Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences

Vol. 2, No.6; June 2012

SOME APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS IN SOLVING MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS PROBLEMS

*Oye, N. D., Z.K. Shallsuku, & FUTY-Nigeria
Department of Information Systems Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
*oyenath@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract
Most problems that occur in decision and managerial sciences often require the use of mathematics
for their solutions. Some of the aspect of mathematics used to get the solutions to these problems
includes numerical analysis, statistical estimation, forecasting, game theory, optimization,
simulation, etc. In this paper, techniques of optimization (break-even analysis) and forecasting
(ordinary least-square) were applied to managerial economic problems. The applications of these
mathematics techniques pave the way for the determination of the value of the independent
variables (output level) that maximizes or minimize the value of the dependent variable (profit or
loss). This break-even output level is important because with it managers can maximize profits and at
the same time choose production level (output) that will guarantee the avoidance of waste of scarce
resources.
Keywords: Mathematics; Economics; Optimization; Forecasting; Break-even-analysis

1. Introduction
Mathematics provides a powerful technique of analysis in economics. It is a technique in which we
make certain assumptions regarding the behaviour of variables and their casual interrelationships.
The job of mathematics is to enable the analyst to discover and estimate the phenomena in
quantitative terms. A substantial portion of economic argument and analysis involves the use of
quantitative data and mathematics is very useful (and in many cases essential) in this task. A number
of mathematicians contributed greatly to the use of mathematics in economics. Some of which are:
Augustin Courtnot, a French mathematician. He was a great defender of mathematical method in
economics science. Irving Fisher, a great mathematician of his time. He used mathematics in an
extensive manner, Gustav Cassel and many other (Bhatia, 2006).
Today, mathematical techniques can be used to solve managerial economic problems. These
problems arise from the profit oriented and non-profit oriented organizations. Managerial
economics use economics concepts and decision science techniques to solve managerial problems.
The decision science comprises of mathematical techniques such as numerical analysis, statistical
estimation, forecasting, game theory, optimization, simulation, etc. All these are termed tools and
techniques of analysis.

2. Statement of the Problem

Managerial economics is concerned with resource-allocation, strategic and tactical decision that
leads to efficiency. These decisions are taken by analyst, managers and consultants in the private,
public and not-for-profit sectors of the economy. For the fact that resources are scarce, resourceallocation becomes a problem. Also, the primary aim of any business set up is to make profit. A
business can be paralyzed whenever there is no competent manager(s) that will make efficient
decisions. This is a problem as far as business is concerned. This paper seeks to bring out solutions to
these problems through the use of mathematical techniques.
2.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
i. Help managers minimize cost and maximize profit.
ii. Aid the efficient utilization of scarce human and capital resources.
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2.1.1 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY

Managerial economics is concerned with the application of micro-economic theory and
methodology to decision making problems faced by private, public and non-profit institutions. For
the fact that managerial economics focuses primarily on decision making that leads to optimization
does not mean this study is only relevant to profit oriented decision making, it also provides
strategic decision for public sector, non-profit institutions and individuals.
2.1.2 DEFINITION OF BASIC TERMS
Optimization is the technique of finding the value of the independent variable(s) that maximizes or
minimizes the value of dependent variable.
Total Revenue (TR) is the total amount realized from sales. It is obtained by multiplying the quantity
produced by the selling price of each commodity produced.
Total Cost (TC) is the fixed and the variable cost of production. It is obtained by adding the fixed
costs to the product of average variable costs and quantity produced.
Fixed costs are those which are fixed in volume for a certain given output. Fixed cost does not vary
with variation in the output between zero and a certain given level of output. In other words, costs
that do not vary for a certain level of output are known as fixed costs.
Variable costs are those which vary with the variation in the total output.
Algebra is often referred to as "generalized arithmetic" (Swokowski and Cole, 2005). In arithmetic we
deal with the basic arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
performed on specific numbers. In algebra we continue to use all that we know in arithmetic, but, in
addition, we reason and work with symbols that represent one or more numbers (Barnett, Ziegler
and Byleen, 2001).
A firm is an individual producing unit that is responsible for its own behaviour. The firm's choices are
usually made with respect to some goal. In economics, the goal is assumed to be the maximization
of profit or minimization of loss.
Break-even analysis is known as profit contribution analysis. It is an important analytical technique
used to study the relationship between the total costs, total revenue and total profits and losses
over the whole range of stipulated output. The break-even analysis is a technique of having a
preview of profit prospects and a tool of profit planning. It integrates the cost and revenue estimates
to ascertain the profits and losses associated with different levels of output.
Profit (n) is defined as the excess of total revenue over total cost. This can be written as
.

