QUESTION NO.

1
(a) No time to see, in broad daylight,
Streams full of stars, like skies at night.
(b) Will lie o nights In the bony arms of Reality and be comforted.
(c) Mountains, oceans, leaf and stone star shine, moon glow youre all that
I can call my own.
(a) No time to see - skies at night.
REFERENCE
(i)Poem: Leisure
(ii) Poet: William Henry Davies
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Lines 7-8/14
(ii) Content: In this poem the poet laments that modern man has drowned so
much in the ocean of temporal charms that he has no time to see and enjoy the
Nature like trees, animals, streams and Beauty. He concludes that such a sorrowful
life is a poor life.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poet says that modern man has ceased to be imaginative
and the reason is lack of time. He is so busy in his worldly pursuits that he has
no time to observe the beauty of streams. He cannot understand how does the
natural light of sun fall on the running water of the hilly streams. He cannot perceive
how does this quickly flowing water strike against the pebbles and thus reflect a
twinkling light like that of the stars shinning at night in the sky. In short, he cannot
notice that these gushing streams are the galaxies of earth.
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies.
(Lord Byron)
(b) Will lie o nights - be comforted.
REFERENCE
(i) Poem: New Year Resolutions
(ii) Poetess: Elizabeth Sewell
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Lines 7-9/9

(ii) Content: In this poem the poetess expresses her three revolutionary
resolutions before the dawn of the new year. She resolves to remain most of the
time silent, think about what she is and face the realities with contention.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poetess has personified Reality. She has given it the
qualities of a husband. She has decided to spend her nights in the bony arms of Mr.
Reality. In the beginning it was a very bitter and unpleasant practice because bony
arms can give no joy or satisfaction to his wife. But the poetess is not an escapist.
With the passage of time, she has become habitual to it. Now she has understood
and comprehended the fact that truth is beauty. Thus she is comforted in the
bony arms because these give her self-satisfaction, blessed relief and spiritual
exultation.
(c) Mountain, oceans, - call my own.
REFERENCE
(i) Poem: Woman Work
(ii) Poetess: Maya Angelou
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Lines 26-28/28
(ii) Content: In this poem the poetess describes her disgust for domestic chores
and love for Nature. She is fed up by looking after the children, buying and cooking
food, and maintaining her house. So she longs for the blessings of Nature to give
her power to bear this dull life.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poetess expresses her inability to find any human being
whom she can trust and call her own except Nature. She cannot call her husband
own because she has always found him full of threats of separation or divorce. She
cannot call her children own because they either do no obey her fully or show their
inclination towards their father. Thus she has got tired of human beings. However,
she can call objects and phenomena of Nature like mountains, oceans, leaves,
stones, star shine and moon glow etc her own because
Nature did never betray the heart that loved her.
(William Wordsworth)

QUESTION NO.2
(a) It is very good that we have rebels you may not find it very good to be
one.
(b) Thus I entered, and thus I go in triumphs people have dropped down
dead.

(c) The music in my heart I bore, long after it was heard no more.
(a) It is very good - good to be one.
REFERENCE
(i) Poem: The Rebel
(ii) Poet: Dennis Joseph Enright
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: 29-30/30
(ii) Content: In this poem the poet discusses the wavering behaviour of people.
These people do what the common people do not do, and do not do what the
common lot do. The poet calls them rebels. He also thinks that their presence is
good for society.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poet says that the presence of rebels in a society is very
good and beneficial. These rebels are, in fact, unconventional persons who act
against social values and traditions. Their outwardly rebellious attitude creates fun
and promotes variety in the society. In other words, they bring happiness in life and
increase the cultural wealth of the society. There is not doubt that education and
age have made most of the people civilized, sophisticated and urbane. Therefore,
these people do not like to become rebels. But these people should tolerate
rebels in the society for their own benefit.
(b) Thus I entered dropped down dead.
REFERENCE
(i) Poem: Patriot into Traitor
(ii) Poet: Robert Browning
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Lines 26-27/30
(ii) Content: In this poem the poet narrates the story of the rise and fall of a
political leader. A year ago, people considered him a great patriot but now he is
going to be hanged by the same people. Thus he waits for the judgment of God to
redeem him.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poet sums up the political career and humble wish of a
leader. This leader, one year earlier, had entered the city as an acclaimed hero and
patriot. He served his masses whole-heatedly for a whole year. But after a year, he
had to go to the scaffold in thorough disgrace because his erstwhile devotees had
stigmatized him as a traitor. While going to the scaffold, the leader wished if he

would have died at the moment of his great triumph like some of the heroes in
history, for example Quaid-e-Azam, it would have been better for him. He wanted
to receive full reward of his struggle in this very world but his wish remained
unfulfilled.
(c) The music in - heard no more.
REFERENCE
(i) Poem: The Solitary Reaper
(ii) Poet: William Wordsworth
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Lines 31-32/32
(ii) Content: In this poem the poet praises the song of a highland girl, singing and
reaping in a valley of Scottish mountains. He thinks her voice more melodious than
that of the nightingale and the cuckoo. Thus he saves her song in his memories to
enjoy it ever-afterwards.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poet says that a thing of beauty is a joy forever. The
melodious voice of the song of The Solitary Reaper just like the charming beauty
of the scene of Daffodils, left an everlasting impact on the heart and mind of the
poet. Though the poet does not listen the sweet voice of this soprano again in
reality yet he has saved it in his mind as a retrievable memory. This memory has
become a permanent source of spiritual pleasure and tranquility for the poet everafterwards.
Sweet Memory! wafted by thy gentle gale,
Oft up the stream of Time I turn my sail.
(Samuel Roger)

QUESTION NO. 3
(a) All the worlds a stage and all the men and women merely players.
(b) A legacy of benefits may we in the future years be found with those
who try to labour for the good until they die.
(c) In the morning glad I see
My foe outstretched beneath the tree.
(a) All the worlds - merely players.
REFERENCE

(i) Poem: All the Worlds a Stage

(ii) Poet: William Shakespeare
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Line 1-2/28
(ii) Content: In this poem the poet says that the world is a stage and man is an
actor. He performs seven roles in his life on this stage. He starts his performance as
an infant, then a school boy, a lover, a soldier, a justice, a retired person and finally
an old man.
EXPLANATION
In these proverbial lines the poet has used two beautiful metaphors. Firstly he
says that the planet earth is a huge platform where the performance of the drama
named life keeps on taking place. All the Worlds a Stage is, in fact, a phrase
that begins a monologue spoken by Jacques in As You Like It Act 2, scene 7, line
139. Secondly he says that all human beings are merely stage actors. Like actors,
they also entertain others. They dress well to make others happy. They behave well
to make others impressed. They keep an appearance most of the time like that of
actors. Thus they do not lead an independent life but are merely puppets or actors.
I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano,
A stage where every man must play a part.
(The Merchant of Venice Shakespeare)
(b) A legacy of benefits - until they die.
REFERENCE
(i) Poem: Departure and Arrival
(ii) Poet: Thomas Stearns Eliot
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Lines 25-27/36
(ii) Content: In this poem the poet expressed an abiding idealism and optimism.
He asks the people to greet the new century which is coming with new gifts and
capabilities. He advises them to work harder than their ancestors to make the world
a better place for the coming generations.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poet says that actions and deeds of people are immortal.
These do not die with the death of people. These survive with the coming
generations as a legacy. History is replete with the people who performed great
actions and deeds. These are the writers, scientists and teachers etc who worked
hard all their lives for the welfare and good of their generation and the coming
ones. The poet wishes that we, i.e., the inhabitants of the twentieth century

should also labour hard continuously till our death so that the coming generations
may remember us a heroes for our sublime actions and deeds.
(c) In the morning - beneath the tree.
REFERENCE
(i) Poem: A Poison Tree
(ii) Poet: William Blake
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Lines 15-16/16
(ii) Content: In this poem the poet describes the development and effects of anger.
Once the poet becomes angry with his foe and bottles up his wrath. This hatred
becomes a tree which bears a poisonous apple. His enemy eats this apple and dies
there and then.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poet says that triumph always gives happiness and
satisfaction. Death is an occasion for grief but for the poet it turns out to be an
occasion for joy because his hatred has won at the cost of his enemys death. The
poet had, in fact, planted a tree of hatred for his enemy. This tree bore a bright but
poisonous apple. His enemy was tempted to eat it like Eve was tempted to eat the
apple in Paradise. At last his enemy ate it stealthily at night and died there and
then. When the poet went to his garden in the morning, his joy knew no bounds
because his enemy was no more than a rigor mortis, lying on the ground beneath
the tree.

