sources.
Surface Coating Operations
Surface coating operations, including preparation of the articles to be coated, can involve
a variety of emissions such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulates from
painting, metals from grinding, metals and VOCs from foundry operations, and other
criteria pollutants from fuel. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from
surface coating operations are a result of evaporation of thinners and solvents found in
the coating. The main factor affecting VOC emission rates is the percent of volatile
matter in the coating being applied. Most Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) indicate
the percent weight or volume of volatile matter in the coating. The MSDS may also
indicate the density of the coating, usually in units of pounds per gallon (lb/gal). The
density of the coating can also be calculated, if it is not specified on the MSDS, by
multiplying the specific gravity of the coating by 8.34 lb/gal, which is the density of water.
(This is assuming that the coating is being applied at close to atmospheric conditions.)
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 33
To quantify VOC emissions from surface coating operations, assume that all of the
volatile matter in the coating is emitted to the atmosphere. The following example
outlines the steps involved in quantifying VOC emissions from surface coating operations.
1. Identify the coating and amount used for a designated time period.
2. Locate the MSDS to identify the percent volatile by weight and the density of the
coating.
3. Complete the calculations as indicated in Example #6.
EXAMPLE #6: VOC Calculations
Coating A
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 34
The coating may also include a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) as one of its constituents.
The MSDS may indicate for example, the following:
Toluene = 10% (by weight)
n-Butyl Acetate = 10% (by weight)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) = 10% (by weight)
Xylene = 10% (by weight)
If so, you can estimate HAP emissions by assuming that the HAP is emitted into the
atmosphere at the same percentage as it is found in the coating. For example using the
previous example:
EXAMPLE #7: Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) emissions)
Coating A
VOC Emission rate = 4.0 tons/year
Toluene = 10% (by weight)
n-Butyl Acetate = 10% (by weight)
MEK = 10% (by weight)
Xylene = 10% (by weight)
Actual HAP Emissions (toluene):
gal
lb
0.1 lb Toluene
lb Toluene
x 8.0
x
= 0.8
hr
gal
lb coating
hr
gal
lb
0.1 lbs Toluene
1ton
ton Toluene
Annual = 2500
x 8.0
x
x
= 1.0
yr
gal
lb coating
2000lb
yr
Hourly = 1
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 35
Because emissions equal the amount of xylene used, emissions (ER) are determined
using the following equation:
(20)
ER
Where:
ER
SB
SI
SE
F
=
=
=
=
=
ER
(SB + SI - SE) * F
Emission Calculations
March 1999
solvent
Page 36
Step 2 - Determine gallons of coating minus water and exempt organic solvents
5,452 - 1,090 = 4,362 gallons of coating minus water and exempt organic solvents
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 37
The key to making reasonable estimates of potential VOC emissions is to make sure that
the product consumption rates used in the calculations represent the maximum or design
capacity, rather than actual usage rates. For example, assume that your facility has been
operating for only 5 days/week, 24 hours/day (or 6240 hours/year) over the past year,
instead of the maximum possible 7 days/week, 24 hours/day (8760 hours/year).
Production rates for the year at a laboratory hood thus reflect operations at about 70
percent of capacity, and should be scaled up to full production capacities to estimate
potential releases.
EXAMPLE #10: Laboratory Hoods
Assume that in 1993 you consumed 3,800 lb of a volatile material at a laboratory hood
and operated 6240 hours/year. Total potential VOC emissions could be calculated as:
lb
1 year
hours
lb
x
x 8760
= 5335
year 6240 actual hr
year max
year
lbs
1 year
lbs
x
= 0.6
year 8760 hours
hour
Combustion Sources
Fuel analysis can be used to predict emissions based on the application of mass
balance. The presence of certain elements in fuels may be used to predict their
presence in emission streams. These include toxic elements such as metals found in
coal; as well as other elements such as sulfur, that may be converted to other
compounds during the combustion process.
The basic equation used in fuel analysis emission calculations is:
(21)
ER = R * PC * (MW p/MW f)
Where:
ER
R
PC
MW p
MW f
For example, SO2 emissions from oil combustion can be calculated based on the
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 38
concentration of sulfur in the oil. This approach assumes complete conversion of sulfur
to SO2 . Therefore, for every pound of sulfur (MW = 32 g) burned, 2 lb of SO2 (MW = 64
g) are emitted. The application of this emission estimation technique is shown in
Example 11.
EXAMPLE #11: Calculations Using Fuel Analysis
Calculate the SO2 emissions from the combustion of oil based on fuel analysis results
and the fuel flow information.
fuel flow rate R = 46,000 lbs/hr
percent sulfur (% S) in fuel = 1.17
ER
= R * PC * (MW p/MW f)
= (46,000) * (1.17/100) * (64/32)
= 1,076 lbs SO2/hr
Emission Factors and Emission Models
= emissions of pollutant A
= emission factor of pollutant A
= 1 or more conversion factors (if necessary)
= 1 or more activity values
= overall emission control efficiency (%) (if controlled).
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 39
Activity data (A) quantify the activities associated with a given emission factor
(examples include tons of raw material burned, processed, handled, charged, or
received and fuel burned). The conversion factors (CF) are those factors needed to
apply the emission factor to the activity data. This includes factors such as the heat
content of fuel expressed in BTUs per ton of fuel.
The following are examples of emission factor calculations.
Calculation for fuel combustion requiring a single conversion factor and a single
activity value:
ER = EF (# benzene / MMBtu heat ) x CF ( MMBtu heat / ton coal ) x A (ton coal )
Below are some examples of using emission factors to estimate emissions. The
processes included in the examples are grinding operations, foundries, boilers,
incinerators, and open top cleaners.
Grinding Operations
Particulate emissions associated with the grinding of metal can be estimated by
comparing the grinding operations to a scarfing operation at a steel mill. The scarfing
operation is used as a surface preparation step to remove surface defects from slabs
prior to shaping or rolling. Grinding operations can be assumed to follow the same basic
procedures as scarfing, and thus the emissions factors for scarfing (Table 8) can in some
instances be used to estimate emissions from grinding operations, although there may be
other methods to estimate emissions as well. For example, if a grinder is equipped with a
fabric filter, the control device vendor may provide you with a guaranteed particulate
emission rate.
Table 8. Particulate Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Grinding Operations
Process
lb Particulate/ton metal
in grinding operation
Grindinga
0.1
Note: Grinding emission factor from Table 12.5-1 of AP-42 for metal scarfing.