3. The Use of Mathematics in Economics

It is noticed that the use of mathematics in economics has been in practice long ago. Economics is a
logic intimately connected with and based upon the behaviour of man and economy. As such, the
use of quantitative data is essential to verify the theoretical hypothesis and to formulate appropriate
hypothesis close enough to reality (Bhatia, 2006). Courtnot (1891-1877) in Bhatia (2006) argued that
it was essential to have a framework of theory in which facts of economics life could fit. To him the
task of mathematics was not simply to handle the numerical data but to investigate the functional
relationships between variables. He used this approach in developing the demand function which
was found to be a function of price. Later writers were able to deduce the general demand curve of
Courtnot from a system of individual demand curves. Given the demand analysis, Courtnot enters
the field of exchange. Here he takes various markets situations, and asserts that only the running
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expenses (variable cost) would lead to an increase in price in the case of monopoly, but not
necessarily equal to the increase in cost.
Courtnot is well known for his solution of the problem of duopoly in which two sellers are faced by
numerous buyers. But it may be noted that Courtnot here makes certain assumptions which are
quite unrealistic-though logically quite valid and acceptable. He assumes that each individual seller
proceeds on the assumptions that his rivals output is constant and that rival will not react to the
action taken by other seller. On this basis, Courtnot is able to maintain that the equilibrium price
here will be higher than when there is a third seller also, and lower than if the two sellers had
combined. It also goes to Courtnot's credit to have obtained a general supply curve for the industry
as a whole. He also shows that the intersection of the general demand curve and general supply
curve would give the determination of price (Bhatia, 2006). Fisher (1867-1943) in Bhatia (2006)
revealed that he removed the element of hedonism from theory of demand. His investigations
adopted an operational theory of cardinal utility. In this theory, a unit of measurement of utility (or
util) is taken as equivalent to the marginal utility of a particular commodity A. Then the marginal
utility of B is measured by considering the amount of B which the consumer is ready to take in place
of one unit of A. The idea of the good being useful or not, good or bad, was not brought in. In spite
of the fact that Fisher; like Edgeworth, also developed the concept of indifference curves, he tries to
measure utility in cardinal terms. And Fisher's work was more advanced than that of his
predecessors. He drew the price and income lines. He also took note of the distinction between
superior and inferior goods as also the substitutability and complementary between goods.
Cassel (1866-1945) in Bhatia (2006) revealed that he was an engineer turned economist and this
materially influenced his thinking and approach. Cassel rejects the marginal utility and its role.
Instead he brings in the concept of scarcity of goods which gives rise to the phenomena of prices.
As noted, Cassel seeks to explain the economic phenomena by a single principle of scarcity. With
unlimited wants and limited supply, there is a need to exchange and price formation comes in to
balance the demand and supply. It is on this basis that he gives us his theory of general equilibrium.
He assumes perfect competition and static economy. In his general equilibrium, the beginning is
made by a set of demand functions. There is one demand functions for each good and its demand
depends upon not only its own price but also prices of other goods which may be its substitutes or
complementaries. In equilibrium, the demand for each good must be equal to its supply and this
gives us another set of simultaneous equation. Cassel then introduced the assumption that supply
depends upon the given quantity of factors of production. For any given period of time there are
certain quantities of specific productive factors available and they have their own "technical
coefficient" (a technical coefficient denotes the amount of a given good which one unit of a given
productive factor helps to produce, in combination with other inputs). The prices of the factors of
production should then be equal to the prices of the goods which they produce. At this stage, he
introduced money. The prices of the factors of production would be nothing but the total income
going to the consumers. Given all these conditions and interdependence, Cassel sets up a system of
equations by assuming that fixed and constant per cent changes occur in production activity. A
solution of the system is then made possible which would give us the set of relative prices. If,
therefore, we are able to specify one price, all the remaining prices get specified. To this end, he
goes ahead to the determination of the value of money. Later in the process also, he dropped
various simplifying assumptions to make his analysis of the general equilibrium more realistic.