QUESTION NO. 4
(a) And on her dulcimer she played singing of Mount Abora.
(b) Walked through a wood, saw the birds in the trees. They have no
politicians and sang at their ease.
(c) And yet those voices: If you were not afraid, you would kill him!
(a) And on her dulcimer - Mount Abora
REFERENCE
(i) Poem: Kubla Khan
(ii) Poet: Samuel Taylor Coleridge
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Lines 40-41/54

(ii) Content: In this poem the poet gives an imaginagy description of a

wanderland, Xanadu. It has a pleasure-doom, a sacred river, ancient forests, a
wailing woman, a mighty mountain, caves of ice and a damsel singing of mount
Abora.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poet depicts a very romantic scence at Kubla Khans
wanderland, Xanadu. The poet dreamt that a young black woman was standing in
this wanderland. She was, in fact, an Abyssinian maid. In her hands, she was
holding two light-weight hammers. With these hammers she was palying a musical
instrument called dulcimer. The music of this zither was creating a pleasing effect.
Moreover, she was singing a melodious song in praise of sacred mountain called
Abora. Thus the presence of the young woman, the playing of the musical
instrument and the singing of the praise song all add to the beauty and charms of
this land.
The hills are alive with the sound of music
With the songs they have sung
(Oscar Hammertein II)
(b) Walked through a wood - at their ease.
REFERENCE
(i) Poem: Say This City Has Ten Million Soul
(ii) Poet: Wyston Hughes Auden
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Lines 37-38/48
(ii) Content: In this poem the poet describes the miserable condition of German
Jews. To get rid of Hitlers cruelties in Germany, the Jews fled to America to take
refuge. But the immigrants had to face estrangement, alienation and maltreatment
in America.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poet regrets that human life has fallen beneath the animal
level and the major reason is the presence of politicians among humans. When the
authorities of New York did not give any shelter to the immigrant Jews, they went
to a small forest. There they happened to observe the birds in the trees. These birds
were chirping and singing without any social taboos or troubles. In other words, they
were enjoying the freedom and liberty in their lives. The immigrants perceived that
the cause of their happiness and freedom was the absence of politicians among
birds. Alas! politicians among humans have divided mankind into groups, races,
nations and countries.
(c) And yet those voices would kill him!

REFERENCE
(i) Poem: Snake
(ii) Poet: David Herbert Lawrence
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Lines 36-37/75
(ii) Content: In this poem the poet describes his encounter with a snake that
comes to drink water at his water-trough. He is much impressed by its physical
beauty. However, the voices of his education compel him to attack it. After his
departure, he feels sorry for his mean action.
EXPLANATION
In these lines the poet expresses the conflict in his mind about how to treat
the snake which has come to his water-trough to quench its thirst. The poet has
liked the presence of this beautiful snake in his house. However, on the other hand,
he is again hearing the inner voices of his conscience and social education. These
voices are alarming him that snake is a dangerous and poisonous reptile. It is a
greater enemy of man. Thus the rational voices are urging him that if he is not a
coward or pavid and if he does not feel afraid of it, he must kill the venomous snake
to save himself and others from its bite.
And mid this tumult Kubla heard from far
Ancestral voices prophesying war!
(S.T. Coleridge)

QUESTION NO. 5
(a) Luka, tell them in the stables that Toby isnt to have any oats all today.
(b) Fortunately, I have other means of impressing you. The power of the
purse goes a long way in this world. I propose to use it.
(c) There aint no criminal classes, any more than virtuous classes. The
rogues and the rulers may both come from the gutter, or the Palace.
(a) Luka, tell them - oats all to-day.
REFERENCE
(i) Play: The Bear
(ii) Playwright: Anton Chekhov
CONTEXT

(i) Occurrence: Last line of the play

(ii) Content: Popova, a dowager, is visited by Smirnov, a creditor of her late
husband. She is not in a position to repay the loan. The situation advances in such a
manner that they are ready to fight with pistols. But later, they are engaged in lovemaking.
EXPLANATION
This sentence is spoken by the heroine of the play, Popova. She utters it
when Luka and other servants come to beat Smirnov with different tools. It shows
that she has begun to like Smirnov and despise Mihailovitvh, her late husband.
When Popova loved her late husband, she also loved his favourites. Thus Toby was
not only the favourite horse of Mihailovitch but also of Popova. In the beginning of
the play she says to Luka, Tell them to give him(Toby) an extra feed of oats.
But now Popova has become very cruel to Toby. Extra feed of oats has reduced to
no feed of oats. It means her love for Mihailovitch has evaporated and the cloud of
vapours is raining on Smirnov. Thus she proves;
Frailty, thy name is woman!
(William Shakespeare)
(b) Fortunately, I have to use it.
REFERENCE
(i) Play: The Boy Comes Home
(ii) Playwright: Alan Alexander Milne
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Almost middle of the play
(ii) Content: Philip, a soldier, comes back after the war to the house of Uncle
James. James wants to bring him into his jam business. In his nap he dreams that
Philip does not agree with him. However, when he wakes up Philip accepts his
proposal.
EXPLANATION
These lines are spoken by a main character of the play, Uncle James. He
utters these lines when Philip says to him that his anger is not so impressive as that
of his Brigadier. So he plans to use the power of purse to impress Philip. He thinks
that money has a great power in this world. Philips father has died. He has left a
tidy sum of money for Philip. However, Philip cannot get his money until he is
twenty-five. Before that he cannot withdraw his money without Uncle James
permission. Uncle James holds the purse-strings. So when Uncle James fails to
influence Philip with his anger, he threatens him to use the power of the purse.
(c) There aint no or the Palace.
REFERENCE

(i) Play: Something to Talk About

(ii) Playwright: Eden Phillpotts
CONTEXT
(i) Occurrence: Almost middle of the play
(ii) Content: The Wolf, a burglar, breaks into the house of Sydneys. One by one, all
the family members come into the room where the Wolf is trying to rob their
Christmas gifts. They appreciate him but do not want to lose their gifts. So they
cunningly send him to their neighbours house.
EXPLANATION
These lines are spoken by the central character of the play, the Wolf. He
utters these lines to contradict Lady Redchester when she uses the words criminal
classes. In his opinion, people are not bad or good because of their origins. He says
that there in no societal group of criminals. These are circumstances that force a
person to become a rascal or scoundrel. Family background plays no role in it. A
criminal may be a poor or an aristocrat. Similarly there is no hierachy of good
people. These are circumstances that influence a person to become ethical or
virtuous. Class or caste plays no role in it. A good person may be the inhabitant of a
slum
or
a
Palace.
Question No. 6
(a)
What
is
the
role
of
Nick
Adams
in
The
Killers?
(b) I would rather have been loved, not feared says Beatrice before
dying
in
Rappaccinis
Daughter.
Elaborate.
(c) Describe the quarrel between Ustad Mangu and the Gora Soldier. (The
New Constitution)
(a) Role of Nick Adams
Ole Anderson, Al, Max, George, Sam and Nick Adams are the main characters
of the story, The Killers. However, the protagonist is Nick Adams. He is a typical
Hemingway hero who is learning the code. He is a teenage boy, responsible
citizen
and
peace-loving
individual.
Firstly, he is a little dude of about eighteen or nineteen who works at Henrys LunchRoom with George and Sam in Summit. His age becomes evident when Al and Max
mock his masculinity by calling him a bright boy. Moreover, when Sam
says, Little boys always know what to do, his teenage gets proved.
Secondly, he is a responsible citizen. After the departure of Al and Max, he
goes to Hirschs Boarding House. There he warns Ole Anderson of the impending
danger to Oles life from Al and Max. He also offers him his help by saying, Dont
you
want
me
to
go
and
see
the
police?
Thirdly, he is a peace-loving person. He recognizes the horror of evil and attempts
to do something about it, but when he cannot, he decides to run away from the area
of gangsters. Thus when he comes back Henrys Lunch-Room, he says to
George, Im going to get out of this town.

