WATBR WHEELS

3. They are not suitable for high water heads.

4. Their speed can not be easifi regulated.
8.

Advantages of water turbines :

1. They have long life.
2. They are efficient and can be easily controlted.
3. They have-outstanding ability to
standby units.
4. They can be made automatic cootroil.O.
"oi".
5. They can work under any head.

Do

What-is.water wheel'? Explain the various

forms of water
wheels.

2.

Describe with heat sketches.

(a) Overshot water wheel,
(D) Breast water wheel,
(c) Undershot water wheel, and
(d) Poncelet water wheel.

3.

Distinguish clearly between j

4.

6.

2l

you Know

(a)
(b)

-1-

Overshot water and undershot water

uAeel.
Undershot water wheel und pon"eiei

*u,",

IMPULSE TURBI NES

s,

I.

Introductlon. 2. peltonwheel.3.
Nozzle.4. Runner and buckets.

jet.
latue. 6. Brakins
_7. irri ;;;,'ii o, rmpatreturbine.
8. Powerproduced
by
an tmltulse

wheel.

Give the advantges and disadvantages

of water wheel.
Give the advantages of water turbines.
Name the classification of water
turbines.

turbine. 10. Eydraulic efficiency.

turbine. i.--i6ii"n"iq of an

impulse

II. Mrrh"ri;;i"'"nrir*r.
Over_
Ij. Nuiber of jets for a peltoiwheel. 14-12.Sizeof
buckets of a pelton pheel. IS.
Nunier of b*i"t, on the periphery of
a Peltonwheel. 16. Design of pelron
inrrir.--iz. Governingof an
impukc turbine
alleficiency.

(pelton wheel).

21.1. Introduction
In an impulse turbine, the entire available
of the water
is first converted into
;;#;-bt;assing energy
it throush nozzres ;
which are kept close Jlnliic
to the- runi6i- th'e *"t"r-.nters ihe ,uooing
wheel in the iorm of a
on the
iet, which' _pi"gtl
'..r'!5wn uu
]utr buckets,
oucKets' IHe(
fixed to
the outer periphery of ihe'
*h;;1.
The jet of water impinges on the
buckets with a high velocity,
flowing over thc' uu"*r,-L"iJr"i",ro
a row velocity : thus
,T9:lt:l
rmpartrng energy to rhe runner.
The pressui"';i ;;;;;:rUlii,
entering and leavins
u.u.rrrr,. ir_ ui.Jsp-n.r,c. The
",
,rhr.turbinc'irof an impuisive
p"r"ti'o'Lneer, which commouest
is discussed
;:i.T'"

2l'2.

Pelton wheel

The *pelton wheer is an impursive

turbine used for high heads

ffi*,i".*::s**;fu

('iii;l*il,:l.Jiiff."*$islfitf

i''ft

,
g2

IMPULSB TURBINES

of water.

It

IMPULSE

TURBINES

ftI

number of buckets are fixed uniformly. A. bucket resembles lo a

hemispherical cup or bowl with a dividing wall (known as splitter)

has the following main components.

-l

in its centre

Fig.2l'2.

in the radial

direction

of the runner as shown

in

Fie. 2t.l

2l'3; Nozzle
circular guide mechanism, which guirles the water to
- It ais.a
designed direction, and also to regurite the flow of water.
Py
"t
tnrs-water,
rn thc form of a jet, strikes the buckets. -oiti.iion.
A conical
needle or spear operates inside the nozzle in an-axial
rjt: ryain purpose..of this spear, is to control or regulate the <iuantity
or water
flowing through fhe nozzle. A littre ionsideratibn wiil
show, that when the spcar is pushed forward into the nozzle, it
reduces the area of jet.' As a iesult of this, the quantitv or*ur.t
the jet is also reduced. Simitarty, if th; spear is
lgY-,oglhrgugh
pushed back out of the nozzle, it allows a greatei 'quantitv
of water
-ir'rJguiut.a
flowing.through the jet. The 'movement oT trri rffi
Dy nand-or

by automatic governing arrangement- dependin! uoon

requirement. Sometimes, it is very essential to close* the noizle
s-udde-nly. This is done with the help of spear. which mav cause
thepipetoburstdrcto sudden increaie of iressur-. looioii ro
g19iA s.upn a. mishap, an additional nozzle lknown as bypais noizle)
ls provided through which the water can pass. withoui strikins th6
bxckets. Sometimes a-plate (known as dcflector) is providjd to
the nozzle, which is usedio deflbct the watei :et, aiC- pr'wentin! it
from striking tbe buckets.
lne.

2l'4.

Th" nozzle is kept very close

mise the losses due to-windige.

to

the buckets, in order to mini-

Runner and buckets

The runner of a Pelton wheel essentially consists of a circular
disc fixed to a horizontal shaft. on the periphery oitrr" iuoo"r, u

'It

happens, when

ftere

is

sudden decreasc of load on the turbine.

