A Study of Corporate Attitude Towards Green Marketing In

Punjab.
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 What is Green Marketing?
Green marketing is a way to use the environmental benefits of a product or service to promote
sales. Many consumers will choose products that do not damage the environment over less
environmentally friendly products, even if they cost more. With green marketing, advertisers
focus on environmental benefits to sell products such as biodegradable diapers, energy-efficient
light bulbs, and environmentally safe detergents.
People buy billions of dollars worth of goods and services every year, many which harm the
environment in how they are harvested, made, or used. Environmentalists support green
marketing to encourage people to use environmentally preferable alternatives, and to offer
incentives to manufacturers that develop more environmentally beneficial products.
The term Green Marketing came into prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The
American Marketing Association (AMA) held the first workshop on "Ecological Marketing" in
1975. The proceedings of this workshop resulted in one of the first books on green marketing
entitled "Ecological Marketing".
The first wave of Green Marketing occurred in the 1980s. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Reports started with the ice cream seller Ben & Jerry's where the financial report was
supplemented by a greater view on the company's environmental impact. In 1987 a document
prepared by the World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainable
development as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own need, this became known as the Brundtland Report and was
another step towards widespread thinking on sustainability in everyday activity. Two tangible
milestones for wave 1 of green marketing came in the form of published books, both of which
were called Green Marketing. They were by Ken Peattie (1992) in the United Kingdom and by
Jacquelyn Ottman (1993) in the United States of America.
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1.2 Global Scenario of Green Marketing

According to Paul Stoneman, financial incentives are necessary if the market for green products
is to improve and grow.
Consumers in the United States are expected to double their spending on green products and
services in the next year to an estimated $500 billion, according to an annual consumer survey by
Landor Associates.
The Green Package sets targets that represent a step change in the energy market: save 20% of
energy, increase the share of renewable energy to 20%, and cut greenhouse gas emissions by at
least 20%, all by 2020.
According to Mintel's report, 66% of consumers in United States do not buy green products
because of high cost, while 34% say there is lack of availability of green products in the market.
This shows the huge potential for untapped market and customer demand and requirement for
eco-friendly products which the companies can exploit for capturing the market share and
thereby enhancing the profitability and sustainability of the organization in the global
competitive scenario. Global Companies like Federal Express has taken up several initiatives that
help to protect the environment including greenhouse gas reduction, renewable energy and noise
reduction, recycling and using alternative fuels in its own transportation fleet for increasing their
accountability towards the environment and the society as a whole. Businesses have an impact
on the environment as a whole. Plantation and cultivation activities taken up by Intel India is an
example of socially responsible firms contributing to preservation of environment. Recycling
used products also acts as a step towards minimizing wastes. Many other firms are contributing
to conservation of environment through Biodiversity, producing environmentally friendly
products, conservation of energy, water and natural resources, climate protection, maintenance of
schools, roads, parks, providing assistance for upliftment of the rural sector and the
underprivileged, and so on. The Kyoto Protocol is an example of societies coming together to
discuss climatic changes issues so that some solutions get incorporated into the negotiating
process to create a new agreement that would come into effect 2012. Vadera, S.( 2010)
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1.3 Marketing and Communicating Green Initiatives 2009

1.3.1Why is IQPCS marketing and communicating Green Initiatives 2009

Event Taking Place?

There are plenty of reasons why green marketing is such a hot topic right now; rising energy
prices, concerns over climate change and water shortages, health concerns and economic factors
are all driving consumers to reassess the contents of their pantries, closets and garages as well as
who they pay their essential bills to. Sustainablebrands08.com, 2008
As the need to be seen as green increases, B2C companies are increasing their green initiatives
that are playing a vital role in changing the consumers buying behavior decision. The way these
initiatives are communicated will ultimately affect the companys image, brand and product.
Companies NEED to leverage their role in being green, especially with the heightened public
awareness of climate change. If companies fail to implement and promote their green initiatives
then they are putting themselves behind the eight ball as competitors will capitalize on the
opportunity to gain a competitive advantage.
IQPCs marketing and Communicating Green Initiatives 2009 event will showcase Australias
leading business case studies tackling green image issues by communicating green initiatives to
consumers. These case studies will both focus on best practice and lessons learned while
communicating key green marketing initiatives. Marketing and Communicating Green Initiatives
2009 will also feature presentations from regulatory bodies, sustainability and marketing
consultancies, media and legal entities providing delegates with a total package when focusing
on green marketing.