(b) Beatrices Wish to be Loved

Poisonous women have long been the embodiment of fear. History and
literature presents many examples of it. Beatrice is also a poisonous girt but she
never wants to become an object of fear but of love. She wishes to be loved
because she is alone, her soul is pristine and her mind is depressed.
Firstly, she is a lonely maiden. Her life is confined to her house and garden.
He sister-plant cannot requite her love. Thus, to keep her emotionally sound
and psychologically balanced, she wishes to love of society.
Secondly, her soul is pristine. Although her sinister father has impregnated
her body with poison, her soul remains pure. Her evil power is merely a superficial
disguise. Hence she says, Giovanni, believe it, though my body be fed with
poison, my spirit is Gods creature, and needs love as its daily food.
Thirdly, her heart and mind is grief-stricken. All the three characters make her
life miserable. Baglioni causes hatred in the heart of Giovanni for Beatrice.
Rappaccini uses her as a guinea pig. Giovanni accuses her of his being poisonous
and even calls her terrible In this dilemma, she only needs love, love and love.
(c) Quarrel Between Ustad Mangu
and the Gora Soldier
It was the morning of 1st April, 1935 in South Asia. The day when a new
constitution was supposed to be promulgated. Ustad Mangu, the hero of the
story, The New Constitution by Saadat Hasan Manto, got up earlier than usual.
He set up his tonga and came on the road. He moved about in the city to see colour
and light, but there was none.
He went to the cantonment. There he saw the Gora soldier who had abused
him the year before in the drunken state. He was waiting for a conveyance. Mangu
drove towards him. The Gora soldier wanted to be carried to the dancing girls
bazaar. To recover the amount spent on the new plume of his horse, Mangu
demanded five rupees for the service.
The demand of five rupees caused a violent bickering between the two. The
Gora soldier hit Mangu with his stick. Mangus thigh was injured. He flew
into exasperation. He thought that the new constitution was in force. So under the
illusion of equal rights, he hit a blow under the chin of the soldier. Many blows
followed. He gave the soldier a sound beating.
In desperation, the soldier began to shout for help. Soon a crowd gathered
there. Police also appeared on the scene. Mangu was apprehended. He
shouted, New constitution! New constitution! But he was told that there
was no new constitution. At last, the common Indian was put behind the bars and it
got
proved
that
the
British
were
still
in
rule.
QUESTION NO. 7

(a) Why does Eve turn down every offer of Rosen in Take Pity?
(b) How does the Swallow sacrifice his life for the love of the Happy
Prince?
(c) Describe the effect of romantic love on the adolescent mind of the
Small Boy. (Araby)

(a) Evas Refusal to Rosens Help

Hitler kills relatives, migration ruins business, disease snatches husband and
daughters become burden. So Eva is in a great predicament. God takes pity and
sends an angel of help named Rosen. However, Eva rejects all his offers of help
because she likes self-dependence, possesses self-respect and loves her lat
husband very much.
Firstly, Eva wants to lead an independent life. She thinks that nobody will
marry a poor widow with two daughters. Even Rosen is ready for marriage but she
refuses. She fears that the sick Rosen will soon leave her in the lurch like that of her
sick husband. Thus she says, I had enough with sick men.
Secondly, she is a paragon of self-respect. She has a firm belief in her own
integrity. Rosens pity, charity, love and marriage proposal all hurt her self-respect.
She prefers starvation and loneliness to disgrace of her self-respect. Hence she
plainly says no to each and every offer of help by Rosen.
Thirdly, she has a great love for her late husband. She still calls hem My
Alex. She does not want to let his name down. In the end it seems that she goes
to Rosens window to surrender. But it is just the hallucination of Rosen as he wants
to see her breaking down before him. But Eva never breaks down.
(b) The Role of Swallow
The Swallow is a very lovely character in the short story The Happy
Prince by Oscar Wilder. At the start of the story, he is shown to be a romantic bird
who believes in physical love. However, as the tale advances, he falls in true love
with the statue of a prince. Gradually his love is transformed into agape. The love
for which he postpones his seasonal migratory flight towards Egypt, becomes an
agent of charity and even sacrifices his life.
The Swallow is migrating to Egypt where he is awaited by his friends.
However, on the request of the statue, he procrastinates his journey three times. On
the first night he stops to help a seamstress and his ill son with the ruby from the
statues sword-hilt. On the second night he delays his trip to help a starving
playwright with one of the sapphire eye of the statue. On the third night he stays to
succor a destitute match-girl with the other sapphire eye of the statue.
When the statue becomes blind of both eyes, the Swallow decides to live with
him forever, He flies over the city and narrates the sufferings and miseries of the
people to the statue. One by one he plucks the gold leaves that cover the body of
the statue and distributes them among the indigent of the city. In the meantime,
snow is followed by frost. The Swallow grows colder and colder. In his moribundity,

he flies to the statues shoulder, kisses him on the lips and falls down dead at his
feet.

(c) Effect of Romantic Love

According to Freud, a love which has a blocked sexual urge is called romantic
love. Araby by James Joyce beautifully depicts the effect of romantic love on the
adolescent mind of a small boy who is infatuated with the sister of a play-mate. This
is the boys first and unrequited love which makes him an imaginative dude,
parasitical follower and sentimental fool.
Firstly, love makes the boy highly imaginative. He is always obsessed in the
sweet thoughts of his sweet-heart. He always keeps her with him in his imagination.
At day in the class-room and at night in the bed-room, he envisages her
beautiful brown figure between him and the page of book he strives to read.
Secondly, love converts him into a parasitical follower. He wants to hang
around his beloved all the time. Every morning, he lies on the floor of his front room
and anxiously waits for his beloved to come our of her house for school. As soon as
she comes at her doorstep, he quickly takes his books and follows her to that point
where their ways diverge.
Thirdly, love makes him a sentimental fool. He promises his darling to procure
a souvenir for her from Araby. Being late, his aunt advised him to postpone his
trip. His uncle gives him a little money. However, love compels him to visit Araby.
With a little money in the almost closed bazaar, he confronts with epiphany and
returns home empty handed.
QUESTION NO. 8
(a) How does E.A. Poe build an atmosphere of horror in Tell-Tale Heart?
(b) The Necklace is a satire on the vanity of women. Discuss.
(c) How does the story The Duchess and the Jeweler reflect the moral
decadence of the English aristocracy?

(a) Horror in The Tell-Tale Heart

A very strong feeling of fear, shock or disgust is called horror. In The Tell
Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe, horror plays a tremendously vital role in the
execution of the tale. The reason of the murder, the procedure of killing, the
dismembering of the corpse and the relentless heart-beat of the dead man are the
major elements of horror in the story.
Firstly, the motive of the murder creates horror. The narrator wants to
eliminate a harmless and offenceless old man simply because of his physical
deformity. One of the eyes of the old man is abnormal. The narrator labels it

a vulture eye. The eye chills him to the backbone. The revulsion exceeds to
such an extent that he decides to kill the old man, perhaps his master.
Secondly, the process of killing generates horror. For seven nights, the
narrator goes to kill the old man. The eye being closed, he takes no action.
However, on the eighth night, the old man wakes at a certain noise. After gloating
over his victims fear an hour, the protagonist lets out a ray of light at the evil
eye. The sight infuriates him. He pounces upon the old man and smothers him
under bed.
Thirdly, the corpse of the old man fills us with shuddering horror. We feel near
nausea when the merciless killer hacks the corpse into pieces to conceal it under
the wooden planks of the floor. The horror gets intensified manifold when the
conscience of the killer begins to hear the relentless throbbing of the dead mans
heart getting louder and louder each moment.

(b) Satire on Vanity of Women

A literary work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision
or wit is called satire. The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant is an excellent satire
on the vanity of women. Through the characters of Matilda and Forestier, the writer
has satirized three aspects of womens vanity; discontent with life, excessive pride
in physical beauty and egoism to hide truth.
Firstly, womens dissatisfaction with life has been satirized. Vanity is, in fact,
the quality of being vain and valueless. Matilda is not satisfied with her poor
husband, humble house and other modest belongings. The absence of expensive
stuff in her life makes fer feel worthless and futile. The writer condemns this vain
and pessimistic attitude of life.
Secondly, womens excessive pride in their physical beauty has be criticized.
Matilda is very proud of her physical beauty. To become a beauty queen at a ball,
she procures a costly frock and barrows a diamond necklace which are symbols of
her vanity. The writer manifests that vanity has a fall. The necklace is lost and
Matilda has to pay a heavy price for it.
Thirdly, womens egoism to hide the truth has been ridiculed. It is the egoism
of Forestier that she does not tell Matilda that the necklace is fake. Similarly, Matilda
does not tell Forestier that the necklace has been lost. Thus both women have fear
of being original and this attitude is intimately connected to vanity or vainglory.

(c) Moral Decadence of the English Aristocracy

The act or process of falling into an inferior condition is called decadence. The
story The Duchess and the Jeweller written in 1938 by Virginia Woolf clearly
reflects the decadence of moral values of the English aristocracy after the Victorian
Era. Gambling, stealing, cheating, greediness and insolence were the prevailing
vices among the elite class. There are two main characters in the story Oliver

Bacon and a Duchess. These characters fully reflect the moral decadence of the
English aristocracy.
Oliver Bacon is a representative of naoveau aristocracy. His character amply
reveals the moral decadence of the contemporary upper class. He is a very greedy
man. Even though he has become the richest jeweler in England, yet he is not
satisfied. Moreover, he is a philanderer. He has deceived Mademoiselle who used to
stick roses in his button hole. Now he buys fake pearls from the Duchess in
exchange of passing a weekend with her daughter Diana, his new beloved.
On the other hand, the Duchess represents inherited aristocracy. Her
character also highlights the lax ethics of the nobility of that time. She is a thief. In
order to get money for gambling, she steal the pearls of her husband. She has no
respect for her husband. She calls him villain, sharper and badun. She is so
bankrupt morally that she stakes the honour of her daughter for money. She offers
her daughter Diana for amour to Oliver Bacon in her own house.
QUESTION NO. 9
(a) The Wife in The Shadow in the Rose Garden cannot help digging her
past. Discuss.
(b) Describe the love between the French Soldier and the Panther.
(c) How is Lisby different from her elder sister?
(a) The Wife A Nostalgic Character
Some memories fade away with the passage of time. However, the
reminiscence of first love refuses to wither away. The Wife in The Shadow in the
Rose Garden by D.H. Lawrence still retrospects her first love passionately. Her
issuelessness, choosing a familiar place for outing and ejaculation of pent-up
emotions prove that she cannot help digging her past.
Firstly, the Wife is childless. She married Frank three years ago. Since then
she has been living with him in Bridlington under the same roof. However, she has
not given birth to a baby. It means she has not compromised with her present. She
has not developed conjugality with her husband. In other words, she still loves her
past.
Secondly, when the husband arranges for an outing, the Wife deliberately
selects a sea-side village to revive her yore. Here there is her sweet memorial place,
a rose garden. She visits this garden alone. This lush, enchanted garden, filled with
red, pink and white roses reminds her of the time spent there with Archie, her
erstwhile lover.
Thirdly, her discharging of repressed emotions shows her love for past. In the
garden, she encounters Archie. Watching him alive but mad perturbs her greatly.
Her mind is so full of the memories of past that it refuses to hide the present shock.
Thus after coming back the garden, she blurts out a confession of her affair with
Archie to her husband.