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 40
Potential Emissions =
50,000 tons
year
0.1 lb Particulate
ton metal processed
1 ton
= 2.5
ton Particulate
2000 lb
year
Foundry Emissions
Steel and gray iron foundries use the same basic processes to produce castings. Thus,
the emission factors and estimating techniques are similar for both types of foundry
operations. The main emissions from foundries occur during the metal melting step.
Table 9, taken from AP-42 Section 12.13-6, lists the emission factors for steel foundry
metal melting procedures. Emission factors for gray iron foundry metal melting can be
found in AP-42 section 12.10.
Electric arc
13 (4-40)
0.2
Open hearth
11(2-20)
0.01
10 (8-11)
0.1
Type of Furnace
Electric induction
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 41
Potential Emissions
Potential Emissions
tons metal 13 lb PM
lb PM
lb PM
= 50
x
= 650
day
day
ton metal
day
lb NO x
lb NO x
tons metal 0.2 lb NO x
= 50
x
= 10
day
day
ton metal
day
Other foundry operations with the potential to emit pollutants include materials handling,
mold and core production, and casting and finishing. Particulate matter emission factors
that have been developed for other gray iron (uncontrolled) foundry processes are
summarized in Table 10, taken from AP-42 Section 12.10.
Table 10. Miscellaneous Foundry Emission Factors
Total Emission
Factor
Ib/ton
Emitted to Work
Environment
lb/ton
Emitted to
Atmosphere
lb/ton
0.6
0.5
0.2
Magnesium
treatment
1.8
1.8
0.4
Inoculation
3-5
Pouring, cooling
4.2
Shakeout
3.2
Cleaning, finishing
17
0.3
0.1
Sand handling
3.6
Core making,
baking
1.1
1.1
1.1
Process
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 42
Fuel Burning
Calculating particulate matter emissions from distillate oil combustion serves as an
example of the fuel combustion emission factors. Fuel burning emission factors are
expressed as the weight of pollutant emitted per quantity of fuel combusted (e.g., pounds
of sulfur dioxide emitted per thousand gallons of oil burned (lb/1000 gal)).
EXAMPLE #14: Industrial Boiler Potential Emissions
Consider an industrial boiler with a rated heat capacity of 100 million Btu/hr. The
USEPAs AP-42 emission factor document in a Table entitled "Uncontrolled Emission
Factors for Fuel Oil Combustion" indicates that the particulate matter emission factor
for distillate oil is 2 lb/1000 gal of oil burned.
(1)
Assuming the oil has a heat content of 140,000 Btu/gal, the maximum oil firing
rate of the boiler would be
(2)
714.3
Typical representative fuel heating values you may find useful are shown in Table 11.
Natural Gas
1,000 Btu/ft3
140,000 Btu/gallon
150,000 Btu/gallon
Coal
13,000 Btu/lb
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 43
These approximate fuel heat content values can be used along with the rated heat
capacity of boilers and furnaces to estimate fuel firing rates of typical fuel burning
equipment.
EXAMPLE #15: Industrial Boiler Actual Emissions
To determine actual emissions, the actual quantity of fuel oil burned in a particular
period of time in the boiler is used in the calculation. Assume that your facility burned
1,000,000 gallons of #2 fuel oil in a year and the boiler was run at a 85% of the year
(310 days). Then the calculated actual emissions would be as follows:
gallons oil
2 lbs
lbs
ton
x
= 2000
= 1
year
1000 gallons oil
year
year
ton
2000 lb
1 year
1 day
lbs
1
x
x
x
= 0.27
year
1 ton
(365days)(.85) 24 hours
hour
10 6
Other tables found in AP-42 provide uncontrolled emission factors for natural gas
combustion and subbituminous coal combustion, respectively.
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 44
Potential Emissions
140 lb NO x
lb NO x
lb NO x
MMBtu
1 ft 3
= 25
x
x
=
3.5
3
6
hr
hr
1000 Btu
hr
10 ft
Potential Emissions
hr
1ton
ton NO x
ton NO x
lb NO x
= 3.5
x 8760
x
= 15.33
yr
hr
year 2000 lb
year
Assume that in 1993 the incinerator only operated for 7,000 hours. The actual
emissions would then be:
Actual Emissions =
3.5 lb NO x
hr
1 ton
ton NO x
x 7000
x
= 12.25
hr
year 2000 lb
year
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 45
Notes:
Source:
Primary Condenser
Temperature
Emission
Rate
Solvent
(Fq)
(lb/ft2/hr)
1,1,1-TCA
50
0.087
1,1,1-TCA
70
0.120
1,1,1-TCA
85
0.143
CFC-113
40
0.062
CFC-113
50
0.094
CFC-113
70
0.169
Assumes a cleaner size of 0.9 m2, a freeboard ratio of 0.7, an uncovered machine with no refrigerated freeboard devices or
lip exhausts, and an AutoSonics device.
USEPA - 450/3-89-030; August 1989, Alternative Control Technology Document - Halogenated Solvent Cleaners
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 46
Air Speed
(ft/min)
Primary
Condenser
Temperature
(Fq)
Freeboard
Ratio
Emission
Ratea
(lb/ft2/hr)
Detrex
calm
0.75
0.099
1.8
Detrex
130
0.75
0.173
1,1,1-TCA
1.8
Detrex
160
0.75
0.233
1,1,1-TCA
1.4
AutoSonics
0.063
1,1,1-TCA
0.9
AutoSonics
50
0.100
1,1,1-TCA
0.9
AutoSonics
70
0.112
1,1,1-TCA
0.9
AutoSonics
85
0.170
1,1,1-TCA
0.4
AutoSonics
30
70
0.75
0.112
1,1,1-TCA
0.4
AutoSonics
30
70
1.0
0.092
CFC-113
0.9
AutoSonics
40
0.090
CFC-113
0.9
AutoSonics
50
0.110
CFC-113
0.9
AutoSonics
70
0.186
CFC-113
0.9
Branson
60
1.0
0.775c
CFC-113
0.4
AutoSonics
30
70
0.75
0.165
CFC-113
0.4
AutoSonics
30
70
1.0
0.132
MCd
1.2
Crest
0.83
0.186
MC
1.2
Crest
0.75
0.354
MC
0.4
AutoSonics
30
70
0.75
0.180
MC
0.4
AutoSonics
30
70
1.0
0.145
MC blend
0.4
AutoSonics
30
70
0.75
0.220
MC blend
0.4
AutoSonics
30
70
0.75
0.125
MC blend
0.4
AutoSonics
30
70
1.0
0.175
MC blend
0.4
AutoSonics
30
70
1.0
0.100
Solvent
Cleaner
Size
(m2)
Cleaner
Manufacturer
1,1,1-TCA
1.8
1,1,1-TCA
Notes:
Source:
Working emissions include diffusion, convection, and workload losses, but not leaks, solvent transfer losses, or
downtime losses.
b Information unknown or not available
c Constant cycling or parts into and out of machine and use of perforated metal basket that retained significant solvent
upon exit from machine account for elevated emission number.
d MC stands for Methylene Chloride
USEPA - 450/3-89-030; August 1989, Alternative Control Technology Document - Halogenated Solvent Cleaners.
