Aim:

Verification of Bernoullis Principle on a stream line flow, using static and total
pressure heads

Apparatus:
Circular section conduit with the shape of a truncated cone, manometer probes, pitot
probe.

Bernoullis Equation:

We can apply this equation if the flow is:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Steady
Incompressible
frictionless
flow along a stream line

The equation actually depicts the conservation of

energy, which includes potential, kinetic and
internal energy.

+ =

Since h, is constant, it reduces to

+
=

Ps Static pressure head (hs = ) + Dynamic pressure head ( ) = k

Let, PT Total pressure (hT)
Here hs and hT heights of water

Procedure:
Filling the Manometric tubes:
1. Close the flow control valve on the hydraulic bench (CV) and the flow control
valve of the equipment (CCV).
2. Switch on the water pump and completely open the CCV valve. Now slowly
open the CV valve. Fill the manometer tubes completely and make sure that
there are no air bubbles in the tubes.
3. Now close the CCV valve and then the CV valve. Make sure the valves are
opened or closed in the mentioned order.
4. Now switch off the water pump.
5. Operate the non-return valve or the purge valve.
6. Now slowly open the CCV valve.
7. Slowly water will drain from the manometer tubes. When the same water level
is observed in all the manometer tubes, close the non-return valve and close
the CCV valve.

Verification of Bernoullis Theorem:

1. Open the CV valve. Now turn on the water pump and slowly open the CCV
valve till we obtain 600L/H flow rate (Q).
2. Note down all initial heights readings in the respective tubes. Which gives
static pressure head readings (hs).
3. After that take Pitots tube readings should be taken at the respective
locations to the get the sum of static and dynamic pressure heads (ht).
4. Subtract (ht) and (hs) to get dynamic pressure head.
5. Calculate the flow velocity (V) at the corresponding section.
6. Repeat the above steps at different tube sections and for different flow
velocities of 800L/H and 1000L/H.

Table and Observations:

Q
0.000167

Q
0.000222

Q
0.000278

Sec
tion
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6

A
0.00021723
0.00007934
0.00008429
0.00013729
0.00014034
0.00026557
0.00037168

V
0.76723596
2.10066381
1.97730059
1.21397528
1.18759204
0.62758093
0.44841441

Dynamic Pr
head (v2/2g)
0.03001285
0.2249896
0.19934012
0.07513962
0.07190911
0.02008116
0.010252

Static pr
head (hs)
0.346
0.126
0.12
0.189
0.192
0.216
0.238

hPT
0.362
0.286
0.269
0.252
0.246
0.237
0.245

Total head
0.37601285
0.3509896
0.31934012
0.26413962
0.26390911
0.23608116
0.248252

Sec
tion
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6

A
0.00021723
0.00007934
0.00008429
0.00013729
0.00014034
0.00026557
0.00037168

V
1.02298127
2.80088508
2.63640079
1.61863371
1.58345605
0.83677457
0.59788588

Dynamic Pr
head (v2/2g)
0.05335618
0.3999815
0.35438244
0.13358155
0.12783841
0.03569984
0.01822577

Static pr
head (hs)
filled
0.069
0.113
0.1
0.201
0.246
0.312

hPT
filled
0.388
0.269
0.35
0.312
0.297
0.314

Total head
N.A.
0.4689815
0.46738244
0.23358155
0.32883841
0.28169984
0.33022577

Sec
tion
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6

A
0.00021723
0.00007934
0.00008429
0.00013729
0.00014034
0.00026557
0.00037168

V
1.27872659
3.50110635
3.29550098
2.02329214
1.97932006
1.04596821
0.74735734

Dynamic Pr
head (v2/2g)
0.08336903
0.6249711
0.55372256
0.20872118
0.19974751
0.055781
0.02847777

Static pr
head (hs)
filled
0.297
0.028
0.098
0.185
0.274
0.37

hPT
filled
filled
filled
filled
filled
filled
filled

Total head
N.A.
0.9219711
0.58172256
0.30672118
0.38474751
0.329781
0.39847777

Plots:

600 l/hr
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0

1
2
3
Dynamic Pr head (V2/2g)

4
5
Static pr head (hs)

7
Total head

800 l/hr
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

Dynamic Pr head (V2/2g)

Static pr head (hs)

Total head

1000 l/hr
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

Dynamic Pr head (V2/2g)

Static pr head (hs)

7
Total head

Answers:
1. The static pressure head is the difference between the total pressure and the
dynamic pressure. As the velocity of the fluid increases, the static pressure
head decreases. In this experiment, the static pressure is greater than the
dynamic pressure head only for the 600 l/hr flow rate. They both become
equal at free fall of the fluid.
2. since along the stream line there is no height variation therefore, dynamic
pressure head is hT -hs
3. Here it is constant, but if the height variation is there along a stream line we
have to include hydraulic head or pressure head (Z) in the summation which is
called energy head (H)

+
+=

4. for Q = 600L/h
Frictional losses:

cross section-(S)

0
0

frictional head- (m)

-0.02
-0.04

-0.025023253
1

-0.056672727

-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
-0.12

-0.111873225
-0.127760853
-0.112103744 -0.139931689

-0.14
-0.16
-0.18

Frictional loss between first and lost cross sections is -0.0153m of water,
which is around 149.94 J/m3
5. Yes flow can happen (by the varying the area we can change the pressure head
at different locations). when
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