Fie.2l'2
The surface

of the buckets is made very smooth. For low

heads, the buckets are made of cast iron. But f'or big[ heads,-The
the
buckets are made of bronze, stainless steel or other alloys.
buckets- are geoerally bolted to the runner disc. But, sometimes,
the buckets and disc are cast as a single unit. Sometimes, all th6
buckets wear equally in a given time. But in actual practicc, all the
buckets do not wear equally. A few of buckets get worn out and
damaged
danlaged early and nced
nced re-placement. This can be done only if the
buckets are bolted to the disc.

2l'5. Caring
Strictly speaking, the casing of a Pelton wbeel does not perform
fuoction. But it is necessary to safeguard the runner

any hydraulic

IMPULSB TURBINES

IMPULSE TURBINES

against accident and also

the water to the tail

fabricated parts.

2,.5.

torrevent the splashing of water and

race. rn" ciring-is ieneralty made of castlead
or

u:Tangential velocity of buckets,

(Also known as peripheral velocity of wheel)

Braking jet

to be brought to rest, the nozzle

is completely closed. It. has, Ueen observedl that
tf,i-iuno.iio.,
on revotving for a considerable time, dui to loritiu,
U.r"rl"iti"t",
to rest. In order to bring the runner to tist in a- srrbiiiirir",
,l""il
Whenever the turbin-e has

nozzle is p-rovided

9\./

in s'f[

th;t it windirecil-i*-ti*ut.,
"
on the back of the buckets.
" y"y,
tt t"t. ; ; 6;;k;-io, ,'"aiuJiog'tt"
speed of the runner.

of water, issuing from the nozzle,strikes the bucket

.. .T!" jetThe
at
"6-*-o"r,
its splitter.
spritter then-spriii up ttrl"t i"
of the jet grides. over *re iniro!-'iu.ri."
oni p";ii*";f il"-u'uo"
and leaves it at its extreme-edge. fne-otfier part
of the iet elides
over the inside surface of.the -ottei poitl"i- .ii-inJ
it at its extreme edge as shown in Fig:ti:3-.'
"ui"-u'o-o'[u"",

l";;;ft.

Fie. 2l'4

f :Angle of the blade tip at outlet,

H:Total

head of water, under which the wheel is

working.
Since the

whirl at inlet,

inlct triangle is a straight line, therefore velocity of

Vr:V

and Vr-Y--u

Since the Pelton wheel has an axial flow, therefore

u-t/.r

Flg. 21.3

A littre consideration 'will -show, that the mid-point of the

bucket, wheie the jet strikes tn" s-prittir
lrni gets divided, forms the
inlet tip, and the iwo extrem"
*T"* the divided jet leaves
!a!it,
the bucket, form the two outlet tiprl--'

2,'7. Work done by arr imputse

turbine
First of all. draw the inlet and outlet
-velocity triangte at the
splitter (which wilr be a.s.traight ilo.
o
any one of the ourer
tips of the hemispherical bucfiei;, ;h;;'iii
""i9 "" rig. it.d.Let
Z:Absolutb velocity of the entering water,
Zr:Relative velocity of water to bucket at inlet,
y1:yelocity of flow at inlet,
Yr Yt Zrr=Corresponding values at outlet'i.e., of the water
ar tne potnt of leaving,
D:Diameter of the wheel,
d:Diameter of the nozzle,
JV-Revolutions of the wheel in r.p.m.

Or V1:Yr-l/-s

From the outlet triangle, we

outlet,

we know

find that velocity of whirl at

Ya,:Vt as $-u:(V-o)

*":t
:

cos

$*u

i::Tjili,ffiTl'io,n, (v,-K,,)
I

V(V,*V,)

In this case, V,,, is negative because V6

direction as that of V.,
work done

is

in the opposite

t':::::H

6o""

:4*I*
cc

: Lo 7Y.o I

...(...

: ry*%!
:-

l)

lY,j[(V-v)

v,,u;y

u1_0)

...(.: vn:v,1coso-o)
cos

f -u]] (... v11*t/,-tt_1,

606

IMPULSE TURBTNES

: Llvqv

/-o

/-o)
c'
: Ic' gr6f cos.g)-u(lfcos f)l
: u(Z_uXl*cos d)
cos

cos

2.

Power produced by an impulse turbine

We hayc seen in the previous articles, that some work is done

2l'8.

oer ks of water, when the jet strikes the buckets of an impulse turthc
5io".If-*" know the quaniity of water in kg, flowiqs through
i*t* pi, second, we cai find out the amount of work done pe_r selrond.

'fn"iorJi pJwir produced

d)

2a(tt_q\(t+cos

-------vi--

l)

In

For maximum efficiency,let us differentiate the numeraror of

tfte above equation, with rlspect to u and equate ii to ,c- ?u, tne
maximum efficiency will bc, w[en the numerat6r wilr beoo.*liu.y.

zv(It-uXl*cos C):0

)E

ffiQro*nrfil-f

cos

C)l:0

It

means that thc.velocity of thcr'hcel, for maximuur hydrauric

cfrcicncy, should be half of thi 3ct vclocity.

aT&,ffi"f
I

water

C)

.'. Maximum hydraulic efrciency,

V'

4' (t+#c) :

(l*-cos d)

-Ts

l.

noted that thc -efficicncy ir _ma$mum ,whcn cog O-l 1.c.,

practice. tbe jt is OegcctcO-tGougba;
0:180". But in actual

It maytc

KW

Mechanical efficiencY, and

Overall efrciencY.

iet"

It is the ratio of work done, on the whecl,, to the cqergy of thc

We have seen in Art. l9'7 that thc hydraulic cfrcicncy of a

iurbine,

2o(V-o)(l*cos {)
tth:---T-

and maximum hYdraulic efficicncY'

I-?- ilF.*"),J(suutututiuo-f)
-..
I

Notr.