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 47
Losses from such sources as filling and draining, and leaks are difficult to quantify.
Equipment vendor estimates of downtime losses range from 0.03 to 0.07 pounds of
solvent per square foot of surface area per hour. Table 14 presents relative
evaporation rates of some halogenated solvents.
Relative Evaporation
Rate
(CCL4 = 100)
Solvent
TCE
84
PCE
39
1,1,1-TCA
100
Methylene Chloride
147
CFC-113
170
Emission Calculations
March 1999
Page 48
emission factors developed may be the result of averaging source tests that differ by
factors of five or more.
Air pollution control devices also may cause differing emission characteristics. The
design criteria of air pollution control equipment affect the resulting emissions. Design
criteria include such items as the type of wet scrubber used, the pressure drop across a
scrubber, the plate area of an electrostatic precipitator, and the alkali feed rate to an
acid gas scrubber. Often, design criteria are not included in emission test reports (at
least not in a form conducive to detailed analysis of how varying process parameters
can affect emissions) and therefore may not be accounted for in the resulting factors.
Before simply applying emission factors to predict emissions from new or proposed
sources, or to make other source-specific emission assessments, the user should
review the latest literature and technology to be aware of circumstances that might
cause such sources to exhibit emission characteristics different from those of other,
typical existing sources. Care should be taken to assure that the subject source type
and design, controls, and raw material input are those of the source(s) analyzed to
produce the emission factor. This fact should be considered, as well as the age of the
information and the users knowledge of technology advances.
Emission Factor Resources
Emission Factors Provided with MAERS
The MAERS software includes a look-up table of emission factors that may be used in
completing the report. The emission factors contained in the table are based upon
those listed in the Factor Information REtrieval (FIRE) Data System. The AQD, in
developing the look-up table of emission factors, edited and removed certain emission
factors from FIRE. See the discussion beginning on page 65 on how the MAERS lookup table differs from the emission factors contained in FIRE.
The emission factors contained in the MAERS look-up table are provided to make it
easy for the user to estimate their annual emissions and report them to the state in
order to meet the annual reporting requirements. It must be understood, however, that
a general emission factor such as is found in the MAERS table is a default value. As
such, it may not be the best factor to represent emissions for the process being
evaluated. It is important to have an understanding of who develops emission factors
and what other emission estimation tools are available.
Emission Factor and Inventory Group (EFIG)
www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/organization/emad/efig.html
Emission Factor and Inventory Group is part of the Emissions, Modeling, and Analysis
Division of the USEPAs Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. The program is
located at the USEPA's facility in Research Triangle Park, North
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 49
Carolina. The EFIG provides leadership in the development and use of emission factors
through: preparation and dissemination of technical guidance and information;
enhancements to and maintenance of reference guides (AP-42); and technical
information dissemination tools (e.g., Fax CHIEF, Air CHIEF, and the CHIEF web site);
training; and conferences.
Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip
The Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) is a jointly sponsored effort of the
State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators/Association of Local Air
Pollution Control Officials (STAPPA/ALAPCO) and EPA. The EIIP Steering Committee
and technical committees are composed of state, local, industry, and EPA
representatives. The goal of EIIP is to provide cost-effective, reliable emission
inventories which are an aggregation of emission data from specific sources of air
pollution. State regulatory agencies use emission inventories in tracking trends in air
releases and the development of new regulations. Since reliable emission inventories
must be built upon the latest emission factors, the EIIP has developed some important
emission factor tools that facilities subject to MAERS should consult. Methods for
estimating air emissions from various industrial processes are available at
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume02/index.html
and
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html.
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 50
Figure 3. CHIEF
In addition to CHIEF, there is one other TTN web site containing emission factor
information: Clean Air Technology Center (CATC). The web site (www.epa.gov/ttn/catc)
offers free engineering assistance, a hotline, and technical guidance to state and local air
pollution control agencies in implementing air pollution control programs.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 51
CHIEF
General
Brochures
Conferences
Newsletters
Listserver
Contacts
Emissions
Inventory
EIIP
National
Emissions
Inventory-US
Technical
Document
Series
North
American
Emissions
Systems Mexico
Technical
Committees
Emissions
Modeling
Fax
CHIEF
Emission
Factor
AirCHIEF
CD Rom
Software
AP-42
L&E
General
Emission
Inventory
Resource
FIRE
PM CALC
TANKS
SPECIATE
3.2
LANDFILL
2.01
MOBILE 6
WATER 9
ACA
Interactive
AIR Data
ASEM 1.0
Beta
CATC
OTAQE
Emission
SCRAM
Emissions
Modeling
MDI
Emissions
Estimator
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 52
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 53
Figure 6. AP-42
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 54
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 55
The inorganic gas, AMMONIA (NH3) is being considered as a haze precursor and, as
such, is being added to the list of criteria pollutants. It is anticipated that reporting will
begin with the 2002 emissions inventory.
For MAERS reporting, the particulate matter form and AMMONIA, if present, are
required to be reported and are shown with their emission factors, in the color blue at
the bottom of the E-101 Emissions form within the software.
Organic Compounds
Precursors of the criteria pollutant "ozone" include organic compounds. "Volatile
organic compounds" (VOCs) are required in a State Implementation Plan (SIP)
emission inventory. VOCs have been defined by EPA (40 CFR 51.100, February 3,
1992) as "any compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, which
participates in atmospheric chemical reactions." There are a number of compounds
deemed to have "negligible photochemical reactivity," and these are therefore exempt
from the definition of VOC.
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 56
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 57
Test data quality is rated A through D, and ratings are thus assigned:
A = Tests are performed by a sound methodology and are reported in enough
detail for adequate validation.
B = Tests are performed by a generally sound methodology, but lacking
enough detail for adequate validation.
C = Tests are based on an unproven or new methodology, or are lacking a
significant amount of background information.
D = Tests are based on a generally unacceptable method, but the method may
provide an order-of-magnitude value for the source.
The AP-42 emission factor rating is an overall assessment of the reliability of a factor. It
is based on both the quality of the test(s) or information that is the source of the factor
and on how well the factor represents the emission source. Higher ratings are for
factors based on many unbiased observations, or on widely accepted test procedures.