(b) Love Between the French Soldier

and the Panther
An emotion of strong affection and personal attachment is called love. A
Passion in the Desert by Honore De Balzac is a wonderful love fantasy. It
describes a strange type of love between a human and a beast. The male lover is an
escaped French soldier while the female lover is a panther. Their encounter in a den
of desert gradually develops into a love affair between the two.
On the morning of second day of his escape, the soldier dares to caress the
panther. Love begets love. The panther wags her tail voluptuously. Soon they
become friends. The soldier calls her with loving names. However, being
apprehensive of her ferocity, he once tries to flee but falls in a quicksand. The
panther comes to his rescue. She seizes him by the collar and pulls him up.
After this incident, the love between the two grows strong. The soldier says to
the panther, Were bound together for life and death. From that time the
desert seems inhabited to him. On the other hand, the panther becomes jealous in
love. Once when the soldier shows interest in an eagle, she shows her jealously by
growling and hopping about.
Love takes a trial. The soldier again tries to desert the panther. She clutches
his leg in her jaws to keep him back. He misunderstands that the panther is going to
devour him. So he stabs her with his digger. In her moribundity, she looks at the
wild soldier without any anger or enmity. She dies there and then but wins in the
trial of love.

(c) Difference Between Lisby and Her Sisters

Lisby Avery is the heroine of the short story The Little Willow by Frances
Towers. She has two elder sisters, Charlotte and Brenda. When we have a
comparative study of the characters of the three sisters, we find that Lisby is quite
different from her siblings. Her beaut, love and morality do not correspond with that
of her sisters.
Firstly, Lisby is not physically attractive and glamorous but has
a tremendous inner beauty. On the other hand, hers sisters lack spiritual beauty but
outwardly they are charmers. They wear dresses of bright eye-catching colours.
Charlotte has a face like La Belle Ferroniere and Brenda has the flower-like delicacy
of Piero della Francesca.
Secondly, Lisby believes in true love. She only loves Simon Byrne and
remains constant in her love. As for her sisters, they are playful and flirting girls.
They pretend to be in love with all the eligible army officers who visit the Court
House. Their love is selfish and business like. In short, they are the types of the
seductive woman in any age.
Thirdly, Lisby is a moral girl. Even the war has not perturbed her morality. She
still likes the picture that belongs to her forefathers. This shows her love and

respect for her ancestors. However, her sisters are heartless, insensitive and
immoral. The deaths of their erstwhile lovers have no effect on them. Thus they
remind us one of Keats La Belle Dame Sans Merci.
QUESTION NO. 10
(a) Discuss the play The Bear as a farce.
(b) What is the conflict between Uncle James and his nephew, Philip?
(c) Why has Primrose decided to marry an ugly man?

(a) The Bear As a Farce

Farce is a kind of low comedy that raises roars of laughter rather than
smile. The Bear by Anton Chekhov is an outstanding archetype of this genre.
The exaggerative characters, ludicrous situations and improbable plot are the major
farcical elements in the play that produce belly laughs, slapstick humour and
rumbustious entertainment.
Firstly, the play has exaggerative characters. They are alazons. They inflate
themselves to be more than they actually are. Smirnov exposes himself a
misogynist. However, the way he exploits flattery to win Popovas love makes us
giggle. Popova claims that she is inconsolably bereaved but her powdered face and
passionate embrace with Smirnov give us a hearty cachinnation.
Secondly, the play is pregnant with ludicrous situations. Popovas refusal to
pay back Smirnov the loan, Popovas accepting Smirnovs challenge to fight a duel
with pistol and Smirnovs teaching Popova how to fire a pistol are the most ludicrous
and ridiculous situations in the play. These situations breed a great hee-haw and
guffaw.
Thirdly, the plot of the play is improbable. It is full of suspense but the
suspense, curiously enough, is titillating, rather than grim. The twist at the end of
the plot is quite humorous. In masquerades the expected tragedy into comedy. Thus
the end, obviously makes the readers or the spectators laugh a great deal. Ha! Ha!
Ha! !

(b) Conflict Between Philip and Uncle James

The opposition between two things is called conflict. In The Boy Comes
Home by A.A. Milne, the element of conflict is very prominent. Almost all the five
characters are in conflict but the agon between Philip and Uncle James is the soul of
the play. The major factors which establish conflict between the two are:
punctuality, manners and Philips career.
The first conflict starts at breakfast on the issue of punctuality. Philip has just
repatriated from a nerve-shattering war. So he is in a mood of holiday. He wakes up
late in the morning. He demands his breakfast at 10 oclock. Uncle James does not

approve his unpunctuality. He has made a strict rule in his house to have breakfast
at 8 oclock sharp.
The second conflict takes place in a dream on the matter of decorums. While
waiting for Philip in the morning room, Uncle James naps in front of the fire. He
dreams that Philip has a cigar in his hand. He lights it and starts puffing in front of
his uncle without any permission. Uncle James does not like it at all.
The third conflict is seen in the dream on the concern of Philips employment.
Philip wants to be an architect while his uncle tries to push him into his jam
business. A showdown starts between the two. James exploits the power of money
and Philip uses the power of revolver. Philip wins. However, when James wakes up,
Philip is ready to join the jam business.
(c) Primroses Decision to Marry an Ugly Man
The ugly husband is a secret to successful marriage. The Beauty and the
Beast make the most positive and supportive couple. Primrose, the heroine of the
play Smoke-Screens by Herold Brighouse, has realized it. She is a beautiful
young girl of twenty. She has decided to marry an ugly man, John, because he is a
very loving, solvent and secure man.
Firstly, she has decided to marry the ugly man because he is a very amorous
and loving person at heart. He makes her feel all funny inside. He hits her where
she matters. His love has made her blind to his physical ugliness. And love between
a man and a woman is an insanity that is only cured by marriage.
Secondly, she has proposed to marry the unattractive man because he is
well-established financially. He is an international player of a very earning game, the
rugby football. Moreover, he is one of the most successful advertising agents in
London. Thus she will have no financial problems after marriage. She will roll in
money.
Thirdly, she wants to marry the hideous man because he is very secure. Since
he is ugly, he is not a lady-killer. She will have not worries regarding his running
after other women or other women running after him. In other words, he will remain
a monogamous husband. He will not desert her the way her charming father has
deserted her mother.
QUESTION NO. 11
(a) In the light of Liaquat Ali Khans speech, explain the circumstances
which
led
to
the
creation
of
Pakistan.
(b) What is the significance of the conclusion that the whole fabric of
civilization
was
modeled
and
moulded?
(c) Whistling of Birds shows its writers love for nature. Elaborate.
(a) Circumstances for the Creation of Pakistan
Irreconcilable differences eventually lead to inevitable separation. In his
speech Pakistan and the Modern World delivered at Kansas University
America in 1950, Quaid-e-Millat, Liaquat Ali Khan brought to light the circumstances