1.3.2 Who Will You Hear at The Marketing and Communicating Green
Initiatives 2009 Event?
Paul Allen, GM of Marketing, PAPERLINX who will present on the companys full carbon
neural paper initiative recently released into the Australian market place. Find out the drivers
behind ENVI, the strategies implemented to make it operationally possible, and examine the
communications campaign that now provides hope for an entire industry.
Experience case studies from:
Ashley Jurberg, Group Marketing Manager, EUROPCAR
Craig Maclean, Brand Manager Cascade, THE FOSTERS GROUP
Michelle Joy, Convenor of the Linfox Greenhouse Strategy Group and HR
Manager, LINFOX
Penny Gray, National Manager of Customer Engagement, ORIGIN
Amanda Keogh, Manager Environment & Sustainability Corporate Affairs, FUJI
XEROX
Rowan Dowland, General Manager Marketing and Development, MECU
Bob Welsh, CEO, VICSUPER .Rydges(2008)

2.0 Review of Literature

Kangis (1992) proposes that the challenges both for marketing specialists and for consumers,
raised by the concept of green marketing, are due to several issues, such as the lack of an
acceptable definition for green marketing, the absence of a clear understanding of cause-andeffect relationships in matters affecting the environment, and the overt and covert reasons for
concern about such issues. Suggested that, in the hands of unscrupulous marketers, green
marketing can turn into green gold.
Bhat (1993) analysed that the inputs, manufacturing processes, distribution, use and disposal
methods are decided during the design stage, any company venturing out with a green marketing
program must start with green design. Presents source reduction and waste management
strategies to cut down wastes, and also presents a method to compare green design alternatives
which can provide designers with guidance to select superior designs. As a product must meet
several criteria, suggests a concurrent rather than sequential product development approach. He
concludes with tips for top management to improve green design in their organizations.
Michael & Mendleson(1995) ,Manufacturers of consumer goods face various problems when
they attempt to integrate environmental attributes into their marketing mix. In many cases the
inclusion of environmental issues in the marketing mix is largely motivated by the organization's
desire to address consumers' increasing level of environmental awareness. However, producers
face three problems when they attempt to utilize environmental marketing: a lack of credibility;
consumer cynicism; consumer confusion over claims. Strategic alliances with environmental
groups can assist manufacturers of consumer goods to overcome these problems, as well as
provide other advantages. These other advantages are: increased consumer reliability in green
products and their claims; increased access to environmental information; increased access to
new markets; publicity and reduced public criticism; and education of consumers about key
environmental issues relating to a firm's product. To achieve these benefits, producers need to
follow a careful selection process when choosing an environmental strategic alliance partner.
This selection process includes: determine alliance objectives; specify outcomes desired; and
determine the fit between the organization, environmental group, and target market.
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Ottoman et al (1999) tells about concept of green marketing has been around at least since the
first Earth Day in 1970. But the idea did not catch on until the 1980s, when rising public interest
in the environment led to a demand for more green products and services. Manufacturers
responded to public interest by labeling hundreds of new products "environmentally friendly"
making claims that products were biodegradable, compostable, energy efficient, or the like.
In spite of its growing popularity, the green marketing movement faced serious setbacks in the
late 1980s because many industries made false claims about their products and services. For
instance, the environmental organization CorpWatch, which issues annually a list of the top ten
"greenwashing" companies, included BP Amoco for advertising its "Plug in the Sun" program, in
which the company installed solar panels in two hundred gas stations, while continuing to
aggressively lobby to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
Without environmental labeling standards, consumers could not tell which products and services
were truly beneficial. Consumers ended up paying extra for misrepresented products. The media
came up with the term "greenwashing" to describe cases where organizations misrepresented
themselves as environmentally responsible.
In 1992, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) stepped in to prevent further deception. The FTC
created guidelines for the use of environmental marketing claims such as "recyclable,"
"biodegradable," "compostable," and the like. The FTC and the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency defined "environmentally preferable products" as products and services that have a
lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared to other products
and services that serve the same purpose. The label "environmentally preferable" considers how
raw materials are acquired, produced, manufactured, packaged, distributed, reused, operated,
maintained, or how the product or service is disposed.
Today, special labels help the public identify legitimate environmentally preferable products and
services. Several environmental groups evaluate and certify products and services that meet FTC
standardsor their own tougher standards. One popular product that has received certification is
shade-grown coffee, an alternative to coffee beans that are grown on deforested land in the
tropics.
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During the late 1990s, green marketing received a large boost when President Bill Clinton issued
executive orders directing federal offices to purchase recycled and environmentally preferable
products. Some industries adopted similar policies.
Examples of environmentally-beneficial products and services:
Paper containing post-consumer wastepaper
Cereals sold without excess packaging
Shade-grown coffee beans
Cleaning supplies that do not harm humans or environment
Wood harvested from sustainable forests
Energy-efficient lightbulbs
Energy-efficient cars
Energy from renewable sources of energy such as windmills and solar power
Gurau & Ranchhod (2005) , analyses the market of ecological products is growing
exponentially at global level, however, there are very few studies focused on the international
marketing strategies of eco-firms. On the basis of the information collected during interviews
conducted with six British and six Romanian eco-firms with international activity, the main
opportunities and challenges for international green marketing are identified and analyzed. His
findings show important differences between the Romanian and the British firms, mainly
determined by the level of development of their domestic market. The Romanian firms usually
export ecological products using foreign agents, while the British firms sell internationally using
their own brand name and attempting to control the foreign distribution channels. The similarity
of the foreign market selection process applied by the UK eco-firms has allowed the
development of a tentative theoretical framework in the second part of the paper.

