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Folding Wing
Folding Wing
Zhiwei Lin
School of Astronautics
Beijing University of Aeronautics
and Astronautics
Beijing, 100191, China
xhwang@buaa.edu.cn
I.
design;
topology
INTRODUCTION
II.
School of Astronautics
Beijing University of Aeronautics
and Astronautics
Beijing, 100191, China
Renwei Xia
417
E=
xi
E0
1 + p (1 xi )
III.
OPTIMIZATION METHOD
Min
s.t.
X = { x1 , x2 ," , xn }
f (X )
g j (X ) < 0
xiL xi xiU
Figure. 1. The process flow of the optimization
(1)
j = 1," m
i = 1," n
K
U P
U+K
=
X
X X
U
P K
= K 1 (
U)
X
X X
g ( X ) = QT U
So the sensitivity of the constraint function is:
418
g Q
U Q
P K
=
U + QT
=
U + Q T K 1 (
U)
X
X
X
X
X X
Solving the optimization problem by using the above
method directly is known as the direct method which is
applicable to the optimization problems with a large number
of constraints but with relatively few variables, such as the
sensitivity problems of the shape optimization and the size
optimization. For the optimization problems with few
constraints but a large number of variables, such as topology
optimization, it is prefer to adopt another method where the so
called adjoint variable E is introduced, and E meets the
constraint as follows:
KE = Q
g j
i =0
xi
g j ( X ) = g j 0 +
( xi - xi 0 )
Inversion approximation:
n
g j
i =0
xi
g j ( X ) = g j 0 -
Convex approximation:
xi20 (
g j
i =0
xi
g j ( X ) = g j 0 +
1 1
)
xi xi 0
cij ( xi - xi 0 )
Where
g
when j 0
1,
xi
cij =
g j
xi 0
<0
when
xi
xi
In addition, there are other methods to establish the
approximation model, such as the secondary multipoint
approximation method[10], the response surface method and
neural network method etc.
For the explicit approximation problem, we can apply
feasible direction method (CONMIN) and the dual method
(CONLIN).
IV.
419
Min
s.t.
X = { x1 , x2 ," , xn , t}
f (X )
g j(X ) 0
0 xi 1
Figure. 4.
(2)
j = 1," m
i = 1," n
t L t tU
1 T
1
1 N
F U = U T KU = uiT ki ui
2
2
2 i =1
N n
1 n p T
= ( xi ui k0ui + uiT ki ui )
2 i =1
i =1
(3)
(4)
m = 1," , n
m 1070Mpa
u 4mm
k = 1," , 6
k
420
V.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
[1]
Figure. 7. The von Mises stress nephogram of the folding wing under the
uniformly distributed pressure
421