For example, ten or more source tests on different randomly selected plants would
likely be assigned an "A" rating if all tests are conducted using a single valid reference
measurement method. Likewise, a single observation based on questionable methods
of testing would be assigned an "E," and a factor extrapolated from higher-rated factors
for similar processes would be assigned a "D" or an "E".
AP-42 emission factor quality ratings are thus assigned:
A (Excellent) Factor is developed from A- and B-rated source test data taken from
many randomly chosen facilities in the industry population. The source category
population is sufficiently specific to minimize variability.
B (Above Average) Factor is developed from A- or B-rated test data from a
"reasonable number" of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if
the facilities tested represent a random sample of the industry. As with an A rating, the
source category population is sufficiently specific to minimize variability.
C (Average) Factor is developed from A-, B-, and/or C-rated test data from a
reasonable number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if the
facilities tested represent a random sample of the industry. As with the A rating, the
source category population is sufficiently specific to minimize variability.
D (Below Average) Factor is developed from A-, B- and/or C-rated test data from a
small number of facilities, and there may be reason to suspect that these facilities do
not represent a random sample of the industry. There also may be evidence of
variability within the source population.
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 58
E (Poor) Factor is developed from C- and D-rated test data, and there may be reason
to suspect that the facilities tested do not represent a random sample of the industry.
There also may be evidence of variability within the source category population.
U (Unranked) Too little data to rank.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 59
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 60
Table 15
Table of Contents of the Preferred and Alternative Methods For Estimating Air
Emissions
Volume I: Introduction
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume01/index.html
Introduction and Use of EIIP Guidance for Emissions Inventory Development.
Volume II: Point Sources
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume02/index.html
Chapter 1:
Chapter 2:
Chapter 3:
Chapter 4:
Chapter 5:
Chapter 6:
Chapter 7:
Chapter 8:
Chapter 9:
Chapter 10:
Chapter 11:
Chapter 12:
Chapter 13:
Chapter 14:
Chapter 15:
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 61
Table 15 - continued
Volume III: Area Sources
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html
Chapter 1:
Chapter 2:
Chapter 3:
Chapter 4:
Chapter 5:
Chapter 6:
Chapter 7:
Chapter 8:
Chapter 9:
Chapter 10:
Chapter 11:
Chapter 12:
Chapter 13:
Chapter 14:
Chapter 15:
Chapter 16:
Chapter 17:
Chapter 18:
Chapter 24:
Volume IV:
Volume V:
Volume VI:
Volume VII:
Volume VIII:
Volume IX:
Volume X:
Mobile Sources
Biogenic Sources
Quality Assurance Procedures and DARS Software
Data Management Procedures
Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Particulate Emissions
Emission Projections
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 62
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 63
Figure 8. FIRE
Some of the emission factor data in the air toxics module of the FIRE tool come from a
number of emissions source testing reports developed under the California Air
Resources Board (CARB) air regulatory initiative (AB-2588). Some of these CARB data
are of particularly high quality because they are derived from pooled source tests of
similar sources within an industry in California. Sources in the CARB pooled emissions
source testing include oil and gas production, asphalt production, petroleum refining,
and fuel combustion.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 64
Each emission factor in FIRE also includes information about the pollutant (Chemical
Abstract Service [CAS] numbers and chemical synonyms) and about the source
(Standard Industrial Classification [SIC] codes and descriptions, and SCCs and
descriptions). Each emission factor entry includes comments about its development in
terms of the calculation methods and/or source conditions, as well as the references
where the data were obtained. The emission factor entry also includes a data quality
rating.
FIRE Version 6.23 (released October 2000) is a user-friendly, menu-driven Windows
program that can run under Windows 95/98 or Windows NT. Users can browse
through records in the database or can select specific emission factors by source
category name or source classification code (SCC), by pollutant name or CAS number,
or by control device type or code. FIRE 6.23 contains emission factors from AP-42
through Supplement F.
How the MAERS Look-up Emission Factor Table and FIRE Differ
The Air Quality Division has installed an edited version of FIRE 6.23 in the MAERS
software referred to as the look-up table of emission factors. Below is an explanation of
how FIRE was edited.
y All FIRE emission factors that are identified as less than or equal to or as a range
have been changed to equal to or mean factors. Emission ranges are not
accepted by MAERS.
y When FIRE identifies more than one emission factor for a pollutant for one SCC
code, only one emission factor appears in the MAERS look-up table. For example,
a SCC code in FIRE may display emission factors for SO2 and SOx. Only one of
these emission factors will appear in MAERS.
y Some FIRE emission factors have been replaced with Michigan emission factors.
They primarily involve surface coating operations and were part of the old Michigan
Air Pollution Reporting (MAPR) system.
As a reminder, the emission factors contained in the MAERS look-up table are provided
for reference and should not be used if more accurate information is available.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 65
TANKS
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/tanks/index.html
TANKS is a Windows-based computer software program that estimates volatile organic
compound (VOC) and hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions from fixed- and floatingroof storage tanks. The TANKS program is based on the emission estimation
procedures from Chapter 7 of EPAs Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP42. The users manual, available in Adobe Acrobat format and WordPerfect, explains
the many features and options of TANKS. The program includes on-line help for every
screen.
TANKS uses chemical, meteorological, roof fitting, and rim seal data to generate
emissions estimates for several types of storage tanks, including: vertical and horizontal
fixed roof tanks, internal and external floating roof tanks, dome external floating roof
tanks, and underground storage tanks. To use the program, enter specific information
about storage tank construction and the stored liquid. The TANKS program then
estimates the annual or seasonal emissions of VOC and produces a report. The
emissions can be separated into breathing and working losses. A batch mode of
operation is available to generate a single report for multiple tanks.
The TANKS program employs a chemical database of over 100 organic liquids, and a
meteorological database of over 240 cities in the United States. The program allows
the addition of more chemicals and cities, if desired. TANKS is capable of calculating
individual component emissions from known mixtures and estimating emissions from
crude oils and selected refined petroleum products using liquid concentration HAP
profiles supplied with the program.
Storage Tank Standing and Working Storage Losses
Emissions associated with the storage of organic liquids are due to the evaporation of
liquid, as well as changes in the liquid level during filling or unloading. The two types of
emissions associated with storage tanks are classified as standing storage and working
losses. Standing storage losses result from vapor expansion and contraction within the
tank due to fluctuations in temperature and pressure. Working losses result from
continual filling and emptying of tank contents.
There are five basic tank designs that are used for liquid storage vessels: fixed roof,
external floating roof, internal floating roof, variable vapor space, and pressure (low and
high). The following example illustrates the procedures for calculating working and
standing storage losses for a fixed roof vessel. The procedures for other tank types are
included in section 7 of the USEPAs AP-42 document.