Ken & Crane (2005) ,examines elements of green marketing theory and practice over the past
15 years by employing the logic of the classic paper from 1985 Has marketing failed, or was it
never really tried of seeking to identify false marketings that have hampered progress.
That much of what has been commonly referred to as green marketing has been underpinned
by neither a marketing, nor an environmental, philosophy. Five types of misconceived green
7

marketing are identified and analyzed: green spinning, green selling, green harvesting,
enviropreneur marketing and compliance marketing. He provides an alternative viewpoint on a
much researched, but still poorly understood area of marketing, and explains why the anticipated
green revolution in marketing prefaced by market research findings, has not more radically
changed products and markets in practice. He helps readers to understand why progress towards
a more sustainable economy has proved so difficult, and outlines some of the more radical
changes in thought and practice that marketing will need to adopt before it can make a
substantive contribution towards greater sustainability.

Lee (2008) ,identify important factors that affect Hong Kong adolescent consumers' green
purchasing behavior. A total of 6,010 (2,975 males and 3,035 females) adolescents in Hong
Kong were recruited through multi-staged random sampling. They were surveyed on their green
purchasing behavior, environmental attitude, and environmental concern, perceived seriousness
of environmental problems, perceived environmental responsibility, perceived effectiveness of
environmental behavior, social influence and concern for self-image in environmental
protection. Multiple regression analysis showed that social influence was the top predictor of
Hong Kong adolescents' green purchasing behavior, followed by environmental concern as the
second, concern for self-image in environmental protection as the third, and perceived
environmental responsibility as the fourth top predictor. A major limitation of this study lies in
the self-reported nature of the survey used. Future study should include some objective
assessments (such as observations or other-reported survey) of the subjects' green purchasing
behavior.

Grant (2008) , looks at the greening of corporate strategy in brands, setting standards, green
marketing and networking resources. He finds that there will be a low carbon economy soon to
which companies will need to adapt. Sustainability is very important.