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4. Mathematics in Managerial Economics

Hirschey, Pappas and Whigham (1995) argued that effective managerial decision making is the
process of efficiency arriving at the best possible solution to a given problem. If only one solution is
possible, then no decision problems exist. When alternative course of actions are available, the
decision that produces a result most consistent with managerial objectives is the optimal decision.
The process of arriving at the best managerial decision or best problem resolution is the focus of
managerial economics. In many instances, the complex of economic relations requires that
sophisticated methods of expression be employed. An equation is an analytical expression of
functional relationships that offers a very useful means for characterizing the connection among
economic variables. Equations are frequently used to express both simple and complex economic
relations. When the underlying relation among economic variables is uncomplicated, equations offer
a useful, compact means for data description; when underlying relations are complex, equations are
helpful because they permit the powerful tools of mathematical and statistical analysis to be
employed. Whereas tables and graphs are useful for explaining concepts, equations are frequently
better suited for problem solving.
McGuigan, Moyer and Harris (1999) revealed that demand analysis serves two major managerial
objectives; first, it provides the insights necessary for the effective manipulation of demand. Second,
it aids in forecasting sales and revenues. A manager who is contemplating an increase in the price of
one of the firm's products needs to know the impact of this increase on quantity demanded, total
revenue and profits. Is the demand elastic, inelastic or unit elastic with respect to price over the
range of the contemplated price increase? What will happen to demand if the consumers income
increases or decreases as a result of an economic expansion or contraction? Managers face these
types of problems every day. Ekanem and Iyoha (2002) argued that the problems encountered in
managerial economics are somehow similar to those encountered in microeconomics. They are
essentially optimization problems involving the determination of optimal or equilibrium quantities
required to satisfy a given objective function. The most common objective that economic analysis
seeks to achieve is the goal of maximizing economic advantages (or minimizing disadvantages).
Consumers seek to maximize utility. Firms seek to maximize profits, output level and minimize costs.
In economics, we generally group all minimization and maximization problems together under the
broad concept of optimization.
Lucey (2001) revealed that there are many occasions when a linear function is not an accurate
representation of reality and some form of function is required. Francis (1998) argued that in many
areas of business and commerce, functional relationships can enable structures to be understood,
controlled and adapted. Assembly line production can be considered as a function of time or number
of machines or both; sales revenue and production costs are normally functions of levels of
production; net present value is a function of discount rate. Cole (2006) argued that strategic
management is fundamentally about setting the underpinning aims of an organization, choosing the
most appropriate goals towards those aims, and fulfilling both over time. Dwivedi (2002) revealed
that an optimization technique is a technique of maximizing or minimizing a function. In simple
words, it is a technique of finding the value of the independent variables that maximizes or
minimizes the value of the dependent variable.
A firm is an individual producing unit that is responsible for its own behaviour. The firm's choices are
usually made with respect to some goals. In economics, the goal is assumed to be the maximization
of profit or minimization of loss (Barkley, 1977). Swokowski and Cole (2005) revealed that the word
algebra comes from ilm al-jabr w'al muqabala, the title of a book written in the ninth century by the
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Arabian mathematician al-Khworizimi. The title has been translated as the science of restoration and
reduction, which means transposing and combining similar terms (of an equation). The Latin
translation of al-jabr led to the name of the branch of mathematics we now call algebra.
Nicholson (1997) revealed that many economic models start with the assumption that an agent is
seeking to find the optimal value of some functions. For consumers that functions measure the
utility provided by their purchases; for firms it measures their profits. But in both cases, the formal,
mathematical aspects of the solution are identical.

