Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thermal Engg Lab Manuel I
Thermal Engg Lab Manuel I
Distance x 360
Circumference of the flywheel
Where,
Distance = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on flywheel with
respect to their dead centre.
PROCEDURE:
1. First the TDC and BDC of the engine are found correctly by rotating the flywheel
and the positions are marked on the flywheel.
2. Now the circumference of the flywheel is found by using the measuring tape.
3. The flywheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve starts opening is found
out and its position is marked on the flywheel
4. Similarly the position at which it closes is also found out.
5. The distances are measured by using thread with respect to their dead centre and
converted into angles.
6. The same procedure is repeated for the exhaust valves also.
RESULT:
Thus the valve timing for the given four stroke engine is found out and is drawn.
Inlet valve opens
=
Inlet valve closes
=
Exhaust valve opens =
Exhaust valve closes =
Exhaust valve closes =
TABULATION:
Sl.no
Events
IVO
Before TDC
IVC
After BDC
EVO
Before BDC
EVC
After TDC
FIS
Before TDC
FIE
After TDC
Sl.no
Events
Suction stroke
Exhaust stroke
Power stroke
Compression
stroke
overlap
Fuel injection
Angle subtended in
Degree()
Distance with
respect to nearest
dead centre
Distance x 360
Circumference of the flywheel
Where,
Distance = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on flywheel
with respect to their dead centre.
PROCEDURE:
1. The flywheel is turned in any arbitrary direction.
2. During the downward traverse position when it just uncovers a port it is marked as the
opening of the port on the flywheel.
3. The rotation is further continued until the piston covers the port during its upward
travel.
4. A mark is made on the flywheel against the fixed mark. This gives the closing of the
port.
5. The same procedure is repeated for other ports also.
RESULT:
Thus the port time for the given two stroke engine is found out and the port timing
diagram is drawn.
Transfer port opens =
Transfer port closes =
Exhaust Port opens =
Exhaust port closes =
TABULATION:
Sl.no
Events
EPO
Before BDC
EPC
After BDC
TPO
Before BDC
TPC
After BDC
IPO
Before TDC
IPC
After TDC
Distance with
respect to nearest
dead centre
Sl.no
Events
Compression
Expansion
Transport open
Suction
VI cos
KW
alt 1000
Where,
V= Voltage in volts
I = Current in Ampere
cos = Power Factor =1
alt = Alternative efficiency(70%)
6. Mechanical efficiency:
mech = B.P x 100 %
I.P
7. Indicated thermal efficiency:
th = I.P x 3600 x 100 %
T.F.C x C.V
8. Brake thermal efficiency:
bth = B.P x 3600
x 100 %
T. F.C x C.V
Where, C.V = Calorific value of fuel in kJ / kg
9. Indicated mean effective pressure:
I.M.E.P = I.P x 60000
L. A. N . k
N/mm2
B.P x 60000
L . A . n. k
N/m2
Where,
L = Stroke length, m
A = Area = /4 D2 , D = Bore diameter in m
n = N/2
k = Number of cylinders
DESCRIPTION:
The engine is four stroke, single cylinder, water cooled vertical diesel engine. The engine
is connected to rope brake dynamometer. The burette is connected to the engine through three
way cock to measure the fuel consumption.
PROCEDURE:
1. The fuel is first filled in the fuel tank
2. Then the cooling arrangements are made.
GRAPH:
1. B.P vs. T.F.C.
2. B.P vs. S.F.C.
3. B.P vs. .mech
4. B.P vs. th
5. B.P vs. bth
6. B.P vs Torque
7. B.P vs BMEP
RESULT:
Thus the load test on single cylinder four stroke vertical diesel engine is performed and
its load characteristics are obtained.
SL Voltage
NO
(v)
Time for
Current
10cc fuel
BP IP
TFC
(A)
consumption (kW) (kW) (kg/hr
(sec)
)
SFC
bth
(kg/kWhr)
ith
mech
BMEP IM
(N/m2) (N
Exp No: 4
Date :
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON TWIN CYLINDER FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGNE
AIM:
To conduct a heat balance test on a given twin cylinder four stroke diesel engine and
prepare the heat balance sheet.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Engine test rig , Tachometer, Stop watch, Dead weight .