Vaccaro(2009) , analyzes green marketing strategies and competitive advantage, and relates it to
diffusion of innovation theory in a new way. First, a brief overview is described of corporate
social responsibility (CSR) theories related to green marketing, with providing value by adding
8

innovation theory to address the gap in the literature. Next, a discussion is provided on reactive
and proactive B2B green marketing strategies, degrees of innovation, and diffusion theory
research, and propositions are developed. Then, a new model is presented on B2B green
marketing innovation strategies and competitive advantage. Next, a conceptual analysis is
presented using a diffusion of innovation characteristics framework to show relationships of the
innovation characteristics with proactive B2B green marketing strategies and competitive
advantage. Five propositions are developed to reflect the relationship of B2B green marketing
strategies with types of innovations and competitive advantage. In addition, a conceptual analysis
found seven areas of B2B proactive green marketing strategies related to the diffusion of
innovation characteristics. Findings also showed diffusion characteristics are associated with 11
key benefits of sustainable B2B green marketing competitive advantage. Limitations and
managerial implications are discussed. Also, he suggests recommendations related to diffusion of
innovation characteristics in future research. He provides a diffusion of innovation characteristics
framework to test the effectiveness of B2B green marketing strategies and to help generate
competitive advantages in an ecologically-sustainable way. Managerial implications are
discussed on how organizations can achieve successful competitive advantage while contributing
to environmental sustainability for the common good of society. He addresses a gap in the
literature on environmental/green marketing by being the first study to expand the CSR category
of instrumental theories to include diffusion of innovation theory. Diffusion of innovation theory
is applicable to green marketing because it includes new innovations (products, services,
processes, etc.). An application of diffusion of innovation characteristics and their relationship to
proactive B2B green marketing strategies can help shed light on how to increase the rate of
adoption for green products, services, and processes to create a competitive advantage, and at the
same time, help move the world toward greater ecological sustainability.

Simula et al (2009) finds that technology product manufacturers and marketers must take into
account that customers' awareness and appreciation of the benefits of green technology and
products have increased. The purpose is to determine how technology firms can benefit from
green marketing and what pitfalls there are to avoid. Based on a review of green marketing
literature, the paper introduces four approaches to green marketing by means of a matrix
9

outlining four factors associated with perceived and actual greenness of new products and new
technology. Then, for each of the four approaches, an appropriate coping strategy is proposed
that includes the issues that firms should consider when they use green marketing. Customers'
green values should be well understood when marketing plans for technology products are
developed and implemented. Green marketing arguments should be communicated to customers
in a coherent and truthful way, to avoid customer scepticism or disbelief.

Connell (2009) explains that number of cellophanes sold in emerging markets coupled with
consumers relatively low environmental awareness- gives urgency to nokias newly launched
effort to expand its worldwide phones-recycling initiatives. A pilot program in India collected
some 68,000 pieces of equipment in 45 days. This scheme is a part of nokias integrated strategy
of innovation in environmental sustainability. Recycling is not a source of revenue for nokia; the
intension is to extract enough value to cover cost. Roughly 65%- 80% of every nokia device can
be recycled and its benefits are a reduction in waste and saving in energy and chemicals.
Thakur ( 2009) analyses that although environmental issues influence all human activities, as
society becomes more concern about the natural environment, business have begun to modify
their behavior in an attempt to address society new concerns. Some businesses have quickly
accepted this concept of environmental marketing and government also become concern about it
and attempted to regulate them. Attempt was also made to measure awareness level of market
comprising of Indore district of M.P. with reference to green marketing of automobiles and
emergent issue was found that the purchase behavior with reference to possible price hike due to
green design, agreement of the market for promotion of long term benefits, its acceptance in
rural and urban market by owner of two, four wheelers.

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3.1 Need /Scope of The Study

The scope of the study was confined to the companies with in Punjab state. The study was
emphasized on corporate attitude towards green markting. It will help to find out the relationship
of green marketing with promotional strategies. It will help to study the corporate attitude
towards green marketing. The study seeks to help the organizations realize the value of green
marketing Strategies. To help them to realize the importance of green marketing in this era. The
study also shows the need of green marketing and its importance to companies, its customers and
the environment.

3.2 Objective
To evaluate green marketing practices pursued by companies in Punjab.
To study the corporate attitude towards pros and cons of green marketing.
To find the relationship of green marketing with promotional strategies (Cognitive).
To gain a broad overview of issues regarding green marketing initiatives.