5. Optimization
For any problem to be solved efficiently there must be a method with which such a problem is
tackled. In managerial or decision sciences there are relevant methods or techniques through which
managerial problems are solved. Such techniques include: numerical analysis, statistical estimation,
forecasting, game theory, optimization, simulation, etc. This paper concerned with the optimization
and forecasting as techniques (methods) through which the problem under discussion will be solved.
Optimization is the technique of finding the value of the independent variable(s) that maximizes or
minimizes the value of the dependent variable (Dwivedi, 2002). The most common objective that
economic analysis seeks to achieve is the goal of maximizing economic advantages (or minimizing
disadvantages). Consumers seek to maximize utility. Firms seek to maximize profits, output level and
minimize costs. In economics, we generally group all minimization and maximisation problems
together under the broad concept of optimization. The economist is frequently called upon to help a
firm maximize profits and levels of physical output and productivity, as well as the use of scarce
natural resources. This is achieved through a technique called break-even analysis. Therefore,
optimization is concerned with maximization of economic advantages such as profits, levels of
output, etc and minimization of economic disadvantages such as cost, loss etc. Maximizing or
minimizing economic functions is the major concern of this paper.
5.1 Optimization: Break-Even Analysis
In traditional theory of firm, the basic objective of the firm is to maximize profit. Maximum profit
does not necessarily coincide with the minimum cost as far as the traditional theory of firm is
concerned. Besides, profits are maximum at a specific level of output which is difficult to know
beforehand. Even if it is known, it cannot be achieved at the outset of production. In real life, firms
begin their activity even at a loss, in anticipation of profit in the future. Break-even analysis is an
important analytical technique used to study the relationship between the total costs, total revenue
and total profits and losses over the whole range of stipulated output. The break-even analysis is a
technique of having a preview of profit prospects and a toll of profit planning. It integrates the cost
and revenue estimates to ascertain the profits and losses associated with different levels of output.
The relationship between cost and output and between price and output may be linear or non-linear
in nature. This paper is considering the relationships that are linear in nature.
5.2 Algebra of Break-Even Analysis
The break-even output can also be calculated algebraically. Although cost volume-profit charts are
often used to portray profit/output relations, algebraic techniques are typically more efficient for
analyzing decision problem. Let
P = Price per unit sold
Q = Quantity produced and sold
TFC = Total Fixed Costs
AVC = Average Variable Cost and
= Profit Contribution
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As described previously, profit contribution,

is the difference between revenues and variable
cost. On a per unit basis, profit contribution equals price minus average variable cost (
). Profit contribution can be applied to cover fixed costs and then to provide profits. It is the
foundation of break-even analysis.
One useful application of cost-volume-profit analysis lies in the determination of break-even activity
levels for a product. A break-even quantity is zero profit activity level, since at the break-even
quantity levels, total revenue (
) exactly equals total costs
(
):
Total revenue = total cost
(
)
It follows that breakeven quantity levels occur
where

(1)
Thus, break-even quantity levels are found by dividing the per unit profit contribution by
total fixed costs.
5.3 FORECASTING
Forecasting or prediction is one of the techniques of macroeconomic models. Empirical
macroeconomic model (more commonly called macro econometric models) are used to predict the
future values of key economic aggregates like output, employment, prices, and balance of payments.
More generally, one can consider ability to predict as a by-product of the ability to explain (Ekanem
and Iyoha, 2002). Forecasting is also a technique used for planning. This is achieved through the
information gathered in the past. When this information is analyzed critically, prediction becomes
possible. In recent years, techniques of forecasting future economic events or the values of key
economic aggregates have become more numerous and more scientific. The need for generating
ever more accurate and reliable forecasts has been driven by the knowledge that good forecasts
would invariably improve decision making by both government functionaries and operators in the
private sector. Although there are many techniques for generating economic forecasts, it has been
found that econometric forecasts are generally more accurate and reliable (Ekanem and Iyoha,
2002).
5.4 Forecasting Techniques
The technique of forecasting to be presented in this study is called the Ordinary Least Square (OLS).
Regression technique minimizes the error term with a view of finding the regression equation that
best fits the observed data. So, the problem is how to minimize the error term. The technique that
regression analysis uses to minimize the error term is called the Ordinary Least Square (OLS)
method. It is the sum of the square of the error terms that regression techniques seeks to minimize
and find the values of a and b that produce a best fit line a and b are defined by
)( ) ( )(
( )

( )( )

( )

---------------------------------(2)

----------------------------------(3)

By substituting the values of a' and 'b' into

------------------------------------------(4)
We get the regression that gives us the regression line.
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It can therefore be seen that mathematics provides powerful techniques which are been used in
solving managerial economics problems. This will further be proved in the data analysis of this
research work.