ENGINE DETAILS:
Brake Power : 7.4 Kw
Bore
: 87.5 mm
Stroke : 110 mm
Brake drum diameter : 410 mm
Fuel density : 827.5 kg/m3
Calorific value of fuel : 45360 kJ / kg
Compression ratio : 17.5 : 1
Rated speed : 850 r.p.m
Rope diameter : 20 mm
FORMULAE:
1. Brake Power ( B.P ) = 2 N T
KW
60
kg / hr
t
Where,
t = Time taken to consume 10cc of fuel in seconds
7. Total heat supplied:
T.H.S = T. F.C x CV
Kw
3600
Where,
CV = Calorific value of fuel in KJ
8. Unaccounted heat loss: (Q una)
= Total heat (Heat to B.P + Heat carried by
cooling water
+ Heat carried by
exhaust gas)
9. Unaccounted heat loss %
= Q una x 100
T.H.S
DESCRIPTION:
The engine is four stroke twin cylinder vertical diesel engine. A water rheostat is
connected as the loading device. The water flow meter is connected to measure the mass flow
rate of water. Fuel consumption can be measured by a burette connected in a three way cock
from fuel tank. There is a provision for finding various temperatures at different positions simply
by connecting thermocouple at different locations. A U-tube is fitted and it measures the head of
air supplied to the engine.
PROCEDURE:
1. Before starting the engine is supplied with cooling water. The engine is started by means
of hand cranking method constant load is applied to the engine.
2. Open the inlet valve of the cooling water and note the amount of water circulated per
minute.
3. Ensure no load on the engine. The time taken for consumption of 10 cc of fuel is noted.
4. The exhaust gas temperatue, cooling water, inlet and outlet is noted. The difference in the
U-Tube in manometer is noted.
5. The voltmeter and ammeter readings of the electric dynamometer are noted.
6. The above said readings are taken again by operating the engine at various load
conditions.
7. Heat balance sheet is drawn as per the readings.
TABULAR COLUMN
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Time for
Inlet water Inlet water Exhaust gas
10cc fuel
temperature temperature temperature
Sl
Load
Manometer consumption
tw1
tw2
tg1
no
reading
(sec)
(0c)
(0c)
(0c)
W1(kg) W2(kg)
h1 h2X
X
10-2
10-2
TFC
Kg/hr
Heat
Input
KW
Brake power
(useful heat)
KW
Unaccounted
heat
loss
KW
%
RESULT:
Thus the heat balance test is conducted and the heat balance sheet and chart are prepared
for the twin cylinder four stroke diesel engine.
= 2NT / 60KW
= IP1 + IP2 + IP3 + IP4
IP1 = BP-BP1
mech = BP/IP X 100
Operating procedure:
1. Initially, the water inlet valve is closed and the engine started. The shaft begins to
rotate.
2. By opening the valve ,water is allowed to enter into the dynamometer creating a
braking effect on the engine.
this will cause the engine speed to drop and by
opening the engine throttle, more fuel is given to increase the engine speed to the
desired value.
3. As the dynamometer is sensitive to the water flow rate, care should be ensure water
inlet valve is opened slowly, sudden opening may cause high loading and hence
engine stalling or even stopping.
4. outlet water from the dynamometer flows freely out of the drain at the bottom and
should not be closed under any conditions. Also, the outlet drain hose should be free
and not rigidly held as this would restrict the movement of the dynamometer body
affecting the reaction torque measurement.
5. When the dynamometer is working, it absorbs the engine power output and converts
it into heat by the water brake. This will raise the water temperature and cause the
dynamometer body to become warm. This will raise the water temperature and cause
the dynamometer body to become warm. The heat is carried away by the water.
Specification:
Four stroke, Four cylinder, Water cooled Engine
Make..Almech
R.P.M.1500
B.H.P..10HP
Fuel.Petrol
Equipment:
1. Engine HM ISUZU four cylinder vertical petrol engine with provision to cut off
ignition to each cylinder
2. Hydraulic dynamometer coupled to the engine
3. fuel flow meter
4. Cooling water arrangement for engine and dynamometer.
Procedure
1. Check lubrication oil level, fuel level, cooling water system and the battery
terminals before starting.
2. Start the engine and allow it to run for about 10 minutes at the rated speed to warm
up
3. Load the engine at full load and maintain the speed at rated rpm i.e., 1500rpm by
adjusting the throttle and dynamometer loading wheel.