Emission Calculations
Fall 2000
Page 66
Where:
LT
= Total losses (lb/yr)
LS
= Standing storage losses (lb/hr)
LW
= Working losses (lb/hr)
The standing storage losses may be calculated in the following manner:
L S = 365 x V V x W V x K E x K S
Where:
= Vapor space volume (ft3)
VV
WV
= Vapor density (lb/ft3)
= Vapor space expansion factor (dimensionless)
KE
KS
= Vented vapor saturation factor (dimensionless)
The vapor space volume is calculated using the following equation:
VV =
x D2 x HVO
4
Where:
D
= Tank diameter (ft)
= 20 ft
HVO = Vapor space outage (ft)
HVO = H S - H L + H RO
Where:
HS
= Tank shell height (ft) = 10 ft
HL
= Average liquid height (ft)
= assume equal to 0.5 tank height = 5 ft
HRO = Roof outage (ft)
H RO = 0.137 x RS
Emission Calculations
Fall 2000
Page 67
Where:
RS
= Tank shell radius (ft)
= 10 ft
HRO = 1.37 ft
HVO = 10 - 5 + 1.37 = 6.37 ft
VV =
M v x PVA
R x T LA
Where:
= Vapor molecular weight (lb/lb-mole)
MV
= 40.05 lb/lb-mole (from Table 12.3-3)
R
= Ideal gas constant (10.731 (psia-ft3)/(lb-mole-R))
PVA = Vapor pressure at average liquid surface temperature (psia)
= 0.96 psia @ 54F (Interpolated from Table 12.3-3)
TLA
= Daily average liquid surface temperature (R)
= 514R (from Table 12.3-6 for Wilmington, DE)
WV =
41.05 x 0.96
lb
= 0.007 3
10.731 x 514
ft
The vapor space expansion factor is calculated using the following equation:
KE =
TV
T LA
PV - P B
P A - PVA
Where:
TV = Daily vapor temperature range (R)
PV = Daily Vapor pressure range (psi)
PB = Breather vent pressure setting rang (psi)
PA
= Atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia)
T V = 0.72 x T A + 0.028 x K P x I
Emission Calculations
Fall 2000
Page 68
Where:
TA = Daily ambient temperature range (R)
= 19R (from Table 12.3-6 for Wilmington, DE)
= Tank paint solar absorptance (dimensionless)
KP
= Assumed to be 1.0
I
= Daily total solar insolation factor (Btu/ft2-day)
= 1208 Btu/ft2-day (from Table 12.3-6)
T V = 0.72 x 19 + 0.028 x 1.0 x 1208 = 47.5 R
PV = PVX - PVN
Where:
PVX = Vapor pressure at daily maximum liquid surface temp. (psia)
= 1.20 psia (Interpolated from Table 12.3-3)
PVN = Vapor pressure at daily minimum liquid surface temp. (psia)
= 0.735 psia (Interpolated from Table 12.3-3)
PV = 1.20 - 0.735 = 0.465 psia
P B = P BP - P BV
Where:
PBP = Breather vent pressure setting (psig)
= assumed to be 0.03 psig
PBV = Breather vent vacuum setting (psig)
KE = 47.5 = 0.465 - 0.06 = 0.122
514
14.7 - 0.96
KS =
1
(1 + 0.053 x PVA x HVO)
KS =
1
(1 + 0.053 x 0.96 x 6.37)
= 0.755
Emission Calculations
Fall 2000
Page 69
Where:
Q
= Annual net throughput (bbl/yr)
= 250,000 gal/yr = 7937 bbl/yr
KN
= Turnover factor (dimensionless)
KP
= Working loss product factor (dimensionless)
= 0.75 for crude oils, and 1.0 for all other organic liquids
If the number of turnovers, N, is less than 36 KN = 1.0, otherwise:
KN =
VLX
180 + N
6xN
5.614 x Q
V LX
5.614 x 7937
= 33.3
1337
lb
yr
Emission Calculations
Fall 2000
lb
yr
Page 70
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 71
The USEPA has published the guideline document Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage
and Disposal Facilities, which outlines how these models can be used to estimate air
releases.
There are a number of factors to keep in mind when using these predictive models for
estimating air releases from wastewater treatment plants. Obviously, the model can only be
as good as the data available as input. Further, these models were developed based on a
certain set of circumstances and are intended to be used only in certain situations.
Therefore, the models may not be able to accommodate all the characteristics of the
treatment facility. These and other factors are outlined in the USEPA document and should
be considered carefully before applying the models to your facility.
Additional methods for estimating VOC emissions from wastewater treatment facilities can
be found in the Chemical Manufacturers Association (1990) A Guide to Estimating
Secondary Emissions. In this volume, the use of mass balance equations and fields tracer
studies are discussed. The following is a simple example of the calculation of maximum
potential VOC emissions generated form a wastewater treatment facility.
MDI Emissions Estimator Software
www.polyurethane.org/regulatory/emissions.asp/index.html
MDI Emissions Estimator Software is a tool that provides a fast and convenient method
to estimate MDI emissions from typical process applications and activities. The software
program is based upon the methodology outlined in the MDI/ Polymeric MDI Emissions
Reporting Guidelines for the Polyurethane Industry. The program has built-in calculation
modules to estimate emissions for the following activities:
Working and breathing losses from storage tanks
Enclosed processes based upon cavity size
Fugitive Emissions from process areas
Enclosed processes based upon foam density
Open continuous processes
Filling/Blending operations
Open processes involving adhesive/coating operations
Spills
Included in the software are 18 illustrated examples based upon real-life applications.
Illustrated examples include:
Adhesives
Air Filter
Appliance- Refrigerator
Appliance -Truck
Automotive
Boardstock
Emission Calculations
Boats
Doors
Filling/Blending
Laminator Boardstock
Mobile Homes
Packaging
2004
Particleboard
Rebond
Recreation
Spills
Spray Foam
Water heater
Page 72
0.11 mg/l
0.14 mg/l
Lead
1.18 mg/l
1.20 mg/l
Methylene Chloride
100 g/l
250 g/l
Toluene
10 g/l
200 g/l
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
30 g/l
250 g/l
Vinyl Chloride
30 g/l
35 g/l
Total Volatiles
170 g/l
735 g/l
Assume the facility routinely discharges at 50 gpm for 24 hour per day, but could handle 75 gpm.