which led to the creation of Pakistan. These circumstances were, in fact, the deeprooted differences between the Muslims and the Hindus. The Muslims and the
Hindus were poles apart demographically, religiously, socially and economically.
Thus Hindu-Muslim unity and amity were impossible in the sub-continent.
Demographically, the Muslims were a minority as compared with the Hindus.
Religiously, the Muslims were monotheists while the Hindus were polytheists.
Socially, the Muslims believed in the equality of all men whereas the Hindus
adhered to a caste system. Economically, the Muslims advocated private ownership
and the Hindus attached weight to the concentration of wealth. Thus the Muslims
and the Hindus were different in everything and must need different territories.
Their co-existence was incongruous. Moreover, the sub-continent was vast enough
for two large countries.
The demand of the Muslims for divorce was very genuine and reasonable as it
was in the interest of both the Muslims and the Hindus. It was also in the interest of
the world peace. The bogus peace enforced by the British would have ended after
the departure of the British from the sub-continent. In short, a separate homeland
was inevitable for the Muslims to live peacefully and according to their own political,
religious, social and economical life style.
There is no place like home
All must have a home of their own
(J.H. Payne)
(b) Significance of the Conclusion
Conclusion is, in fact, a logical end of something. As far as the conclusion of
the essay The Eclipse by Virginia Woolf is concerned, it is very significant. The
phrase the whole fabric of civilization was modelled and moulded shows
the importance of the sun in the system of universe, strengthens our belief in Allah
Almighty and discloses the worth of those things which are found after their loss.
Firstly, the conclusion signifies the importance of the sun for the world. After
the eclipse, the light is restored in the sun. This light transforms the entire structure
of human civilization into its original shape and splendor. Once again, the world
becomes bright, colorful and populous. The farmhouses, the villages and railway
lines become the centre of activity. Thus the sun is the flesh and blood of this world.
Secondly, the conclusion strengthens our trust in Allah Almighty. An eclipse is
a natural phenomenon. It warns that mans place on this earth is very precarious.
All the advancements in knowledge and science cannot overcome this helplessness
of man. However, the return of light in the sun gives us a message of hope and
substantiates our faith in Allah Almighty Who is controlling all the processes of the
universe.
Thirdly, the conclusion implies that losing something makes us realize the
importance of that thing. The sun is lost for twenty-four seconds during this eclipse.
However, when it is revived we realize that nothing is more important to us than the
sun.

The thing that is found after its loss is called heaven.

(Wasif Ali Wasif)
(c) Writers Love for Nature
D.H. Lawrence is a platonic lover of nature so he loves nature from both sides
of the coin. His essay Whistling of Birds shows his absorbing love for nature.
His faithful description of objects of nature, beautiful presentation of phenomena of
nature and acknowledgement of natures merciless potential, are evidence of his
love for nature.
Firstly, his faithful description of objects of nature shows his strong affinity
with nature. The presence of lambs, turtles and doves etc, in this essay, symbolizes
his love for animals whereas daphne, crocus and celandine denote his love for
plants. Both animals and plants are the living objects of nature and the writer is a
lover of them.
Secondly, his beautiful presentation of the spectacular phenomena of nature
demonstrates his love for nature. He describes frost, wind, sunset and twilight as a
lover describes the features of his beloved. He has presented these divine acts to
portray two other great natural phenomena; winter and spring. However, the
writers love for nature is the greatest natural phenomena.
Thirdly, the writers love for nature has recognized natures merciless
potential. That is why he has given the dismal details of lacerated cadavers of
lapwings, starlings, thrushes, red-wings and numerous other creatures. In short, the
writer is an avid lover of natures duality.

No spring nor summer beauty hath such grace

As I have seen in one autumnal face
(John Donne)
QUESTION NO. 12
(a) Describe Gloria Emersons experience of parachute jumping.
(b) Give an account of the disaster occurred on August 9, 1945 at
Nagasaki, as given by Ichimaru.
(c) Why does Yeats include a comparison of his grandmother with his
grandfather?
(a) Experience of Parachute Jumping
The act of exiting an aircraft and returning to earth with the aid of a
parachute is called parachute jumping. In her essay Take the Plunge, Gloria
Emerson has beautifully described her personal experience of parachute jumping.
She has given a candid detail of all the major stages of parachute jumping; diving,
descending and landing.
After completing her training, she wore her jump suit, boats and parachute.
Then she boarded Cessna 180 along with a companion. Reaching an altitude of
twenty three hundred feet, her companion made a smooth jump. Then it was her
turn. She became nervous. However, on being harshly ordered by her
instructor, she dived in harassment.
The parachute was deployed immediately. In a moment, her fear was gone.
She saw the endless sky and the beautiful earth in wonderful colors and textures.
Even the wind felt kind, and the trees looked soft. The parachute became the most
lovable and docile toy. She was so tingled with excitement that she wanted to stay
in the air forever.
However, the landing was inevitable. She safely landed on her feet in a
sandpit with a bump. At last, the most beautiful and thrilling experience of her life
came to an end. She was praised by many people for her courage and
determination. From this experience she also came to know
Only skydivers know why the birds sing.
(Anonymous)

(b) Disaster Occurred at Nagasaki

The study of the essay Nagasaki, August 9, 1945 by Michaito Ichimaru
gives us a detailed narration of the destruction caused by the atom bomb in
Nagasaki, the city of Japan, on August 9, 1945. The atom bomb was dropped by

Allied forces. The picture of the ruin comes alive before our eyes through the
impressive narration of the writer.
The writer narrates that it was a sunny day. All of a sudden, at 11 am a b-29
appeared and dropped an atom bomb. The black rain started to fall. The blue sky
turned to black. The air dose of radiation was more than 700 raids. The people who
were coming back from hypo-center were in miserable condition. Their clothes
were in rags and shreds of skin hung from their bodies.
Thousands of people were seriously injured. The noise of their cries was
unbearable. They looked like ghosts. They too died after a few days. The dead
bodies were large in number that it was a big problem to dispose them off. So they
were piled up and burnt with the help of woods. Everywhere there was death and
destruction.
To sum up, it was an awful, horrible and terrible tragedy which befell the
people of Nagasaki on that day.
(c) Comparison Between Grandmother and Grandfather
The essay My Grandfather by W.B. Yeats basically presents the memories
of writers childhood, especially related to maternal. However, greater part of the
essay reveals a character analysis of Yeats grandfather and grandmother.
The writer says that his grandfather, William Pollex Fen, was a man of his
own nature. Though he was never harsh or unkind to him, yet it was a practice to
fear and praise him. Physically he was very strong besides having a hard temper. He
could even handle the burglars himself instead of going to the law. Being the only
son of his parents, he had very few friends. This shows his nature of remaining
alone, though he has acquaintance with some famous people. All his children were
afraid of their proud father.
As far as Yeats grandmother is concerned, she was totally different sort of
character. She was kind-hearted, considerate and helpful by nature. Though she
once punished him because he was playing with a servant, yet he always loved to
be in her company. Moreover, she had a fantastic aesthetic nature and admirer of
art. Her room was beautifully decorated with different paintings. She always took
keen interest in looking after her garden. In short, she had a personality of her own
and everybody loved and admired her.
These were the writers views about his grandfather and grandmother. Yeats
has included a comparison of their characters to magnify the salient features of
each characters. This comparison also shows the difference between man and
woman, particularly old ones.
QUESTION NO. 13
(a) Why does Leacock regard the tailor as immortal?
(b) Point out the examples of irony and humour in Huxleys essay The
Beauty Industry.

(c) Doctoring is not even the art of keeping people in health. How far do
you agree with Shaw?
(a) My Tailor An Immortal Character
When the writer came to know of his tailors sudden death he was shocked.
He thought that he should enjoy life for ever. He was like something fixed
and permanent surrounded by the tailoring shop. He had been dealing near him for
the last thirty years. However, during this long association, he did not analyze any
change in his character and nature. Hence he considered him an immortal figure.
He had always found him at indistinguishable place and in the same posture.
He always stood contained by the back part of his shop with a measure tape around
his neck. He always welcome the writer with a smiling face. He spread the suit
material on his lift knee to show it to the writer. He measured only his chest and
flattered him saying that it be a little fuller than before. Then he would ask the
writer if he needed anything in shirting and hosiery. In the appendage he talked
about weather. The date of delivery be always a weak from Tuesday. The building
and the payment be always done by correspondence.
The writer had never seen any shift in the behavior of his tailor. His posture,
his speech and his movements remained unchanged for such a long time. So, the
writer expected that his tailor would always be nearby standing and greeting his
customers. For the writer, he is a static figure, a type of personality that is not
bound to change. That is why he calls him an immortal figure.
(b) Irony and Humor in The Beauty Industry
Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their
appearance. In his essay The Beauty Industry Aldous Huxley describes the
women of modern world who indulge themselves in the habit of using excess of
cosmetics by using a literacy device, comic irony. In order to make his point of
view forceful and impressive, he has mixed humor with irony.
By humor we mean presenting something in the most ridiculous manner,
whereas irony is used to say something and suggest something else. The writer has
employed these two literary terms quite artistically to criticize the modern women,
who use cosmetics just to look attractive.
The writer humorously attaches the privilege of being attractive and beautiful
to the feminine side and gives the figure of 130 million pounds which is used on this
activity, almost twice the revenue of India. He humorously says that it is all because
of the race to look attractive. However, he, very ironically says that todays women
try to be more attractive and less virtuous than their grandmothers. His ironical but
a bit humorous remarks that the campaign for more physical beauty seems to be
both a tremendous success and lamentable failure, are full of meaning and purpose.
In short, in an ironical and humorous manner, the writer has tried to condemn
the negative approach of women towards life.
(c) Doctoring is not the art of keeping people in health

Doctoring is not even the art of keeping the people in health is a

thought-provoking remark of G.W. Shaw in his essay Are Doctors Men of
Science?. This remark is quite justified and I too agree with him. Through this
remark he is trying to tell us that the duty of a doctor is only to cure illness and not
to keep people healthy. A doctor is always consulted when a person is only suffering
from some kind of ailment. In that case the doctor only diagnoses the ailment and
prescribes the suitable medicine for its remedy. This means he is not trying to keep
his patient healthy but only curing the particular disease.
To keep oneself healthy demands more than just medicine i.e., proper diet,
proper exercise and proper fitness. If a person has all these things, then he remains
healthy. Hence, keeping oneself healthy and curing a disease, are poles apart.
These are two different fields. Doctors only deal with one field and ignore the other.
Hence, Shaws remark Doctoring is not even the art of keeping people in
health is quite right and justified.

