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Slip Rate Estimation of The Lembang Fault West Java From Geodetic Observation
Slip Rate Estimation of The Lembang Fault West Java From Geodetic Observation
Slip Rate Estimation of The Lembang Fault West Java From Geodetic Observation
Paper:
The Sunda arc forms the southern border of the Indonesia Archipelago, where the Indo-Australian plate
is subducted beneath Eurasia. The age of subducting plate increases from Sumatra in the west to Flores
in the east. The increase in age is consistent with an
increase in plate dip along the arc and an increasing
depth of seismic activity. The motion of Australia with
respect to West Java is 68 mm/yr in a direction N11E
orthogonal to the trench. A number of active faults
characterizing this area include Cimandiri fault, Lembang fault and Baribis fault. This research uses campaign and continues GPS data to make a preliminary
estimation of the slip rate of Lembang fault. Our GPS
measurements suggest that Lembang fault has shallow
creeping and deeper locking portion. The estimated
slip rate is 6 mm/yr with fault locking at 3-15 km and
shallow creeping with the same rate. While the results
are preliminary and we need more data for reliable estimations, we point out that these data can contribute
to earthquake risk assessment by constraining earthquake recurrence relationships.
Keywords: Lembang dault, GPS observation, slip rate,
creeping and locking
1. Introduction
Tectonic faults are zone of localized deformation that
accommodates plate motion by creeping aseismically at
depth and by earthquake or episodic creep in the upper
crust (Peltzer at al., 2001 [11]). It is generally assumed
that creep on the deep section of faults and the far-field
plate motion remain steady over long time periods, implying a stable rate of stress loading in the elastic part of the
crust. A comparison between geodetic and long-term geologic slip rate measurements could provide insights into
the causes of earthquake clustering and improve under-
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2. Geological Framework
The West Indonesian island arc results from the interaction of oblique to normal subduction between IndoAustralian plate and Sunda block with velocities up to
6 cm/yr. Moderate to strong earthquakes are common
phenomena, especially in the southern part of West Java.
The 24-km long Lembang fault, the focus of our investigation is located eight kilometers from Bandung city
(Fig. 1). The western part of this fault runs through
densely populated area including Paropong district that
experienced an earthquake on 28 August 2011. Lembang Fault is parallel to Java subduction zone, which lies
300 km off shore to the southern coast of Java Island. To
the west of Lembang fault lies the Cimadiri Fault. The
north facing fault scarp of the Lembang fault has slopes
steeper than 40 degree. The East-West profile shows that
the scrap has a height above the surface of about 300 m
Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of the Bandung Basin, Ql is lake deposit, Qyd is sandy tuff, Qyl is lava, Qyt is tuffaceous
tuff, Qvu is undifferentiated volcanic product and Mtjl is volcanic and marine sediments (a), modified from Silitonga, 1973, Cross
section Geology around Bandung (b).
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Meilano, I. et al.
Fig. 2. Location of the M2.9, July 22, 2011 earthquake and M3.3 August 28, 2011 earthquake.
Black dots (inset) shows distribution of damage houses due to the M3.3 earthquake.
Fig. 3. Observation Network around Lembang fault, cycles show location of continuous GPS point, squares show
location of campaign GPS and triangles show seismic observation.
(a)
et al., 2003 [2]) has been removed. However, the southward horizontal displacements are still apparent. These
horizontal displacements may be associated with the postseismic deformation of the July 2006, Mw7.8 South-Jawa
tsunami earthquake.
Fig. 4. (a) GPS time series for continuous GPS sites, (b)
GPS time series campaign GPS sites.
(b)
Fig. 4. Continued.
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Meilano, I. et al.
Fig. 5. GPS vector for GPS point around the Lembang fault. Black arrow show result from campaign GPS, while blue from continuous GPS, ellipse corresponding 95%
confidence interval.