4. Allow the engine to stabilize for a few minutes.
5. Cut-off ignition to cylinder no 1 by lifting the respective switch.
6. Bring the engine again to the rated speed of 1500rpm by reducing the load on
dynamometer. On no account throttle position should be changed. Note the
dynamometer reading.
7. Restore ignition to cylinder 1 by closing the switch.
8. Repeat the procedure for cylinder nos 2, 3 and 4. note the dynamometer reading for
each cylinder when they are cut-off.
9. From the data compute BHP of the engine and FHP and IHP of each cylinder.
10. Note the following readings:
1. Engine speed 2. Hydraulic dynamometer spring balance.
Tabulation
Engine output WN/4867KW
Test speed: 1500rpm
Sl.No
Particulars
Hydraulic
dynamometer Speed
Load W
N rpm
Engine Indicated
output(BP) power
KW
KW
Mechanical
efficiency
%
Result
The Morse test on four cylinder 4 stroke petrol engine with Hydraulic loading was
conducted and the efficiency was determined.
All the accessories and the cup are thoroughly cleaned and dried.
The cup is filled with the sample oil up to the marked level.
The lid is placed over the cup and is placed over the heater and is heated.
The heat is applied such that the temperature increases not less than 50C and not
more than 60C per minute.
5. The agitated is used to stir the oil to have uniform temperature.
6. A flame is introduced into the vapor space through the shutter provided on the lid.
There is a mechanism for opening the shutter.
7. The sample should not be stirred while applying the test flame.
8. The temperature at which the oil vapor starts producing flashes is noted as flash
point temperature.
9. Again the flame is introduced into the vapor space. The temperature at which the
vapor flash sustains itself as a steady flame is noted as fire point temperature.
10. The procedure can be repeated for the second trial and also with some other oil
samples.
Tabulation:
SL.NO OIL
SAMPLE
TRIAL I
TRIAL II
T flash
TRIAL I
TRIAL II
Result:
Thus the flash point and the fire point of the given oil sample is determined.
T fire
PROCEDURE:
1. The leveled oil cup is cleaned and ball valve rod is placed on the gate jet to
close it.
2. Oil under test, free from any suspension and dust is filled in the cup upto the
pointer level.
3. An empty conical flask is kept just below the jet.
4. Water is filled in the bath and side-tube is heated slowly with constant stirring
of the bath.
5. When the oil is at the desired temperature, the ball valve is lifted and
suspended from thermometer bracket.
6. The time taken to collect 50ml of oil in the flask is noted and the valve is
immediately closed to prevent any overflow of oil.
7. The result is expressed in redwood No.1 seconds at particular temperature.
8. Similarly the above procedure is repeated for the oil at various temperatures
and the viscosity is found out.
9. Now a graph is drawn between the temperature and viscosity of oil.
GRAPH:
i. Temperature Vs Kinematic viscosity
RESULT:
Thus the viscosity of the lubrication oil is found out using Redwood viscometer
and the graphs are drawn.
VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT USING REDWOOD VISCOMETER
SL
NO
OILTEMPRATURE
(0C)
KINEMATIC
VISCOSITY
(stokes)
The fuel under examination is filled upto the mark in the oil cup and then heated
by heating the water-bath by a burner.
2. Stirrer is worked between tests at a rate of about 1 to 2 revolutions per second.
3. Heat is applied so as to raise the oil temperature by about 5o C per minute.
4. At every 1oC rise of temperature, flame is introduced for a moment by working
the shuttle.
5. The temperature at which a distinct flash ( a combination of a weak sound and
light) appears is noted and is the flash point.
6. The heating is continued thereafter and the test-flame is applied as before.
7. When the oil ignites and continues to burn for atleast 5 seconds, the temperature
reading is noted and is the fire point. s
RESULT:
Thus the flash and fire-point of the given fuel is found out experimentally.
Flash Point :
Fire point :
Tabulation:
Sl.
No.