6. Data Presentation and Analysis

The data obtained for this study relate to the quantity produced and sold and cost that is involved in
the production of such quantity in every month for a period of ten month. The product considered is
table water (75cl) product by Adama beverages company plc.- Nigeria.
Table 1: Monthly Output and Costs
Month
Quantity produced/sold
(in cartons)
Dec
40
Jan
80
Feb
120
Mar
160
Apr
200
May
240
Jun
280
Jul
320
Aug
360
Sep
400

Cost Of Production(N in 000)

44
68
92
116
140
164
188
212
236
260

6.1 DATA ANALYSIS

The analysis of the data presented in table 1 above will be used on the two (2) techniques that is
optimization and forecasting which are the major concern of this study. In the analysis, the use of
tables, figure(s) and algebraic calculation will be involved.
6.1.1 Profit Optimization: Break-Even Analysis
Table 2: Quantity Produced, Coast, Revenues and Profit.
Month
Unit produced/sold
Total revenue
Total cost
Profit
Dec
40
32,000
44,000
-12,000
Jan
80
64,000
68,000
-4,000
Feb
120
96,000
92,000
4,000
Mar
160
128,000
116,000
12,000
Apr
200
160.000
140,000
20,000
May
240
192,000
116,000
28,000
Jun
280
224,000
188,000
36,000
Jul
320
256,000
212,000
44,000
Aug
360
288,000
236,000
52,000
Sep
400
320,000
260,000
60,000
Columns two (2) above and four (4) were given (as shown in Table 1). Column three (3) which
corresponds to total revenue (TR) is obtained by multiplying the quantity produced/sold (Q) in each
month of the price per unit (price per carton). Column five (%) which corresponds to profits () is

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obtained by subtracting total cost (TC) from total revenue (TR) in each month. Note that each carton
is sold at N800.00.
6.1.2 Illustration of Break-Even Analysis Algebraically
The break even output can be calculated algebraically. From equation (1), the break-even
quantity level was given as, (QBE

Where
QBE = break-even quantity
TFC = total fixed cost
P = price per unit
AVC = average variable cost, and
= per unit profit contribution (P-AVC)
From table 2, we can see that
TFC = N20,000
AVC = N600
P= N800 and
c = N2 00
Substituting these values into equation (1), we have

--------------------------------------------------------- (5)
Therefore, the break-even quantity level is 100 units.
6.2 Geographical Determination of Break Even Quantity
The break-even quantity level can also be determined graphically. Below is the graph
showing the relationship between total cost, total revenue and the quantity produced/sold in each
month. The break-even quantity level is determined based on the information given in table 2
above.
Figure 1: Graphical Determination of Break-Even Quantity Level
GRAPH

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The horizontal axis represent output (Q). The vertical axis represents total cost and total revenue
respectively. Since fixed costs are constant regardless of the output produced, they are indicated by
a horizontal line. Variable cost at each output level is measured by the distance between the total
cost curve and the constant fixed cost curve. The total revenue curve indicates the price/demand
relation for the firm product; profits or losses at each output are shown by the distance between
total revenue and total cost curves.
6.2.1 Illustration on Forecasting
Table 3: Registration of Quantity Produced/Sold on cost of Production
Month
Cost of Production
Total Revenue
(N in 000) X
(N in 000) Y
X2
Dec
44
32
1936
Jan
68
64
4624
Feb
92
96
8464
Mar
116
128
13456
Apr
140
160
19600
May
164
192
26896
Jun
188
224
35344
Jul
212
256
44944
Aug
236
288
55696
Sep
260
320
67600

=278560
N = 10
= 1520
=1760
From table three 3, we can see that
N = 10
= 1520
= 1760

= 278560

= 330880
Now by substituting the values of N, , ,
and
we get the value of the constant a and b as follows.
(

)(

) (

)(
)

XY
1408
4352
8832
14848
22400
31488
42112
54272
67968
83200
=330880

into equation (2) and (3) respectively,

( )
(
(

) (
) (

)(

)
)

( )
The constant a = 9258.69 is the intercept; constant b = 1.33 gives the slope of the regression line.

