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Sensor - Week 04 - Capacitive Sensor Dan LVDT PDF
Sensor - Week 04 - Capacitive Sensor Dan LVDT PDF
Setyawan P. Sakti
Setyawan P. Sakti Dept. of Physics Brawijaya Unievrsity
Definitions
Definitions (cont.)
Sensing strategies
operate on the physical principles of the electric field and its effects
(capacitance, charge, stored energy)
Capacitance
Q
C=
V
C
V
Capacitance (cont.)
Assumes d is small,
0 is the permittivity of vacuum,
r the relative permittivity (dielectric constant)
of the medium between plates,
S the area of the plates and
d the distance between the plates.
0 is a constant equal to 8.854x10 F/m
r is the ratio between the permittivity of the
medium to that of free space.
available as part of the electrical properties
of materials.
Permittivities of dielectrics
Material
Material
Material
Quartz
3.8-5
Paper
3.0
Silica
3.8
GaAs
13
Bakelite
5.0
Quartz
3.8
Nylon
3.1
Glass
6.0 (4-7)
Snow
3.8
Paraffin
3.2
Mica
6.0
Soil (dry)
2.8
Perspex
2.6
Water (distilled)
81
Wood (dry)
1.5-4
Polystyrene foam
1.05
Polyethylene
2.2
Silicon
11.8
Teflon
2.0
Polyvinyl Chloride
6.1
Ethyl alcohol
25
Ba Sr Titanate
10,000.0 Germanium
16
Amber
2.7
Air
1.0006
Glycerin
50
Plexiglas
3.4
Rubber
3.0
Nylon
3.5
Aluminum oxide
8.8
Capacitors - cont.
Capacitors - cont.
C = 0, r, S, 1/d
Setyawan P. Sakti Dept. of Physics Brawijaya Unievrsity
Capacitors - examples
(2)
Other methods:
Example: Two fixed plates and one moving plate.
When the plate is midway, its potential is zero since C1=C2.
As the plate moves up, its potential becomes positive.
When it moves down it is negative.
More linear than the previous sensors
Motion must be small or the capacitances will be very small and
difficult to measure.
Position sensor
comb-like sensors
Sideways sliding plates
Plunger type sensors
Others
Fluid level:
may be sensed by any of the position or proximity sensors discussed
in the previous paragraph
by sensing the position of the fluid surface directly
or through a float which then can change the capacitance of a linear
capacitor or a rotary capacitor.
LVDT
LINEAR VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
TRANSDUCERS/TRANSFORMERS
Setyawan P. Sakti Dept. of Physics Brawijaya Unievrsity
Electromechanical transducer
Coupled to any type of object/structure
Converts the rectilinear motion of an object into a corresponding
electrical signal
Precision of LVDT
Movements as small as a few millionths of an inch
Usually measurements are taken on the order of 12 inches
Some LVDTs have capabilities to measure up to 20 inches
Infinite Resolution
Electromagnetic coupling
Environmentally Robust
Uses
Automation Machinery
Civil/Structural Engineering
Power Generation
Manufacturing
Metal Stamping/Forming
OEM
Pulp and Paper
Industrial Valves
R & D and Tests
Automotive Racing
Source:http://www.rdpe.com/ex/tips.htm
Uses (cont.)
Type of LVDTs
DC vs. AC Operated
DC Operated
Ease of installation
Simpler data conditioning
Operate from dry cell batteries (remote locations)
Lower System Cost
AC Operated
Smaller than DC
More accurate than DC
Operate well at high temperatures
Armature Types
Unguided Armature
Suitability
Examples:
Source: http://www.daytronic.com/Products/trans/lvdt/default.htm#UNG
Setyawan P. Sakti Dept. of Physics Brawijaya Unievrsity
LVDT Components
Ferrous core
Epoxy encapsulation
Primary coil
Secondary coil
Bore shaft
Magnetic shielding
Stainless steel end caps
Secondary coil
Underlying Principle
Electromagnetic Induction:
L
i
Where: L= inductance
= magnetic flux
i = electric current
Underlying Principle
Electromagnetic Induction:
Secondary Coils (BLUE) are connected in parallel but with opposing polarity
Primary coils magnetic field (BLACK) induces a current in the secondary coils
Underlying Principle
In the null position, the magnetic field generates currents of equal magnitude in both secondary coils.
When the core is moved, there will be more magnetic flux in one coil than the other resulting in
different currents and therefore different voltages
Null position
Source: http://www.macrosensors.com/lvdt_macro_sensors/lvdt_tutorial/lvdt_primer.pdf
Setyawan P. Sakti Dept. of Physics Brawijaya Unievrsity
Displaced
Manufacturers/Cost
Manufacturers:
RDP
group:
http://www.rdpelectrosense.com/displacement/lvdt/menu-lvdt.htm
Macro
Sensors:
http://www.macrosensors.com/ms-lvdt_products.html
Honeywell
http://www.sensotec.com/lvdt.asp
Cost
Model
Type
Stroke
Price
LAT 100-0.5
AC Unguided Armature
0.5 inch
$270.00
LD200-10
AC Unguided Armature
0.5 inch
$225.00
LAT 100-1
AC Unguided Armature
1.0 inch
$305.00
LAT 101-0.5
0.5 inch
$410.00
LAT 101-1
1.0 inch
$470.00
LAT 102-0.5
Captive Guided
Armature
0.5 inch
$410.00
LAT 102-1
Captive Guided
Armature
1.0 inch
$440.00