Actual VOC emissions may be calculated as follows:
170
g
g
= 1.7 x 10 -4
l
l
g
gal
min
1000 l
1 lb
lb
x 50
x 60
x
x
= 4.3 x 10 -3
l
min
hr
264.17 gal 453.6 g
hr
1.7 x 10 -4
4.3 x 10 -3
37.7
lb
hr
days
lb
x 24
x 365
= 37.7
VOCs
hr
day
year
year
lb
1 ton
tons
x
= 0.019
VOCs
year 2000 lb
year
Using maximum concentration and design flow rates the potential VOC emissions may be calculated
as follows:
7.35 x 10 -4
g
gal
min
1000 l
1 lb
lb
x 75
x 60
x
x
= 2.8 x 10 -2
l
min
hr
264.17 gal 453.6 g
hr
2.8 x 10 -2
245
Emission Calculations
lb
hr
days
lb
x 24
x 365
= 245
VOCs
hr
day
year
year
lb
1 to n
x
year
2 0 0 0 lb
= 0 .1 2
Fall 2000
to n s
VOCs
year
Page 73
MOBILE6
www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm
The USEPAs Vehicle Emission Modeling Software, MOBILE6, is an emission factor
model for predicting gram per mile emissions of HC, CO, NOx, CO2, PM, and toxics
from cars, trucks, and motorcycles under various conditions. It is used by the USEPA in
evaluating control strategies for highway mobile sources, by states, and other local and
regional planning agencies in the development of emission inventories and control
strategies for State Implementation Plans (SIPs) under the Clean Air Act, and in the
development of environmental impact statements (EISs).
AIR CHIEF
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/airchief/index.html
As a part of its commitment to protecting global air quality, the USEPA is working to
provide current emissions data in convenient, easy-to-access formats to federal, state,
and local regulatory agencies, businesses, and the general public. An important tool in
this effort is the Air ClearingHouse For Inventories And Emission Factors (Air CHIEF) in
CD-ROM format.
The Air CHIEF CD-ROM gives the public and private sector users access to air
emission data specific to estimating the types and quantities of pollutants that may be
emitted from a wide variety of sources. Updated annually, Air CHIEF offers on one disc
literally thousands of pages contained in some of the USEPAs most widely used and
requested documents. Included are the USEPA Emission Factor and Inventory Groups
most popular emission estimation tools.
Air CHIEF is published annually.
Air CHIEF version 9.0 has been developed in Adobe Acrobat format and is now
available for distribution by the Government Printing Office. This version of Air CHIEF
contains many features, such as linking between related documents, web links directly
to the CHIEF web site for easy access to the most recent updates, and enhanced fullCD searching. Included on Air CHIEF version 9.0 are:
y Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42), Fifth Edition, Volume 1:
Stationary Point and Area Sources (including Supplements A, B, C, D, E, F and
Update 2001)
y Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42), Fifth Edition, Volume 2:
Mobile Sources, selected tables
y EIIP Preferred and Alternative for Estimating Air Emissions from (source)
y AP-42 Background Files
Emission Calculations
2004
Page 74
BEIS
CHEM9
FIRE
Landfill Model
PMCALC
SPECIATE
WATER8
WATER9
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 75
info.chief@.epa.gov
By phone:
(919) 541-1000
By fax:
(919) 541-5680
By mail:
Info CHIEF
Emission Factor And Inventory Group (MD-14)
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Emission Calculations
Fall 2000
Page 76
Industry-Specific Guidance
The Environmental Science and Services Division and the Air Quality Division of the
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality are working closely with trade
associations to develop industry specific guidance on estimating annual air pollution
emissions from facilities. The guidance includes the SCC codes that should be
reported, along with emission factors, emission models, and other factors that sources
should consider when submitting their report. Currently, fact sheets have been
developed for the following nine industries:
Coating
Electroplating
Foundries
Hot Mix Asphalt Plants
Landfills
Mineral Product Processes
Oil And Gas Industry
Petroleum Bulk Plant Sand Terminals
Plastic Manufacturing
These fact sheets are located in Appendix F.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 77
References
A Guide to Estimating Secondary Emissions.
1990.
Emission Calculations
Fall 2000
Page 78
Appendix A.
Federal Air Toxics (Hazardous Air Pollutants)
Chemical Abstract
Services (CAS)
Number
Chemical Name
75-07-0
60-35-5
75-05-8
98-86-2
53-96-32
107-02-8
79-06-1
79-10-7
107-13-1
107-05-1
92-67-1
62-53-3
90-04-0
1332-21-4
71-43-2
92-87-5
98-07-7
100-44-7
92-52-4
117-81-7
542-88-1
75-25-2
106-99-0
156-62-7
[105-60-2
133-06-2
63-25-2
75-15-0
56-23-5
463-58-1
120-80-9
133-90-4
57-74-9
7782-50-5
79-11-8
532-27-4
108-90-7
Emission Calculations
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
2-Acetylaminofluorene
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
4-Aminobiphenyl
Aniline
o-Anisidine
Asbestos
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
Benzidine
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl chloride
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)
Bis(chloromethyl)ether
Bromoform
1,3-Butadiene
Calcium cyanamide
Caprolactam - Removed 6/18/96 61 Federal Register 30816
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonyl sulfide
Catechol
Chloramben
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chloracetic acid
2-Chloracetophenone
Chlorobenzene
Fall 2000
Page 79
CAS Number
510-15-6
67-66-3
107-30-2
126-99-8
1319-77-3
95-48-7
108-39-4
106-44-5
98-82-8
72-55-9
334-88-3
132-64-9
96-12-8
84-74-2
106-46-7
91-94-1
111-44-4
542-75-6
62-73-7
111-42-2
64-67-5
119-90-4
60-11-7
121-69-7
119-93-7
79-44-7
68-12-2
57-14-7
131-11-3
77-78-1
534-52-1
51-28-5
121-14-2
123-91-1
122-66-7
106-89-8
106-88-7
140-88-5
100-41-4
51-79-6
75-00-3
Emission Calculations
Chemical Name
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroprene
Cresols/Cresylic acid (isomers and mixture)
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
Cumene 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, including salts and
esters
DDE
Diazomethane
Dibenzofurans
1,2,-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
Dibutyl phthalate
1,4,-Dichlorobenzene(p)
3,3-Dichlorobenzidene
Dichloroethyl ether (Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether)
1,3-Dichloropropene
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
Diethyl sulfate
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine
4-Dimethyl aminoazobenzene
N,N-Diethyl aniline (N,N-Dimethylaniline)
3,3-Dimethyl benzidine
Dimethyl carbamoyl chloride
N,N-Dimethyl formamide
1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol, and salts
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Epichlorohydrin (1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
1,2-Epoxybutane
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl carbamate (Urethane)
Ethyl chloride (Chlorethane)
2002
Page 80
CAS Nnumber
Chemical Name
106-93-4
107-06-2
107-21-1
151-56-4
75-21-8
96-45-7
75-34-3
50-00-0
76-44-8
118-74-1
87-68-3
77-47-4
67-72-1
822-06-0
680-31-9
110-54-3
302-01-2
7647-01-0
7664-39-3
123-31-9
78-59-1
58-89-9
108-31-6
67-56-1
72-43-5
74-83-9
74-87-3
71-55-6
78-93-3
60-34-4
74-88-4
108-10-1
624-83-9
80-62-6
1634-04-4
101-14-4
75-09-2
101-68-8
101-77-9
91-20-3
98-95-3
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 81
CAS Number
Chemical Name
92-93-3
100-02-7
79-46-9
684-93-5
62-75-9
59-89-2
56-38-2
82-68-8
87-86-5
108-95-2
106-50-3
75-44-5
7803-51-2
7723-14-0
85-44-9
1336-36-3
1120-71-4
57-57-8
123-38-6
114-26-1
78-87-5
75-56-9
75-55-8
91-22-5
106-51-4
100-42-5
96-09-3
1746-01-6
79-34-5
127-18-4
7550-45-0
108-88-3
95-80-7
584-84-9
95-53-4
8001-35-2
120-82-1
79-00-5
79-01-6
95-95-4
88-06-2
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
2-Nitropropane
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
Parathion
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
p-Phenylenediamine
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphorus
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors)
1,3-Propane sultone
beta-Propiolactone
Propionaldehyde
Propoxur (Baygon)
Propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloropropane)
Propylene oxide
1,2-Propylenimine (2-Methyl aziridine)
Quinoline
Quinone
Styrene
Styrene oxide
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
2,4-Toluene diamine
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
o-Toluidine
Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene)
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
CAS Number
Chemical Name
121-44-8
Triethylamine
Emission Calculations
Fall 2000
Page 82
1582-09-8
Trifluralin
