Scores for the Hofstede IBM study (Hofstede, 2001)

Countries
Albania
Arabic countries
Argentina
Australia
Australia
Austrialia
Austria
Bangladesh

Belgium
Belgium
Belgium/French
speakers
Bolivia
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Canada
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica

Additional notes
Hofstede

(Region)

Power
Distance*

Uncertainty
Avoidance*

Individualism (vs.
Collectivism)*

Masculinity (vs.
Femininity)*

Long/Short-term
Orientation*

total (a)

80
49
36

68
86
51

38
46
90

53
56
61

31

Aborigines (e)

80

128

89

22

-10

(for LTO: EMS

consumer survey)
(estimated)

11
80

70
60

55
20

79
55

31
40

total (for LTO: EMS

consumer survey)(a)
Dutch speakers (a)

65
61

94
97

75
78

54
43

38

French speakers (a)

67

93

72

60

69
70
39

76
85
48

38
30
80

49
40
52

65

54
63
80
67
35

60
86
30
80
86

73
23
20
13
15

45
28
66
64
21

30

(estimated)
total (a)
English speakers
French speakers (d)
(estimated)

23

118

Czechia
Denmark
East Africa
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
England
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Germany
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Guatemala
Hong Kong
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Iran
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Kazakhstan
Korea (South)

(estimated)
(for LTO: EMS
consumer survey)
(Region)

57

74

58

57

13

18
64
78

23
52
67

74
27
8

16
53
63

46

(estimated)

40

60

60

30

33

59

63

26

41

68

86

71

43

39

35

65

67

66

31

35
60
95
68
46
77
78

35
112
101
29
82
40
48

89
35
6
25
80
48
14

66
57
37
57
88
56
46

25

28
58
13

35
59
81

70
41
54

68
43
47

43

50
45
54

75
13
92

76
39
46

70
68
95

34

60

85

18

39

75

(for LTO: EMS

consumer survey)
(for LTO: EMS
consumer survey)

(estimated)

(for LTO: EMS

consumer survey)

(for LTO: EMS

consumer survey)

96
50
61

80

Kuwait
Luxemburg
Malaysia
Malta
Mexico
Morocco
Namibia
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Singapore
Slovenia
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
Salvador
Slovakia
Spain
Surinam
Sweden

(estimated)
(estimated)
(estimated)

(for LTO: EMS

consumer survey)

(estimated)
(for LTO: EMS
consumer survey)
(estimated)
(estimated)

(estimated)
(for LTO: EMS
consumer survey)
(estimated)

40
104
56
81
70

70
36
96
82
68

60
26
59
30
46

50
50
47
69
53

38
22

53
49

80
79

14
58

44
30

31
55
95
64
94
68

50
70
86
87
44
93

69
14
11
16
32
60

8
50
44
42
64
64

44
0

63

104

27

31

30

90
93
74

90
95
8

30
39
20

42
36
48

48

49

49

65

63

66
104

94
51

19
52

40
110

57
85
31

86
92
29

51
47
71

42
37
5

19
32

38
19
33

Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Trinidad
Turkey
Uruguay
United States
Venezuela
Vietnam
West Africa
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia/Croatia
Yugoslavia/Serbia
Yugoslavia/Slovenia
Zambia
Zimbabwe

total (for LTO: EMS

consumer survey)(a)
German speakers
(a,b)
French speakers (a)

(estimated)

(estimated)
(Region)
(total) (a)
(Zagreb) (c)
(Beograd)(c)
(Ljubljana)(c)

34

58

68

70

26

56

69

72

70
58
64
47
66
61
40
81
70
77
76
73
86
71

70
69
64
55
85
100
46
76
30
54
88
80
92
88

64
17
20
16
37
36
91
12
20
2
27
33
25
27

58
45
34
58
45
38
62
73
40
46
21
40
43
19

40

87
56

29
80
16

a=based on IBM survey data

b=see also Kopper (1993)
c=based on reanalysis of IBM survey data (Hofstede, 1993)
d=based on Hofstede's interpretation of Rokeach Value Survey scores collected by McCarrey, Edwards, and Jones (1978); of work
goal importance scores collected by Jain, Normand, and Kanungo (1979); IDV based on regression from data collected by Lambert
and Klineberg (1967); and observations by Dr. Christoph Barmeyer (personal communication, 1999)
e=Based on oberservations of Dr. Ray Simonsen, Victoria Unversitz, Darwin (personal communciations, 1998)
* Higher scores indicate higher levels of this dimension
** Response bias corrected scores for societal cultural scales (House et. al., 2004)