Oil sample
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 1
Trial 2
T fire
V- Voltage (V)
I Current (I)
2. Heat supplied in the boiler = mf CVfuel kW
3. Pump power = vf (Boiler pressure Condenser pressure) ms kW
vf = Specific volume of water corresponding to condenser pressure kg/m3
ms = Steam flow rate kg/sec
4. Boiler pressure = (Turbine inlet pressure + atmospheric pressure) bar
5. Condenser pressure = Turbine outlet pressure
760-condenser pressure mmHg 133.3
=
100000
6. Steam flow rate = 0.35
7. Brake thermal efficiency =
OBSERVATION:
Steam pressure at the turbine inlet =
Steam pressure at the turbine outlet =
Steam temperature at the turbine inlet =
Steam temperature at the turbine outlet =
Time taken for 4cm condensate rise =
Condensate temperature =
Voltage generated by the DC dynamometer =
Current generated by the DC dynamometer =
Load shown by spring balance (W) =
Turbine speed (N)=
Initial level of diesel =
Final level of diesel after 2 minutes =
Bar
DESCRIPTION:
The turbine used is a simple impulse turbine with three jets. The steam from the boiler is
fed into the turbine and the flow rate of the steam is so adjusted to maintain the turbine speed
below 3000rpm. The steam coming out from the turbine is sent to the condenser. The high
pressure and high temperature steam expands in te turbine and generates shaft power. The turbine
shaft is coupled to a swinging field DC dynamometer produces electric power. The turbine
blades are water-cooled. The steam leaving the turbine gets condensed by rejecting heat to the
surrounding cooling water in the condenser. The high temperature condensate is sprayed outside
into a sump from where it is fed to the boiler through a demineralization unit. A vacuum pump is
used to suck the condensate from the condenser and creates vacuum.
PROCEDURE:
1. Before starting, the water level and diesel level in the tanks are checked.
2. The cooling water pump is switched ON.
3. By putting appropriate switch ON, the combustion is started.
4. The initial water level is noted. The final water level is noted after 2 minutes
5. Similarly the initial and final diesel level also noted.
6. The steam generation is started and the steam pressure can be maintained at a
required safe level with the help of a stop valve.
7. The required pressure and temperatures are noted form the pressure gauges and
the temperature display units.
8. The times required for 4cm rise of condensate in the jar is noted.
9. The spring balance reading is also noted.
10. The required observation and calculation are made and the brake thermal
efficiency of the turbine is calculated.
RESULT:
Thus the performance test in the impulse turbine is conducted and the brake thermal
efficiency of the turbine is calculated.
Brake thermal efficiency =
Ex.No:9
Date :
PERFORMANCE TEST ON DIESEL FIRED STEAM BOILER
AIM:
To conduct a performance test on the diesel-fired boiler and to find out the equivalent
evaporation rate from and at 1000c and the boiler efficiency.
SPECIFICATION:
Type: Automatic three pass oil fired boiler with economizer
Maximum capacity: 200kg/hr
Operation pressure: 12kg/cm2
Fuel: Diesel.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Boiler setup
2.Stopwatch
FORMULAE USED:
1. Mass of water evaporated per sec ms (kg/sec) =
(Initial water levelFinal water level) area of the tank water
120
2. Mass of fuel supplied mf (kg/sec) =
(Initial Diesel levelFinal Diesel level)area of the Diesel tank Diesel
120
0
3.Equivalent Evaporation from and at 100 c=
ms (hsteam-hwater)
kg of steam
0
mf hfgat 100 c
kg of fuel
4. Steam Pressure=Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure
5. hwater = Cp Tinlet
Tinlet = Temperature of feed water to boiler
6. Boiler efficiency = ms (hsteam-hwater)
mfCVfuel
OBSERVATION:
Initial level of water=
Final level of water 2 minutes=
Initial level of Diesel=
Final level of Diesel2 minutes=
Steam temperature=
Feed water temperature=
DESCRIPTION:
The boiler used is a three pass, oil fired vertical boiler, which is capable of generating
steam at a maximum rate of 200kg/hr. the operating pressure is 12kg/cm2.but 10kg/cm2 is the
safe limit. The air for combustion enters the combustion chamber of the boiler. The diesel from
the diesel tank is injected into the combustion chamber. Combustion takes place inside the
combustion chamber. Water from the sump is pumped into the water tubes of the boiler through a
demineralization unit. The high pressure water picks up the heat from the flue gas and gets
converted into steam. The steam from the boiler is then fed to the turbine. Safety valves and stop
valves are provided for safety purpose.
PROCEDURE:
1. Before starting, the water level and diesel level in the tanks are checked.
2. The cooling water pump is switched ON.
3. By putting appropriate switch ON, the combustion is started.
4. The initial water level is noted. The final water level is noted after 2 minutes