540-84-1
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
108-05-4
Vinyl acetate
593-60-2
Vinyl bromide
75-01-4
Vinyl chloride
75-35-4
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene)
1330-20-7
Xylenes (isomers and mixture)
95-47-6
o-Xylenes
108-38-3
m-Xylenes
106-42-3
p-Xylenes
Antimony Compounds
Beryllium Compounds
Cadmium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cyanide Compounds1
2
Glycol ethers
Lead Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Nickel Compounds
Selenium Compounds
Note: For all listings above which contain the word "compounds" and for glycol ethers, the following applies: Unless otherwise
specified, these listings are defined as including any unique chemical substance that contains the named chemical (i.e., antimony
compound, arsenic, etc.) as part of that chemicals infrastructure.
1. XCN where X=H or any other group where a formal dissociation may occur. For example, KCN or Ca(CN)2
2. On January 12, 1999 (64FR1780), the EPA proposed to modify the definition of glycol ethers to exclude surfactant alcohol
ethoxylates and their derivatives (SAED). On August 2, 2000 (65FR47342), the EPA published the inal action. This action
deletes each individual compound in a group called the surfactant alcohol ethoxylates and their derivatives (SAED) from the
glycol ethers category in the list of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) established by section 112(b)(1) of the Clean Air Act (CAA).
EPA also made conforming changes in the definition of glycol ethers with respect to the designation of hazardous substances
under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).
"The following definition of the glycol ethers category of hazardous air pollutants applies instead of the definition set forth in 42
U.S.C. 7412(b)(1), footnote 2: Glycol ethers include mono- and di-ethers of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and triethylene
glycol R-(OCH2CH2)n-OR
Where: n= 1, 2, or 3
R= alkyl C7 or less, or phenyl or alkyl substituted phenyl
R= H, or alkyl C7 or less, or carboxylic acid ester, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, or sulfonate..
3. Under Review
4. Under Review
5. A type of atom which spontaneously undergoes radioactive decay.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 83
Appendix B.
List of Federal Regulated Air Pollutants
I. Pollutants for which a NAAQS has been established
Lead (Pb)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Particulate matter (PM10) (PM2.5)
Ozone, including precursors: (O3)
Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, NO3, N2O, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
As defined in 40 CFR 51.100(s), the term VOC includes any compound of carbon (excluding carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate) which participates in
atmospheric photochemical reactions.
The following organic compounds are excluded from the federal definition of VOC because of they have been
determined to have negligible photochemical reactivity:
Methane
Ethane
Methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113)
Trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11)
Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12)
Chlorodifluoromethane (CFC-22)
Trifluoromethane (FC-23)
1,2-dichloro 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114)
Chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115)
1,1,1-trifluoro 2,2-dichloroethane (HCFC-123)
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a)
1,1-dichloro 1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b)
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 84
The USEPA revised its definition of VOC, and this revision added the following list of compounds
excluded from the definition of VOC:
32 difluoromethane (HFC-32)
33 ethylfluoride (HFC-161)
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa)
1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ca)
1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ea)
1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245eb)
1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa)
1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea)
1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfe)
chlorofluoromethan (HCFC-31)
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a)
1-chloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-151a)
1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-methoxybutane (C4F90CH3)
2-(difluoromethoxymethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane [(CF3) 2CFCF20CH3]
1-ethoxy-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4,-nonafluorobutane (C4F9OCH2H5)
2-(ethoxydifluoromethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane [(CF3) 2CFCF20C2H5]
methyl acetate
II. Pollutants Regulated Under New Source Performance Standards
Criteria pollutants (including VOCs and NOx) plus:
Cadmium
Dioxin/furan (defined in 40 CFR 60.53a to mean total tetra through octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
*
and dibenzofurans)
Fluorides
*
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Mercury
Nonmethane organic compounds
Sulfuric acid mist
Total reduced sulfur
Reduced sulfur compounds
Total organic compounds
Total particulate matter
The new source performance standard (NSPS) for municipal waste combustors (MWC) controls
emissions of dioxin/furans and hydrogen chloride gas (40 CFR 60.53a and 60.54a) as surrogates for
controlling emissions of organic compounds and acid gases which are emitted in the exhaust gases from
MWC units. Thus, the indicated dioxin/furan compounds and hydrogen chloride are regulated pollutants.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 85
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-31 (HCFC-31)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-121 (HCFC-121)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-122 (HCFC-122)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123 (HCFC-123)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-124 (HCFC-124)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-131 (HCFC-131)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-132 (HCFC-132)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-133 (HCFC-133)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-141 (HCFC-141)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-142 (HCFC-142)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-221 (HCFC-221)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-222 (HCFC-222)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-223 (HCFC-223)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-224 (HCFC-224)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-225 (HCFC-225)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-226 (HCFC-226)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-231 (HCFC-231)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-232 (HCFC-232)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-233 (HCFC-233)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-234 (HCFC-234)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-235 (HCFC-235)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-241 (HCFC-241)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-242 (HCFC-242)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-243 (HCFC-243)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-244 (HCFC-244)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-251 (HCFC-251)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-252 (HCFC-252)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-253 (HCFC-253)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-261 (HCFC-261)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-262 (HCFC-262)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-271 (HCFC-271)
Class I Substances
carbon tetrachloride
chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11)
chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12)
chlorofluorocarbon-13 (CFC-13)
chlorofluorocarbon-111 (CFC-111)
chlorofluorocarbon-112 (CFC-112)
chlorofluorocarbon-113 (CFC-113)
chlorofluorocarbon-114 (CFC-114)
chlorofluorocarbon-115 (CFC-115)
chlorofluorocarbon-211 (CFC-211)
chlorofluorocarbon-212 (CFC-212)
chlorofluorocarbon-213 (CFC-213)
chlorofluorocarbon-214 (CFC-214)
chlorofluorocarbon-215 (CFC-215)
chlorofluorocarbon-216 (CFC-216)
chlorofluorocarbon-217 (CFC-217)
halon-1211
halon-1301
halon-2402
methyl chloroform
Class II Substances
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-21 (HCFC-21)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22)
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 86
Emission Calculations
Fall 2000
Page 87
Appendix C.