For further details and interpretation of these two seminal studies as well as a review of other cross-cultural research, please refer to these two very comprehen

Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, London: Sage
House, R.J.; Hanges, P.J.' Javidan, M.; Dorfman, P.W.; Gupta, V. (2004) Culture, Leadership, and Organiza-tions, The Globe Study of 62 Societies, Thousand Oaks: Sage

References
Hofstede, G. (1993) Images of Europe (Valedictory address) Maastricht, the Netherlands: Maastricht University, Faculty of Economics and Business
Kopper (1993) Swiss and Germans: Similarities and differences in work-related values, attitudes, and behavior, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 17, pp. 1
McCarrey, M.W.; Edwards, S.; Jones, R. (1978) Personal values of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone employees and ethnolinguistic group membership, sex, and po
Jain, H.C.; Normand, J.; Kanungo, R.N. (1979) Job motivation of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone hospital employees, Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, vol
Lambert, W.E.; Klineberg, O. (1967) Children's views of foreign peoples: A cross-national study, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Scores for the GLOBE Study**(House et. al., 2004)

Assertiveness*

Institutional
Collectivism*

In-Group
Collectivism*

Additional notes
Practices Values
GLOBE

Practices Values

Practices Values

English speakers

Future
Orientation*

Gender
Egalitarianism*

Practices Values

Practices Values

Humane
Orientation*
Practices

4.57

4.39

4.28

4.3

5.51

4.98

3.69

5.17

3.48

4.04

4.4

4.18

3.18

3.66

5.29

5.51

6.07

3.1

5.73

3.44

4.89

3.94

4.29

3.83

4.31

4.47

4.14

5.82

4.09

5.21

3.41

5.02

4.32

4.59

2.85

4.34

4.78

4.89

5.32

4.47

5.15

3.18

4.83

3.77

3.78
4.25

3.68
3.06

3.96
3.94

5.03
5.57

5.44
5.16

5.91
5.17

3.55
3.9

5.56
5.6

3.45
3.44

4.65
4.91

3.99
3.76

4.09

4.15

4.36

4.2

4.22

5.94

4.4

5.34

3.66

5.04

4.51

3.77
4.16
3.83

5.52
3.45
4.04

4.67
3.84
3.95

4.52
5.27
5.14

5.86
5.59
5.26

5.12
5.99
5.94

3.68
3.35
3.64

4.7
5.52
5.1

3.03
3.64
3.56

3.73
4.85
4.59

4.29
3.72
4.38

4.04

3.59

4.93

4.41

3.63

5.71

4.59

4.49

4.02

5.2

4.67

3.98
3.91
4.49
4.23

3.57
3.22
3.67
3.76

3.82
4.36
3.74
4.31

5.19
4.72
5.6
4.39

5.55
5.49
5.22
4.08

5.81
5.39
6.28
5.66

3.66
3.8
3.73
4.31

5.62
5.6
5.89
5.15

3.09
2.9
3.23
3.67

4.42
3.34
4.66
5.2

4.45
4.6
3.69
3.74

4.05

3.91

4.77

4.34

4.23

5.6

4.39

5.24

3.55

4.47

4.19

4.44
4.15

3.57
4.29

4.2
4.03

5.27
3.79

4.66
6.18

5.88
5.58

3.74
3.45

5.35
5.45

3.81
3.52

4.71
3.83

3.6
4.17

(former East)

4.77

3.24

3.67

4.86

4.59

5.38

4.04

5.36

3.17

4.97

3.45

(former West)