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Now that we have got the numerical values of constant a = 9258.96 and b = 1.33 we can write the
regression equation of the best fit by substituting these values into equation (4) thus.
Y = 9258.69 + 1.33X . (8)
Equation (8) is the estimated regression equation. By substituting the value for X from the observed
data (given in table 3), we can obtain the regression line. Equation (8) is an important and fairly
reliable tool for predicting the approximate quantity produced/sold in response to a given cost of
production. For, example, if managers decide to spend 308 thousand in November (forecast month),
they can predict the approximate quantity to be produced/sold in that month assuming the
response of the buyers in instant as follows.
Quantity to be produced/sold (Nov)
= 9258.69 + 1.33 (308)
= 9258.69+409.64
= 9668.33
Quantity to be produced/sold = 9668 units approximately ..(9)

7. Discussion of Result
From equation (5), the break-even quantity level was obtained to be 100 units. This is the output
level at which total cost equals total revenue. Any quantity below this level if output is profitable
over the whole range of stipulated output. Figure 1 also shows the situation graphically. We saw
from the graph that the break-even quantity level is indicated at a point where the total cost curve
and the total revenue curves intersected. This means that if the firm chooses to provide. Below the
break-even point, he will suffer losses. Conversely, if he chooses to produce above the break-even
point, he will be profitable. Under normal circumstances, no producer will choose to produce below
the break-even point as profit maximization is the primary concern of any business set-up.
The result obtained from equation (9) above show that if the estimated regression equation is
obtained, it will be possible for the firms or managers of such company to forecast the appropriate
future value of the expected future output/total of the revenue as we can see from equation (9). The
future value (output/total revenue) was forecasted to be 9668 units meaning that if managers
decide to spend 308 thousand at cost of production in November, they can expect the output/total
revenue of approximate 9668 units. Multiplying this value by 800 (price per unit), we have 7734400
as the expected or predicted total revenue.

8. Conclusions
Based on the result obtained, it can be seen that mathematics plays an important role in the
solutions of managerial economic problems. Optimization techniques particularly the break-even
analysis was used to determine both algebraically and graphically. This break-even output level is
important because with it managers can maximize profits and at the same time choose production
level (output) that will guarantee the avoidance of waste of scarce resources. Similarly, the
estimated regression equation was obtained. Estimated regression equation is an important and
fairly reliable tool for predicting the future approximate value. The forecasted approximate quantity
to be produced/sold was determined with the help of the regression equation. This was achieved by
substituting for X in the estimated regression equation.

References
Barkley, P.W. (1977). Introduction to Microeconomics. New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

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Vol. 2, No.6; June 2012

Barnett, R.A., Ziegler, M.R. and Byleen, K.E. (2001). College Algebra with
Trigonometry (7th Ed). New York: McGraw Hill higher Education.
Bhatia, H.L. (2006). History of Economic Thought. New Delhi: Vikas
Publishing House PVT Ltd.
Cole, G.O. (2006). Strategic Management. London: Thompson Publishers.
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Publishing House PVT Ltd.
Ekanem, O.T. and Iyoha, M.A. (2002). Managerial Economics. Benin City:
Mareh Publishers.
Francis, A. (1998). Business Mathematics and Statistics (5th Ed.). London:
Continuum.
Hirschey, M., Pappas, L.J and Whigham, D (1995), Managerial Economics.
London: The Dryden Press.
Lucey, T. (2001). Quantitative Techniques (5th Ed) Ashford colour Press.
McGuigan, J.R; Moyer, R.C. and Harris, F.H. (1999): Managerial Economics;
Applications, Strategy and Tactics (8th Ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio; South-Western College
Publishing.
Nicholson, W. (1997): Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and
Extensions (7th Ed.) Troy: Harcourt College Publishers.
Swokowski, E.W. and Cole, J.A. (2005): Algebra and Trigonometry with
Analytical Geometry (11. Ed). Southbank, Victoria 2006: Brooks/Cole.
Authors Bibliography
[1]N.D.Oye, receive his M.Tech OR (Operations Research) degree from the Federal University of
Technology Yola- Nigeria in 2002. He is a lecturer in the department of Mathematics and Computer
Science in the same University (for the past 15yrs). At the moment he is a Phd student in the
department of Information Systems in the Faculty of computer Science and Infor-mation systems at
the Univeristi Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. +60129949511
oyenath@yahoo.co.uk (Corresponding Author).
[2] Z. K. Shallsuku, received his Msc Mathematics degree from the Federal University of Technology
Yola- Nigeria in 2005. He is a Lecturer in the department of Mathematics and computer Science.
FUTY- Nigeria. At the moment he is a PhD student in the department of Mathematics University of
Jos- Nigeria.
zshallsuku@yahoo.com +2348036189202.

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