QUESTION NO. 14
(a) How does Max Beerbohm differentiate between Hosts and Guests?
(b) What are the real problems faced by a bachelor?
(c) It is very easy to see fanaticism in other people, but difficult to spot in
oneself. Is it really so?
(a) Difference Between Hosts and Guests
Offering or accepting hospitality is a quality found in every human being. On
the basis of it, Max Beerbohm in his essay Hosts and Guests has divided the
whole mankind into two distinct classes; hosts and guests like Gelett Burgess has
divided it into Bromides and Sulphites. Although this classification is only on the
theoretical level, he has clearly drawn the general, temperamental and
circumstantial differences between these two classes.
Firstly, the writer tells the general difference between these two classes. A
person gets the label of a host if he invites someone to dine with him at a
restaurant, orders the meal and bears the expenses. On the other hand a person
gets the label of a guest if he accepts the invitation with delight, praises the food
while eating, does not pay the bill and feels a pleasant sensation of not paying for it.
Secondly, the writer gives the temperamental dissimilarity between these
two groups. Every human being is either a host or a guest by instinct. He is a bornhost or a born-guest. His instinct dominates his personality. A person is a host if he
possesses an active or positive instinct to offer hospitality. On the other hand a
person is a guest if he has a passive or negative instinct to accept the hospitality.
Thirdly, there are circumstantial differences between hosts and guests.
Circumstances react on the character. Conventionally, the rich give and the poor
receive. Riches often nurture the instincts of a host and poverty usually fosters the
instincts of a guest. The rich and the poor is an undisputed division, however, the
rich as hosts and the poor as guests is a poor one. Some poor persons also love to
entertain others.
(b) Problems Faced By a Bachelor
The essay Bachelors Dilemma by Herbert Gold highlights the problems
faced by a bachelor in this world, especially in American society. The writer says a
bachelor is a person who does not know where he stands in this civilized society. He
has no belief, no notions, and no aims in life. His life is much disorganized. He
always finds himself on the verge of some dilemma. He always feels himself alone
in this world. Probably, he finds himself misfit in this environment but having no
alternative where to go. He is often found in parties wandering alone.
When a bachelor looks into a mirror, he has an altogether different idea about
himself. The mirror gives him the reflection of a healthy young man with a lot of
time, chance, and money; who can eat, drink, and roam at will. He feels himself free

without a wife or children to look after. But same mirror sometimes gives him some
displeasing aspects as well. He feels himself alone and unwanted by society.
There are two major types of bachelors. There is one who is handsome,
charming and always in search of new girls and even getting them. The other is a
bit mediocre, always considering himself a hero in dreams. He has intimacy with
pretty girls only in imagination, but a failure in real life. He always tosses in bed but
sometimes fortunate enough to get a meeker like him as a partner. But the problem
with both of them is that they are not satisfied with themselves. They always need
true love but seldom get and always get what they do not want.
In short, these are some common problems faced by an American bachelor as
expressed in this essay.
(c) Finding Fanaticism in Other People
Fanaticism means excessive intolerance of opposing views. It is an
unnecessary and unreasonable enthusiasm for ones doctrine or stand-point. In his
essay Tolerance, E.M. Forster says, It is very easy to see fanaticism in
other people, but difficult to spot in oneself. If we deeply look into the
matter, we find out that it is really so. It is because people lack tolerance. They are
egoists, self-confirming and findfaulters.
Firstly, it is easy to see fanaticism in others and difficult to spot in oneself
because people lack tolerance. Tolerance is a dull virtue so it is almost missing in all
spheres of life in the queue, in the street, in the railway station, in the office, at
the factory, at the telephone and above all among classes, races and nations.
Absence of tolerance and compromise makes people narrow-minded and fanatic.
Secondly, people are egocentric. They consider tolerance a weakness or
surrender. These people are responsible for the color questions and racial
prejudices. They produce hatred among people and disturb the peace of society.
They do not understand that putting up with people does not mean yielding to
them. It only means to be broad-minded, liberal, calm and patient.
Thirdly, people are self-confirming and findfaulters. They consider their
thinking, beliefs and creeds correct, truthful and the highest of all. They do not
respect the ideas of others. For example, the Englishmen usually accuse the Nazis
of being intolerant to the Jews. But are they not equally guilty of being prejudicial to
the Black? Thus the writer rightly says, It is very easy to see fanaticism in other
people, but difficult to spot in oneself.
QUESTION NO. 15
(a) If bad manners are infectious, so also are good manners. Elaborate.
(b) How does Bertrand Russel prove that all fanatical creeds are harmful
to mankind?
(c) How do various vitamins keep human body fit?

(a) Manners are Infectious

Infectious means liable to be transmitted to people. In his essay On Saying
Please Alpha of the Plough has very aptly commented on good and bad manners
as infectious. If the bad manners of one person influence others and make them
rude and ill-tempered; the good manners of one person also affect others and make
them polite and kind. The writer has propagated his view point with two examples.
The first example is of bad manners. A fellow did not say please to a liftoperator and was thrown of the lift by him. May be that fellow has had a quarrel
with his wife on breakfast table. The wife might have been annoyed by the cook
who might have been irritated on the behavior of the house-maid. Thus due to one
persons discourtesy, a chain action started and so many people were infected with
it.
The second example is of good manners. A bus conductor on London routes
was very nice and helpful to his passengers. He treated the blind, the old and the
young ones carefully and lovingly. He even gave the writer a ticket when the writer
boarded his bus without any money in his pockets. His civility radiated comfort, joy
and peace. As a result his passengers could not help being nice and polite.
In short, the writer has rightly said that manners are infectious; whether they
are bad or good. Like infections they travel from person to person leaving their
bitter or sweet taste in the environment. They quickly spread from one person to
another like a contagious disease. As we live in a society so the ways and manners
of people are bound to affect others.
(b) Harmfulness of Fanatical Creeds
Bertrand Russell in his essay Science and Values says that all fanatical
creeds are harmful to mankind. The desire for a fanatical creed is one of the
greatest evils in human history. The examples of fanatical creeds are: All Catholics
will go to Hell as said by the Protestants and All Protestants will go to Hell as
asserted by the Catholics; All Muslims are infidels as said by the Christians and All
Christians are infidels as alleged by the Muslims; All Jews belong to the worst race
on earth as claimed by the German Nazis while All Jews are the salt of the earth as
professed by the Jews.
Such fanatical creeds have caused nothing but bloodshed and massacre. This
has happened in its worst shape in the late Roman Empire whose climax turned into
a permanent downfall in 476 AD. Next the same ugly situation arose in the
Renaissance of the 16th century. The fanatical creeds of Plotinus took their origin in
Platos utopia of eternal world. The worshipers of Mithra founded their fanatical
creeds in a solar paradise. The early Christians even started persecuting each other
for minor deviations of their fanatical creeds. The supporters of Trotsky founded
their fanatical creeds in the Russian Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 for the forcible
enforcement of communism. All these totally different fanatical creeds of Christians
Catholicism and Russian Communism have been claiming heavenly salvation at the
cost of earthly salvation.