4.66

3.21

3.97

5.07

4.16

5.46

4.41

5.06

3.25

5.06

3.3

4.55
3.96
4.53
4.71
3.7
3.7

3.05
3.65
4.8
3.42
4.65
4.5

3.41
3.78
4.03
3.63
4.25
4.27

5.41
5.16
4.35
4.57
4.59
4.96

5.28
5.54
5.33
5.31
5.81
5.5

5.47
5.95
5.11
5.58
5.22
5.46

3.53
3.35
3.88
3.31
4.04
3.61

5.17
5.78
5.52
5.74
5.43
5.48

3.53
3.14
3.26
4.02
2.89
3.04

4.84
4.49
4.27
4.65
4.4
3.71

3.44
3.91
3.72
3.39
4.45
4.47

3.93

4.57

4.55

5.12

5.72

3.93

5.18

3.19

5.07

4.96

4.19

3.74

4.4

4.25

4.63

5.69

3.82

5.17

3.21

4.66

4.07

4.12

3.87

3.75

5.2

4.99

5.76

3.34

6.01

3.3

4.88

3.66

3.69
4.51
4.36

5.84
3.88
3.69

5.23
4.38
5.2

4.01
4.16
3.84

4.72
5.5
5.71

5.44
5.62
5.5

4.29
3.72
3.9

5.42
5.22
5.83

3.17
3.87
2.45

4.41
4.85
4.23

4.34
4.44
3.73

3.56

3.61

4.32

5.04

5.7

5.32

3.18

5.62

2.59

3.5

4.44

3.77

4.73

4.45

4.78

5.47

5.77

4.39

5.84

3.31

3.72

4.76

4.31
4.72
3.81
4.46
3.47
4.53

3.67
3.68
3.76
3.13
3.52
3.14

3.95
4.18
4.02
4.62
4.96
4

4.77
5.34
4.26
4.76
4.31
4.86

5.62
6.37
4.39
3.79
3.58
5.34

5.78
6.03
6.13
5.39
6.54
5.31

3.75
3.5
3.32
4.72
3.46
3.95

5.74
6.33
6.3
5.24
5.9
5.8

3.5
3.08
3.69
3.62
3.18
3.04

4.57
4.07
4.2
5.1
4.32
4.16

3.84
4.52
3.83
4.02
4.43
3.96

3.85
4.11

4.93
3.95

4.37
4.51

4.55
4.24

6.14
5.55

5.86
5.69

3.92
3.23

5.66
5.17

3.42
3.94

4.36
4.53

4.88
3.67

3.75
4.39

3.61
3.72

4.02
4.78

5.4
5.1

5.64
5.07

5.97
5.55

3.77
4.08

5.5
5.92

3.69
3.86

5.12
3.49

3.96
4.79

3.86
4.06
4.01

2.9
4.28
4.61

4.57
4.77
4.09

4.01
4.42
4.36

5.83
5.66
5.49

5.9
5.46
5.71

3.06
4.88
3.56

5.6
5.46
5.43

4.07
3.52
3.84

4.34
4.43
4.78

4.04
3.29
3.75

(Black sample)

4.43

3.97

4.47

4.46

5.18

5.14

4.66

5.25

3.78

4.43

4.46

(White sample)

4.49

3.65

4.54

4.36

4.42

5.82

4.08

5.59

3.25

4.54

3.45

4.39

4.01

3.87

5.25

5.53

5.82

3.52

5.66

3.06

4.82

3.29

3.41

3.49

5.26

3.91

3.46

6.25

4.37

4.96

3.72

5.19

4.09

French speakers

4.58

3.31

4.2

4.87

4.04

5.16

4.8

4.93

3.12

5.01

3.73

3.61
3.7
3.58

3.83
2.91
3.43

4.31
4.3
3.88

4.42
4.95
5.08

3.82
5.45
5.72

5.54
5.3
5.73

4.36
3.65
3.27

4.89
4.94
6.26

3.46
2.92
3.26

4.77
3.88
4.12

3.98
3.82
4.87

4.42

2.68

4.02

5.18

5.79

5.63

3.74

5.71

3.02

4.46

3.92

4.5
4.25

4.36
3.34

4.21
3.96

4.2
5.28

4.22
5.41

5.79
5.92

4.13
3.43

5.34
5.61

3.36
3.6

5.03
4.7

4.18
4.19

4
4.04

4.24
4.6

4.41
4.08

4.55
4.84

5.72
5.53

5.64
5.74

3.55
3.76

5.76
6.01

2.88
3.09

4.27
4.4

5.12
4.38

research, please refer to these two very comprehensive books:

Nations, London: Sage

e Globe Study of 62 Societies, Thousand Oaks: Sage

lty of Economics and Business

national Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 17, pp. 167-184.
ees and ethnolinguistic group membership, sex, and position level, Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 104, pp. 175-184.
mployees, Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, vol. 11, pp. 160-163.

se et. al., 2004)