3.3 Research Methodology

3.3.1 Research Approach: Data will be obtained primarily through on-site visits to companies
in a variety of industry sectors. E-mail interviews will be used to generate the information to
answer the research questions posed in this study. Telephone interviews will also be used to
collect additional information, especially from firms within Punjab that will not be personally
visited.
3.3.2 Research Design

: We will conduct descriptive research method to gather corporate

attitude towards green marketing. And data will be collected through questionnaires which in
turn will also be the primary data of our study.
3.3.3 Sampling Design

: We will prefer convenience sampling in to study corporate attitude

towards green marketing because it will save time and money in data collection. The companies
which will allow us to take interviews will be our respondents.

11

3.3.4 Data Collection Methods:

1. Primary data it includes questionnaires with open ended questions and these questions were
designed keeping in view the objectives of the study. Primary data are first hand data project. We
will do pilot study for testing the questionnaire. The pilot survey will help in making certain
changes in the final questionnaire so that it can be more effective and accurate. A structured
questionnaire will be then prepared for the respondents in order to collect the data.

2 .Secondary data it includes internet sources, research papers, journals, news papers,
Books, magazines and published reports by various institutions.

3.3.5 Sample Design

Study is confined to Punjab region only. In this study the respondents are employees of various
organisation in panjab.The sample size of respondents will be 260 (five employees from each
company). Five economically significant places that have been selected are Chandigarh, mohali
Jalandhar, Phagwara. These places were selected on the basis of comparatively higher number of
industries.
1. Scaling Technique

: We will be using likert scale and dichotomous questions in

questionnaire.
2. Sampling Unit

: It refers to the individuals who are to be surveyed in the study.

The respondants in this study will be five employees each from different companies in
Punjab.
Following are list of some of the companies that we would be including for doing survey are:
More
Reliance fresh
Labs & Raks
Pragati rice Mill
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Parul Food Pvt. Ltd.

Baba Markhanda Rice Mill
New Krishna Sweets Pvt. Ltd.
Johnson & Johnson Pharma.
Kotak Mahindra bank
ICICI prudential
Agarwal feed Pvt. Ltd.
V-mart, Jalandhar
Shanti Vikas Kendtra(N.G.O)
Western union
Weizwann forex ltd.
Reliance Communications
Vodafone store
Jct fabrics
Reliance web world
ICICI Bank
B.M Enterprise
Marshal sales corp
Mahajan sales pkt
Spice money
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3. Sample Size:- It refers to the number of people to be surveyed for the study, the sample size
will be 260 people from different companies.
4. Technique: ANOVA, Factor Analysis. Suitable Parametric and Non-Parametric Techniques
will be used as per need.
3.4 Qualification of Researcher(s)
1. Karnam Shivkant

: Pursuing MBA in Marketing Management .

2. Geetika Lakhanpal

: Pursuing MBA in Marketing Management.

3. Chandan Kumar

: Pursuing MBA in Marketing Management.

4. Tauseef Jafar

: Pursuing MBA in Marketing Management.

3.5 Area Assigned to Each Researcher

Karnam Shivkant will be covering Phagwara .He will undergo an on-site interview with
predefined companies in his respective area. Telephone interviews will also be used to collect
additional information, especially from firms within Punjab that will not be easily approachable.
Geetika Lakhanpal will be covering Chandigarh. She will undergo an on-site interview with
predefined companies in his respective area. Telephone interviews will also be used to collect
additional information, especially from firms within Punjab that will not be easily approachable.
Chandan Kumar will be covering Jalandhar. He will undergo an on-site interview with
predefined companies in his respective area. Telephone interviews will also be used to collect
additional information, especially from firms within Punjab that will not be easily approachable.
Tauseef Jafar will be covering Mohali. He will undergo an on-site interview with predefined
companies in his respective area. Telephone interviews will also be used to collect additional
information, especially from firms within Punjab that will not be easily approachable.

3.6. Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) in Research

14

SPSS is one of the leading software for business research. The friendly program is easy to
Use with a wide range of data manipulation tools. The latest version, SPSS for Window
16.0 software is the primary program used in analyzing the data collected and output
Generations.
3.7 Variables:
Green Practices of companies related to ecological, environmental, better quality of life. Social
Responsibilities, Corporate Attitude.