However, science on the other hand aims at the spread of earthly salvation
on the condition of all kinds of tolerance for each other.
(c) Importance of Vitamins for Human Body
A vitamin is an organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient
in limited amounts. There are thirteen vitamins that a human body needs for health
and fitness. These include four fat-soluble vitamins; A, D, E and K, and nine water
soluble vitamins; 8 B vitamins and vitamin C. In his essay The Vitamins, Dr.
Kenneth Walker has beautifully described the role of various vitamins for human
body.
Each vitamin has specific jobs. Vitamins A plays a really big part in body
growth, immune system and eye-sight. Vitamin D is necessary for strong bones and
E is indispensable for fertility. Vitamin K is the clot-master. B vitamins help human
body to synthesize proteins and energy. Vitamin C helps to heal cuts and wounds.
Thus vitamins play a significant role in keeping the human body healthy and fit.
Deficiency and excess of vitamins also affect human health. The dearth of
vitamin A may lead to a curious condition of the eye called exophthalmia. The lack
of vitamin D can cause rickets. One of major causes of human infertility is the lack
of vitamin E. Beri-beri and pellagra are caused by the scarcity of B vitamins.
Similarly high dose of some vitamins may make human body sick.
In short, for the fitness of human body an adequate quantity of vitamin is
inevitable. If the vitamins are missing from human diet, then the supply of mere
carbohydrates, proteins, fats and minerals fail to keep us in proper state of health.
The writer also proscribes us to take vitamins in the form of tablets. We must get
them from fresh vegetables, fruits, cereals and meat to keep our body robust.
QUESTION NO. 16
(a) What is personification? Explain personification in Leisure.
(b) What in your opinion is the most fanciful image in Tartary?
(c) What are the new year resolutions of Elizabeth Sewell?
(a) Personification in Leisure
Personification is a literary device. It is an ontological metaphor in which an
inanimate object or abstraction is represented as a living person. In his
poem Leisure, William Davies has personified Beauty. He has given it the
qualities of a young girl who has dancing feet, sensory eyes and smiling lips.
Firstly, Madam Beauty has feet. These are the terminal structures of her body
which have bones, muscles and joints. With these anatomical structures, she is
leaping, jumping, skipping, hopping and jiving. Unfortunately, modern man has no
time to enjoy the ballet of this ballerina.

Secondly, Beauty is blessed with eyes. These are the optical organs of her
figure which have attraction and perception. With these sensual organs, she not
only detects light but also smiles from her milieu. Ironically, modern man has grown
blind to his surroundings.
Thirdly, Beauty possesses lips. These are the expressive organs of her
physique which gain smile from the eyes. Although the smile takes no time to reach
the lips yet modern man is so busy in his worldly pursuits that he cannot wait for
the arrival of smile on the beautiful face of Beauty.

(b) The Most Fanciful Image

In Literature, a word or expression that refers to an object or quality which
appeals to one or more of the senses and the feelings is called
image. In his poem, Tartary, Walter De La Mare has employed at least twenty
concrete images. In fact, the whole poem is a succession of visual, auditory,
olfactory, gustatory, tactile and kinetic images. So it is difficult to say which of the
images is more fanciful than the others.
However, if we are forced to select the most fanciful i.e., unreal and
wonderful image, then it is the kinetic image made in the last four lines of the third
stanza of the poem. Here the poet says:
And ere should wane the morning-star,
Id don my robe and scimitar,
And zebras seven should draw my car
Through Tartarys dark glades.
This is the most fanciful image because it is totally different from reality
and is very wonderful. The other images the bed of ivory, the throne of gold,
peacocks in the court, tigers in the forests, fish in the pools, colorful lamps,
musical instruments and objects of Nature are delightful images but they
represent real scenes. However, the image of gorgeously attired potentate of
Tartary, riding a chariot driven by seven zebras is pure fancy.

(c) Resolutions of the Poetess

Ever since the Babylonian Age, people have been making new year
resolutions to improve their life style. In her poem, New Year Resolutions,
Elizabeth Sewell has mapped out three revolutionary resolutions before the dawn of
the New Year. She resolves to remain most of the time silent, think about what she
is and face the realities with contention.
Firstly, she resolves that she will not talk, murmur or whisper much in her
future. Instead of drinking wine, she will drain long draughts of quiet as a
medical tonic to purify her soul. She thinks that quietude will cure her spiritual and
moral diseases like lie, backbiting and slander etc.

Secondly, she pledges that she will engage herself in introspection two times
everyday. She will try to discover the reality about her inner personality. She will
remind herself of her responsibilities and liabilities. She thinks that self-identity will
be a school of profundity, morality and wisdom for her.
Thirdly, she decides to grabble with the realities of life. No doubt, reality has
bony arms. But she is not an escapist like Walter De La Mare and Maya Angelou.
She is a realist and believes in the fact, Truth is Beauty. She hopes that reality
will give her self-satisfaction, blessed relief and spiritual exultation.
QUESTION NO. 17
(a) Write a character-sketch of the woman as depicted in Woman Work.
(b) Discuss the poem Patriot into Traitor as a dramatic monologue.
(c) Do you agree with Elizabeth Bishop that the art of losing is not hard to
master?
(a) Character of Woman
In Literature, a mental image of a person is called character and a character
who represents a class or group is called type. In her poem, Woman Work, Maya
Angelou has delineated a type of a traditional house woman who represents the
hardworking women of proletariat. She is a poor and responsible woman who loves
nature very much.
Firstly, she is a poor lady. She has no spare money to get the clothes mended
by a tailor. She cannot afford a maid to do her domestic chores. She cannot keep a
gardener to look after her garden. She lives in a ramshackle hut. She is unable to
get the expensive pleasures of life. In fact, these are the obvious signs of her
poverty.
Secondly, she is a responsible matron. Her sense of responsibility has made
her a dutiful, hardworking and patient being. She does at least twelve works from
dawn to dusk but has no complains. She looks after the children. She buys, cooks
and serves the food. She not only manages her house but also maintains her
garden. In short, she is a busy machine.
Thirdly, she is a lover of nature. Instead of enjoying the company of her
children, she wants to enjoy the company of nature. She wishes to enjoy sunshine,
rain, dewdrops, storms and snow-flakes. Addressing the objects and phenomena of
nature she says, Youre all that I can call my own. She has idealized nature
because idealization is necessary for survival.
(b) A Dramatic Monologue
Dramatic monologue refers to a type of poetry and Robert Browning is master
in it. It is a mono-drama in verse. Like many other dramatic monologues of
Browning Patriot into Traitor is also a fine example of this genre because it has
a single speaker, a silent audience and dramatic situation.

Firstly, the poem has a solitary speaker who is patently not the poet. He is an
erstwhile worshipful leader who is receiving unearned punishment. In this critical
situation, he is freely giving vent to his feelings to reveal the inner working of his
mind. He is, in fact, a soul in action.
Secondly, the poem has a silent audience. There is no dialogue between the
speaker and the audience. This audience consists of people who adore or abhor
someone unexpectedly. This implied presence of an auditor distinguishes this
dramatic monologue from a soliloquy in which the speaker is alone.
Thirdly, the poem presents a tragic dramatic situation. It invokes in us
feelings of pity, fear and relief called catharsis. The leaders downfall excites
feelings of pity in us. We fear because we recognize similar possibilities in us.
However, the leaders belief, Tis God shall repay: I am safer so gives us
relief.
(c) The Art of Losing
One Art is a beautiful villanelle in which Elizabeth Bishop claims, The art
is losing isnt hard to master. However, we do not agree with her because
material things are never lost, real losses are eternal and the poetess herself fails to
master this so-called art.
Firstly, material things are never lost but misplaced. Door keys, watches and
houses etc are not lost because they retain their existence. They have chances of
retrieval. We may run into them any time. If they mislaid permanently, we can get
their substitutes. Thus tangible things are never lost.
Secondly, the real losses are the losses of those things that lose their
existence. The death of our dear ones is an example of these losses. Time can
assuage the pain of loss but can never return us a lost mother, father or friend.
Hence it is impossible to master the art of losing.
Thirdly, the poetess herself fails to master this art. The rhythm of the poem is
choked up. There are many glottal pauses, signifying that the poetess is trying to
hold back the tears and having trouble controlling her view point. So how can we
agree with her flippancy!
QUESTION NO. 18
(a) Why does Wordsworth call the solitary reapers song a melancholy
strain?
(b) Why does Shakespeare call old age a second childishness?
(c) How appropriate is the title of the poem A Poison Tree?
(a) A Melancholy Strain
A melancholy strain means a sad song. In his poem, The Solitary
Reaper, Wordsworth calls the song of the solitary reaper a melancholy strain
even though he does not understand the language of the song. It is because the

reaper is alone, her voice is superior to that of a nightingale and the poet himself is
prone to melancholy.
Firstly, the reaper is alone an idea emphasized five times in the poem. It
means there is no one in the society with whom she can share her pent-up
emotions. This has made her life melancholic. Thus she shares her emotions with
Nature in loneliness and the poet rightly calls her song a melancholy strain.
Secondly, it is a traditional idea that nightingales are connected to the idea of
melancholy. Many poets use nightingales as a symbol of melancholy in their poems.
Because Wordsworth has compared the voice of the solitary reaper with that of the
nightingale so the song of the solitary reaper is also a melancholy strain.
Thirdly, the poet himself is prone to melancholy. To prove this, we jump to his
poem Daffodils. At the end of this poem, he mentions that he sometimes finds
himself in a pensive mood. Thus he naturally calls the song of the solitary reaper a
melancholy strain.
(b) Old Age A Second Childishness
Life is a cycle and old age is
beginning i.e., childishness. The Holy
age, we reserve him creation. In All
age a second childishness because
forgetful like that of children.

a stage where the cycle is returned to its

Quran states, He whom we bring unto old
the Worlds a Stage, Shakespeare calls old
old people become weak, dependent and

Firstly, oldsters become weak and feeble like that of infants. Both lack
physical and mental energies. They cannot walk at ease. They cannot talk clearly
and audibly. Their immune system is very poor. They cannot think about their lives
wisely. Thus Shakespeare rightly calls old age a second childishness.
Secondly, old people are helpless like that of children. It is a common
experience of life that aged people are dependent on others in the same way as
kids are dependent on others. Both cannot earn their bred and butter, and a
caretaker is necessary for them. This similarity again proves that man is once a
man and twice a child.
Thirdly, decrepit people become victims of amnesia. They become forgetful
like that of children. Both lack retention. They are unable to concentrate on
anything. They often forget persons, places and things. The memory of a
grandparent corresponds the memory of a grand child. Thus senile dementia is a
return to infancy.
(c) Title of the Poem
A good title of a poem corresponds the content of the poem. The title A
Poison Tree is not very appropriate because biblical tree was not like this tree
and the poets foe approaches this tree without the poets knowing which is
unbelievable. Only if the foe symbolizes the poets mental disturbance then the title
is quite appropriate.