Source Categories for Fugitive Emissions
Fugitive emissions are included in emission calculations for the following sources.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 88
2002
Page 89
APPENDIX D.
AP-42 Contents
Fifth Edition
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.
External Combustion Sources .................................................................................. 1.0-1
1.1
Bituminous And Subbituminous Coal Combustion ............................. 1.1-1
1.2
Anthracite Coal Combustion .............................................................. 1.2-1
1.3
Fuel Oil Combustion .......................................................................... 1.3-1
1.4
Natural Gas Combustion ................................................................... 1.4-1
1.5
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion ............................................... 1.5-1
1.6
Wood Waste Combustion In Boilers .................................................. 1.6-1
1.7
Lignite Combustion............................................................................ 1.7-1
1.8
Bagasse Combustion In Sugar Mills .................................................. 1.8-1
1.9
Residential Fireplaces ....................................................................... 1.9-1
1.10
Residential Wood Stoves................................................................. 1.10-1
1.11
Waste Oil Combustion..................................................................... 1.11-1
2.
3.
4.
Fall 2000
Page 90
4.2.2.5
Flat Wood Interior Panel Coating................................................. 4.2.2.5-1
4.2.2.6
Paper Coating.............................................................................. 4.2.2.6-1
4.2.2.7
Polymeric Coating Of Supporting Substrates............................... 4.2.2.7-1
4.2.2.8 Automobile And Light Duty Truck Surface
Coating Operations...................................................................... 4.2.2.8-1
4.2.2.9
Pressure Sensitive Tapes And Labels ......................................... 4.2.2.9-1
4.2.2.10
Metal Coil Surface Coating ........................................................ 4.2.2.10-1
4.2.2.11
Large Appliance Surface Coating .............................................. 4.2.2.11-1
4.2.2.12
Metal Furniture Surface Coating ................................................ 4.2.2.12-1
4.2.2.13
Magnetic Tape Manufacturing ................................................... 4.2.2.13-1
4.2.2.14
Surface Coating Of Plastic Parts For
Business Machines.................................................................... 4.2.2.14-1
4.3
Waste Water Collection, Treatment And Storage .............................. 4.3-1
4.4
Polyester Resin Plastic Products Fabrication..................................... 4.4-1
4.5
Asphalt Paving Operations ................................................................ 4.5-1
4.6
Solvent Degreasing ........................................................................... 4.6-1
4.7
Waste Solvent Reclamation............................................................... 4.7-1
4.8
Tank And Drum Cleaning .................................................................. 4.8-1
4.9
Graphic Arts ...................................................................................... 4.9-1
4.9.1
General Graphic Printing ................................................................ 4.9.1-1
4.9.2
Publication Gravure Printing ........................................................... 4.9.2-1
4.10
Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use ................................................ 4.10-1
4.11
Textile Fabric Printing ...................................................................... 4.11-1
5.
6.
2002
Page 91
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
Methanol.......................................................................................... 6.15-1
Acetone And Phenol ........................................................................ 6.16-1
Propylene ........................................................................................ 6.17-1
Benzene, Toluene And Xylenes....................................................... 6.18-1
Butadiene ........................................................................................ 6.19-1
Cumene........................................................................................... 6.20-1
Ethanol ............................................................................................ 6.21-1
Ethyl Benzene ................................................................................. 6.22-1
Ethylene .......................................................................................... 6.23-1
Ethylene Dichloride And Vinyl Chloride............................................ 6.24-1
Ethylene Glycol................................................................................ 6.25-1
Ethylene Oxide ................................................................................ 6.26-1
Formaldehyde.................................................................................. 6.27-1
Glycerine ......................................................................................... 6.28-1
Isopropyl Alcohol ............................................................................. 6.29-1
7.
8.
9.
Fall 2000
Page 92
9.3.4
9.4
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.5.4
9.5.5
9.6
9.6.1
9.7
9.8
9.8.1
9.8.2
9.8.3
9.9
9.9.1
9.9.2
9.9.3
9.9.4
9.9.5
9.9.6
9.9.7
9.10
9.10.1
9.10.1.1
9.10.1.2
9.10.2
9.10.2.1
9.10.2.2
9.11
9.11.1
9.12
9.12.1
9.12.2
9.12.3
9.13
9.13.1
9.13.2
9.13.3
9.13.4
9.14
9.15
9.16
Fall 2000
Page 93
10.
11.
Fall 2000
Page 94
12.
13.
14.
Appendix A
Miscellaneous Data And Conversion Factors...............................................................A-1
Appendix B.1
Particle Size Distribution Data And Sized Emission Factors
For Selected Sources ..............................................................................................B.1-1
2002
Page 95
Appendix B.2
Generalized Particle Size Distributions .....................................................................B.2-1
Appendix C.1
Procedures For Sampling Surface/Bulk Dust Loading ..............................................C.1-1
Appendix C.2
Procedures For Laboratory Analysis Of Surface/Bulk Dust Loading Samples ..........C.2-1
Fall 2000
Page 96
Appendix E.
Emission Calculation Fact Sheets
Emission Calculations
2002
Page 97