Humane
Orientation*

Performance
Orientation*

Values

Practices Values

Power
Distance*

Uncertainty
Avoidance*

Practices Values

Practices Values

5.16

4.57

5.47

4.44

3.47

4.45

5.17

5.5

3.63

6.28

5.56

2.3

3.63

4.62

5.6

4.37

5.99

4.81

2.77

4.4

3.99

5.68

4.47

6.12

2.52

5.1

3.65

5.11
5.52

3.57
4.11

5.98
5.98

4.46
5.24

3.31
2.59

3.32
3.74

4.64
5

5.58

4.46

6.13

4.85

2.73

4.54

3.73

5.34
5.43
5.08

4.37
3.93
4.1

5.72
6.15
5.78

5.02
5.37
4.7

3.01
2.21
2.66

4.81
3.62
3.84

5.34
4.92
4.58

5.59

4.4

5.82

4.14

2.96

5.32

4.01

5.13
5.13
5.38
5.52

4.06
4.15
3.72
4.16

5.95
5.71
6.37
6.03

5.29
4.76
5.56
5.26

2.36
3.2
2.76
2.82

3.63
3.97
3.69
4.7

4.95
5.24
5.27
4.17

5.8

4.02

6.23

5.08

2.46

5.11

4.04

5.91
5.48

4.43
3.85

6.1
5.63

5.68
5.15

2.96
2.86

4.66
3.54

4.65
5.23

5.56

4.16

6.24

5.7

2.74

5.19

4.02

5.63

4.42

6.27

5.48

2.66

5.35

3.38

5.28
5.24
5.38
5.48
5.2
5.06

3.34
3.85
4.69
3.5
4.11
4.14

5.79
5.96
5.71
5.97
5.87
5.54

5.35
5.47
4.94
5.57
5.29
4.93

2.57
2.49
3
2.59
2.58
2.38

3.52
3.44
4.17
3.26
4.02
3.92

5.16
4.85
4.52
4.74
4.58
5.04

5.45

4.3

5.99

5.13

2.66

4.25

3.94

5.51

4.03

5.71

4.71

2.72

3.97

4.34

5.57

3.66

6.11

5.45

2.51

3.85

4.52

5.53
5.66
5.61

4.22
3.72
4.53

5.37
5.57
5.41

5.23
5.4
5.69

2.76
3.19
2.39

4.07
3.76
3.52

4.4
4.52
4.74

5.06

3.79

5.89

4.97

3.02

4.02

4.65

5.43

4.16

5.96

5.09

2.75

4.59

4.81

5.1
5.73
5.47
5.41
4.85
5.71

3.97
4.31
3.52
4.46
4.86
3.79

6
6.12
6.52
5.71
6.24
5.99

5.07
6.14
5.29
4.32
5.12
5.32

2.75
3.3
2.59
2.61
3.56
2.66

4.06
3.95
4.09
4.81
4.86
4.14

5.18
5.77
5.19
3.34
4.17
5.45

5.19
5.32

4.21
3.96

6
6.06

5.15
5.09

2.54
3.19

3.69
3.71

4.92
4.75

5.4
5.31

3.65
3.76

6.41
5.94

5.5
5.05

2.45
3.18

3.96
4.26

4.5
4.82

5.62
5.66
5.31

3.53
4.81
3.62

5.68
5.7
6.41

5.61
4.92
5.32

2.73
2.84
2.5

3.09
5.16
3.76

5.26
4.08
5.03

5.23

4.72

5.09

4.31

3.8

4.64

4.92

5.53

4.07

6.13

5.1

2.67

4.06

4.65

5.63

5.85

5.53

2.23

3.95

4.8

5.72

3.67

6.01

4.94

2.49

5.36

3.45

5.63

5.04

5.05

2.54

5.42

3.2

5.68
5.15
5.05

4.36
4.27
3.84

6.17
5.58
5.76

5
5
5.62

2.8
2.77
2.74

5.05
4.04
3.79

3.84
5.14
5.71

5.4

3.82

5.34

5.43

2.52

3.67

4.61

5.51
5.24

4.45
3.41

6.14
6.11

4.92
5.22

2.88
2.43

4.15
3.55

3.99
5.19

5.37
5.2

4.01
4.2

6.08
6.33

5.23
5.54

2.37
2.65

3.92
4.12

4.45
4.68