References
Bhat,V.(1993) Green Marketing Begins with Green Design, Journal of Business & Industrial
Marketing

Vol

8,

No

4,

pp.26-31.

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4D6B1CC0469CDD?contentType=Article&contentId=1823701

Connell, A(2009) using gifts and trees to make recyclers of Indian consumer, Harvard business
review south Asia Vol 4, No-9, pp52. Accessed from http;//www.hbrsasia.org
Gurau,C. & Ranchhod,A.(2005) International green marketing: A comparative study of British
and Romanian firms, International Marketing Review Vol 22 ,No 5 ,pp.547-561.Accessed from
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=23ED7C67DF6D0972E
44D6CE26325A6A5?contentType=Article&contentId=1520054
Grant,J.(2008) Green marketing , Strategic Direction Vol 24 , No 6 ,pp. 25-27. Accesed from
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=8C19D8317155F6DD3
BDD89B8BEC04CCB?contentType=Article&contentId=1722891
Ken,P. & Crane,A. (2005) Green marketing: legend, myth, farce or prophesy? , Qualitative
Market Research: An International Journal Vol 8 ,No 4,pp.357-370. Accessed from
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=23ED7C67DF6D0972E
44D6CE26325A6A5?contentType=Article&contentId=1519938

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Kangis ,P .(1992) Concerns about Green Marketing,International Journal of Wine Marketing

Vol 4, No 2 , pp.21-24. Accessed from
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4D6B1CC0469CDD?contentType=Article&contentId=1519938
Lee,K. (2008) Opportunities for green marketing: young consumers, Marketing Intelligence &
Planning Vol 26, No 6 ,pp.573-586. Accessed from
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=23ED7C67DF6D0972E
44D6CE26325A6A5?contentType=Article&contentId=1747074
L. Vaccaro ,V.(2009) B2B green marketing and innovation theory for competitive advantage,
Journal of Systems and Information Technology Vol 11 , No 4,pp. 315- 330.Acessed
fromhttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=8C19D8317155F6
DD3BDD89B8BEC04CCB?contentType=Article&contentId=856611
Michael,P. & Mendleson,N.(1995) Using strategic alliances to develop credible green marketing,
Journal of Consumer Marketing Vol 12 ,No 2, pp.4-18. Accessed
fromhttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=23ED7C67DF6D09
72E44D6CE26325A6A5?contentType=Article&contentId=856200
Simula et al (2009) Managing greenness in technology marketing, Journal of Systems and
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Questionnaire
Hi, we the students Karnam Shivkant , Chandan Kumar , Tauseef Zafar and Geetika Lakhanpal,
are pursuing MBA (Marketing) from Lovely Professional University, Phagwara Punjab. We are
conducting a study on Corporate Attitude towards Green Marketing in Punjab. The
information gained will be used for academic purposes and will be kept strictly confidential.
Tickmark

] on the options you

think is appropriate.

SD= Strongly Disagree , D= Disagree , N= Neutral , A= Agree , SA= Strongly Agree

A.Why are firms using green marketing?

SD
1

Green policies/products are profitable.

Concerned about their social responsibilities.

As marketing tool.

Change in customers attitude.

Governmental pressure.

Competitive pressure.

Cost or profit issue.

Economic concern.

B. Cons of going green.

Will create confusion in the mind of consumers.

2
3

Do not break any laws dealing with

environmental-marketing.
Costly material.

High cost of R&D

Lack of proper knowledge of consumers about

17

SA

environmental issues.

Shoppers think green but not always buying.

Not willing to pay.

C. Pros in the adaptation of an green marketing approach.

Green image generate a more positive public

image.

Enhance the overall perception of product

quality.
Customer satisfaction.

D. Green marketing as promotional strategies.

If brand attributes are more salient, firms should

invest in greening products.
Green initiatives is to promote products.

Strategy to build up image .

Social maketing strategy.

Increase sales.

Branded a Green company can be beneficial

Strategy to increase prices.

E. Green practices which companies pursue.

Choose the Right Vendors.

Eliminate Your Office Waste.

Alert Your Customers.

Name : _________________

Organisation
18

:_________________

Sex

Age :___________________

E-mail

:_________________

Occupation

:_________________

Thank you for your valuable contribution.

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