Firstly, the poison tree of William Blake stands for the tree in Paradise. But
this analogy is not suitable. Adam and Eve did not die after eating the apple from
this tree but the poets enemy dies. Moreover, God does not rejoice in killing His
enemies like that of the poet.
Secondly, the poison tree is a physical manifestation of poets anger, growing
in his mind for his enemy. But how does the enemy get into the poets mind without
the poets knowing? How does poisonous thoughts kill the enemy? Only its shows
the
inappropriateness
of
the
title.
However, if the foe represents the poets mental disharmony and the poison tree
his wrath, then the title matches the content of the poem. In the end the poet is
happy because his wrath has killed the demons in his mind, and his mind is at
peace now. In short, diamond has cut diamond.
QUESTION NO. 19
(a) Why does Emily Dickinson use the image of journey in Because I Could
Not Stop for Death?
(b) Lights Out by Edward Thomas dwells on the power of sleep.
Elaborate.
(c) What does the empty barrel signify in After Apple Picking?
(a) The Image of Journey
Because I Could Not Stop for Death is a highly symbolic poem in which
Emily Dickinson has employed many images. The dominant one is the image of
journey. It is, in fact, a metaphor for life-after-birth and life-after-death. Earthly life is
a journey because journey and life both have turns, obstacles and destinations.
Firstly, a common journey is traveled on the routes called highways which
have many turns. Correspondingly, life is traveled on the route called time. It has
also several turns except a U-turn. The poetess has mentioned three major turns in
life; childhood, youth and old age.
Secondly, on the route of a common journey, there are many obstacles; bad
roads, frosts, bumpers and blockages etc. Similarly, on the course of life, ups and
downs are common. Surprises and losses give violent jolts. Sorrows and worries
cause injuries. Thus the route of life is full of impediments.
Thirdly, a common journey comes to an end when the destination is
approached. Life also come to a halt when death blocks the route and pushes the
traveler into the grave the final destination. In short, the sojourn of life on earth
ends and the odyssey of life-after-death starts from here.

(b) Power of Sleep

Sleep is a state of rest for body, mind and spirit. It has so much potential in it
that no passion or sentiment can challenge it. In his poem, Lights Out, Edward

Thomas exquisitely expounds the power of sleep. Sleep is so powerful that its
invasion is inescapable. Its dominance of a panacea and its end is a new beginning.
Firstly, sleep is so potent that its invasion is irresistible. Even the noblest task,
the favorite book or the dearest face cannot keep us awake for a long time. Sleep is
cumulative; if we resist it one day, it attacks the next day. We are helpless in the
hands of sleep. At last we have to surrender before the alluring force of sleep.
Secondly, sleep is so powerful that its hold or dominance is a panacea. It
magically heals all despairs and miseries, and puts an end to all troubles and
problems. William Shakespeare rightly says about sleep: the balm of hurt
minds. In fact, a sound sleep is the best natural cure in the doctors books.
Thirdly, the end of sleep is a new beginning. Life is a journey and sleep is
a power-filling station. When our power to continue the journey ends, we, the
travelers, go to sleep. Sleep restores the energy in us. Thus when we wake up, we
recommence the journey on many a road track that become visible by the
dawns first crack.
(c) Signigicance of Empty Barrel
After Apple Picking is a highly symbolic poem by Robert Frost. The most
suggestive symbol is empty barrel. Literally, an empty barrel means an unfilled
container but symbolically it signifies the unfulfilled human desires, the greediness
of the people and the hope for bright future.
Firstly, the empty barrel stands for the unfulfilled human desires. The poet
has desired for a bumper harvest of apples but in the end his barrel remains empty.
There are a few more apples on the boughs to be picked by him. But if he manages
to pick the remaining few, his barrel will still not be filled!
Secondly, the empty barrel symbolizes the greediness of the people. The poet
has emptied many barrels of apples in the cellar but is not satisfied because his
barrel is still empty. He yearns to get more and more. Though, in his sleep, he gets
many big apples but his sleep remains uneasy due to greediness.
Thirdly, the empty barrel signifies the hope or expectation that we attach for
the bright future. The poet has emptied many barrels of common and usual apples
in the cellar. But now he wants to fill his empty barrel with newer, fresher, more
ripened and juicier apples.
QUESTION NO. 20
(a) What are Keatss fears as you find in When I Have Fears?
(b) Why does Yeats wish to be young again in Politics?
(c) Why does D.H. Lawrence think of his education as accursed?
(a) Keatss Fears
When I Have Fears is a beautiful sonnet in which John Keats gives
expression of his desolate fears. The impending demise of Keats creates limitations

which become his fears. He fears that he will not be able to achieve fame, enjoy
beauty and savour love because he will sooner die of tuberculosis.
The first quatrain describes his fear of not getting fame as a poet. He worries that
his premature death will leave his poetry in parenthesis. Though he has a teeming
brain, full of ideas, images and thoughts yet he will not become a Shakespeare. His
death
is
hovering
over
him.
The second quatrain highlights his fear of not getting enough time to enjoy the
physical beauty of Nature. He says that heaven is boasting of its beauty with its
starry nights and shadowy clouds. Unfortunately, his anticipated death will deprive
him
of
relishing
these
beautiful
scenes.
The third quatrain expresses his fear of not getting a chance to develop a loveaffair. His erstwhile beloved, Fanny Brawn, has already deserted him. Now he fears
that he will never become an inamorato of anybody. Thus he says in the last
couplet, On the shore of the wide world I stand alone.
(b) Wish to be Young Again
Yeats composed Politics in May 24, 1938 when he was 73 years old. In
this poem, when he sees a beautiful young girls standing before him, he wishes to
be young again. He wishes so because youth is the best period for romance,
escapism is always pleasant and he found a new vigour after undergoing the
Steinach Operation.
Firstly, youth is the prime period for romance. The girl standing before the
poet is quite young to be his daughter. She needs the excitement of youth which the
aged poet lacks. The development of love affair between the aged and the young is
almost impossible. Thus to romance with the young girl, the poet wishes to be
young again.
Secondly, the poet is an escapist. In order to avoid the stark realities of life
like politics, traveling, war and wars alarms, he wants to flee into his past. His past
was full of amour when he used to love Maud Gonne, his childhood beloved. Hence
to get pleasure, he wants to escape into his past i.e., his youth.
Thirdly, after undergoing the Steinach Operation in 1934, when he was aged
69, he found a new machismo in himself. It is evident from both his poetry and his
intimate relations with young women. Thus he wants to hold the girl standing before
him in his arms. He wants to embrace her. In other words, he wants to be his young
lover.
(c) Accursed Education
The process by which society transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and
values from one generation to another is called education. Education is considered a
blessing. However, in his poem, Snake, D.H. Lawrence thinks of it a curse. It is
because it crushes his feelings of affection and sense of beauty for the snake, and it
induces him to kill it.
Firstly, he thinks of his education as accursed because it demolishes his
feelings of affection for the snake. The natural man in the poet is delighted and
honored to have this reptile at his water-trough. However, the educated man in the

poet warns him that snake is a mortal foe of man. Hence the natural feelings of
affection are defeated by the rational feelings of hatred.
Secondly, he calls his education accursed because it does not allow him to
appreciate the beauty of the snake. No doubt, the unique shape, coloration and
locomotion of snake makes it the most enjoy the beauty, fairness and grace of the
snake but beautiful animal in the world. The instincts of the poet wants
tothe ophidiophobia generated by his education ceases him to do so.
Thirdly, he condemns his education because it misleads him. It compels him
to assassinate the snake. He hits it with a log. However, the snake does not come
back to bite him. It proves the innocence and harmlessness of the snake. Thus the
attempt to kill the snake was not an act of bravery but of Vandalism committed by
an educated man.