Ionosphere Free (QIF). All relevant geodynamic reductions were applied in order to enable a careful determination of crustal deformation. The ocean tidal loading was
considered using the GOT00 model (Bos and Scherneck,
2004 [3]). The elevation cut-off angle used in the analyses
was set to 10 . For each station troposphere zenith path
delays were estimated for a time interval of 2 hrs introducing the condition that the troposphere delay changes
only linear with the time for each interval. Antenna phase
center variations were taken into consideration using consistent, absolute models of both receiver and satellite antenna phase center (Schmid and Rothacher, 2003 [13]).
The daily solutions are combined into a free network
solution. Residual tropospheric zenith delays are estimated simultaneously with the station coordinated by
least squares adjustment. The BAKO continuous GPS
is used as a reference for the time series. To assess the
quality of the processing, we estimated station positions
for each day and for each campaign by fitting in the least
square sense. Daily and long-term position time series
(Fig. 4a) were examined to detect outlier. Fig. 4 shows
position time series for ITB that is located inside campus
of Institut Teknologi Bandung and CLBG that is located
very close to Lembang Fault. Velocities determined at the
campaign sites are based on three to four measurement
and the uncertainties are 2-4 higher to continuous GPS
and should be interpreted carefully (Fig. 4b).
The general pattern shows GPS velocity vector oriented
roughly toward the south with amplitudes increasing for
the station close to the trench. The velocity for the station
located close to the Lembang fault is 3-10 mm/yr. While
the GPS point close to the south coast shows southward
vectors with velocities 10-22 mm/yr (Figs. 5 and 6). This
pattern suggests the transient postseismic signal following
the 2006 South Java tsunami earthquake still observed in
GPS time series. Therefore we modeled the postseismic
deformation and removed the effect from the observed
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Fig. 7. Cross-section of seismicity (USGS) and focal mechanism (Global CMT). The postseismic area is located bellow
the coseismic region.
5. Conclusion
The aim of this research was to quantify the active deformation of the Lembang fault. The preliminary determined slip rate is 6 mm/yr with fault locking at 3-15 km.
Although the true geometry of the Lembang fault is undoubtedly far more complex than our model results, it
seems inevitable that there are locked region on this fault.
Journal of Disaster Research Vol.7 No.1, 2012
References:
[1] A. Z. Hasanuddin, H. Andreas, T. Kato, T. Ito, I. Meilano, F. Kimata, D. H. Natawidjaya, and H. Harjono, Crustal Deformation
Studies In Java (Indonesia) Using GPS, Journal of Earthquake and
Tsunami, Vol.3, No.2, pp. 77-88, 2009.
[2] Y. Bock, L. Prawirodirdjo, J. F. Genrich, C. W. Stevens, R. McCaffrey, C. Subarya, S. S. O. Puntodewo, and E. Calais, Crustal
motion in Indonesia from global positioning system measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.108, No.B8, p. 2367,
doi:10.1029/2001JB000324, 2003.
[3] M. S. Bos and H. G. Scherneck, Free ocean tide loading provider,
2004, http://www.oso.chalmers.se/loading/ [Accessed at 5 August
2011]
[4] M. A. C. Dam, The Late Quaternary evolution of the Bandung
basin, West-Java, Indonesia Thesis, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam,
p. 252, 1994.
[5] H. N. Rahma, M. Irwan, T. Sagiya, F. Kimata, and H. Z. Abidin,
Numerical Modelling of the 2006 Java Tsunami Earthquake, Advance in Geoscience, Vol.13, Solid Earth, 2007.
[6] U. Hugentobler, R. Dach, and P. Fridez (Eds.), Bernese GPS Software, Version 5.0, University of Bern, 2004.
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Meilano, I. et al.
Name:
Irwan Meilano
Affiliation:
Geodesy Research Division, Faculty of Earth
Science and Technology, Institute of Technology
Bandung
Address:
Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Brief Career:
2006-2008 Postdoctoral Researcher, Nagoya University
2008-2011 Lecturer, Geodesy Research Group, Institute of Technology
Bandung (ITB)
2011 Associate Professor, Geodesy Research Group, Institute of
Technology Bandung (ITB)
Selected Publications:
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