For Hyper elastic materials No matter how they are modelled (isotropic or anisotropic)

Biaxial tensile test is a tensile testing in which the sample is stretched in two distinct directions.
This technique is used to obtain the mechanical characteristics of anisotropic materials, such
as composite materials, textiles, and soft biological tissues. There are three main types of biaxial
tensile testing:[1]
1. Bursting test, based on a circular specimen clamped along the edge and inflated by air or
water under pressure until the specimen bursts;
2. Cylinder test, based on a hollow cylinder subjected to internal pressure and axial pressure
or tension;
3. Plane biaxial test which offers the best result because of the independent force introduction
in the two main directions.

Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics
when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like honey, resist shear flow and strain linearly
with time when a stress is applied.
A hyperelastic or Green elastic material is a type of constitutive model for
ideally elastic material for which the stress-strain relationship derives from a strain energy
density function. The hyperelastic material is a special case of a Cauchy elastic material.
Excision may refer to:

In surgery, the complete removal of an organ, tissue, bone or tumor from a body

In physics, a Cauchy-elastic material is one in which the stress at each point is determined only by
the current state of deformation with respect to an arbitrary reference configuration.[1] A Cauchy
elastic material is also called a simple elastic material.
It follows from this definition that the stress in a Cauchy-elastic material does not depend on the path
of deformation or the history of deformation, or on the time taken to achieve that deformation or the
rate at which the state of deformation is reached. The definition also implies that the constitutive
equations are spatially local; that is, the stress is only affected by the state of deformation in an
infinitesimal neighborhood of the point in question, without regard for the deformation or motion of
the rest of the material. It also implies that body forces (such as gravity), and inertial forces cannot

affect the properties of the material. Finally, a Cauchy elastic material must satisfy the requirements
of material objectivity.

Cauchy-elastic materials are mathematical abstractions, and no real material fits this definition
perfectly. However, many elastic materials of practical interest, such as steel, plastic, wood and
concrete, can often be assumed to be Cauchy-elastic for the purposes of stress analysis.

A textile[1] or cloth[2] is a flexible woven material consisting of a network of natural or

artificial fibres (yarn or thread). Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, or other
material to produce long strands.[3]Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting,
or felting.
An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity (having both viscosity and elasticity) and very weak
inter-molecular forces, generally having low Young's modulus and high failure strain compared with
other materials. The term, which is derived from elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with
the term rubber, although the latter is preferred when referring to vulcanisates. Each of
the monomers which link to form the polymer is usually made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen or silicon.
Elastomers are amorphous polymers existing above their glass transition temperature, so that
considerable segmental motion is possible. At ambient temperatures, rubbers are thus relatively soft
(E~3MPa) and deformable. Their primary uses are for seals, adhesives and molded flexible parts.
Application areas for different types of rubber are manifold and cover segments as diverse as tires,
shoe soles as well as dampening and insulating elements. The importance of rubbers can be judged
from the fact that global revenues are forecast to rise to US$56 billion in 2020. [1]

Biaxial Tensile Test

A distinctive feature of materials testing is the biaxial tensile test or two-axis tensile test, used to
determine the deformation properties of materials It is primarily employed in research and development,
as it allows defined stress values to be set and investigated at the intersection point of the specimen.

Horizontally oriented biaxial tens

ile test (testing actuator)

Maximum test force 2kN

Both standardized and customized biaxial testing machines are available from Zwick

horizontally oriented biaxial testing machine with electro-mechanical testing actuators for
uniaxial or biaxial tests on films/foils, paper, elastomers and biological materials up to a maximum
test force of 2 kN

vertically oriented biaxial testing machine with electro-mechanical testing actuators for uniaxial
or biaxial tests on sheet metals, elastomers, plastics and components up to a maximum test force
of50 kN

horizontally oriented biaxial testing machines with table-top testing machines for uniaxial or
biaxial tests on sheet metals, elastomers, plastics and components up to a maximum test force
of 150 kN

vertically oriented biaxial testing machines for uniaxial or biaxial tests on sheet metals up to a
maximum test force of 250 kN