P:9.81QtrI

2"
2l'10. Hydraulic eff,cioncY

,:T

rtrru(r1'e

units, the lxlwer Produced,

21.9. Efficiencles of an impulse turbine

In general, the term effic1-enpy may be dcfined as the ratio of
worf aofiC to thi energy supplied.- An impulse turbine has also thc

3.

: w
,(l*cos

S.tr.

following three efficiencies :

1" ItrydraulicefrciencY,

2Y-4o-0

rhercfore

be easily found

:TWQE

2s

'E

the turbine may then

-:

--*n--

:ft

by

out by the relation'

- Work done/ks of water x Weight of water in kg flowingfsec

ande of t6(P to 155' only. Bccauoe, if thc jet i8 mrde to dcflect tbrough
impect on
havc an idltoct
buckbt, will have
*ut.i dischargid from ode buckit,
iatr. m" iitJ,ioiritriiiio7rom
of it.
rt. i"
ln-front
*ont otit.
iiJ 6ti"i"t,
takcr
ln actual practice, it bas becn fqu.nd, tlat maximum efrciency
jct
iia"o-*t"-n-[nJvitocity of shccl is 0.46 times thc vclocity of tbe

Yu:V)

We know that the hydraulic efficiencyo

rh: Work done per kg of watcr
Energy supplied per kg ofwstcr

u(I'-uXl*cos

TMPULSE TURBINES

f,aX ?)1:

(l*cos

d)

--T-

2l.l l. Mechanical iffieiencY

It is the ratio of the actual work availablc at thc turbine to thc
cnergy imParted to the wheel.
2t'12. Overall efrlciencY
It is a measure of the performance of a turbine and is tho ratio
by thC turbine to the energy actually supplicd
powcr.produced
of
by ihc turbine, l.e.
P
1o-1r X lno waT

-77

IMPULSE TURBINBS

-.-_,

Example

21.1. A pelron

wheel deve

IMPULSE TURBINES

thediamekr;j,ii-iiZ'iii;;;,*:::"ff"f,:;,":i"{:,,:,
iilf,:J:;!ii,:f";tit::;r,:i";;;';ft :;::::,f:;;,',x!,.!F#r:"If;;
v.e I o c

i ty

fo

(Gauhati
rhati University, I97J)

Solution.

Overall efficiency, rlo: g5%

uoetflcient of velocity,

Cr:0'98

:0.g5

Let

I
d:diameter of the noz,zle.
We know that the velocity
of jet,
n: g
r! riu: I x y'2I_9T_iFlTO n/sec
:44.3

it
I
I

if

m/sec

Using the relation,

i'

lo:

iok
-f5_-

Using the relation,

Let

27

ft

we arso know that

Now using thc

is 50 litres/sec and

cm. Find
Q) *e horse power available

o1.

tii

rn"et

at the nozzle,
(b) hydrautic fficiency of wheet,
ij ,"ig9tgr1-of-velocity is 0.98.
(Delhi Anners{ry, igi))
Solution.

Head of

water, If:

l4O m

sy'zfg:gTi-i6d-

m/sec

;::;'rtf,ifflcrocity orthe whecr,

zxo'ox6o0:rgtri./r*
,: "Dr{
(
ou -

relation,
2tt(v-olL*eos

6)

with usual notations.

:,#l+cos189")'-0.929

,r,y,f 1X#:]i;,!urir';{;,;::;,;o;,,iy^:?:,i,:,:r::bucketsand
discharge
,tozzle ;l"ii'ii,:-^i",-^'!!n!s_diamerer
throuph tni ,iti,ii
..at 600 r.p m. The

: 9, nf 2c H: o.

,^:

the

": { ?a3t;:o'339 m:33'9 cm Ans.

*ni"n tn#,TTitT"o".'ilrlSckets'
C: lg0,

-93.3 H.p. Ar*

h:Hydraulic efrciency of the wheel.

Y

3.97s:44.3xI xdz

of ---

l'ooox9jo5x l4o

Hydraulic eficiency of the wheel

Q:ttx f,xdo

Because

with usual notations.

We know that the vclocity of jet,

O: T#Bj :3.975ms/sec
di."h,ils".*rf*,!T1l:TlTffi$j3" wheer shourd be equar to

Given.

p:power availablc at the nozzle.

P: ttt++

with usual notations.

o.8s:_4,500.
i,om;c-"tri-

is 60

mr/sec

Horse power avaitabte at the noz1le

cr:

Let

of wheel, /V-600 r.p.m.

Cocfrcient of velocity,

$ven. Power, p:4,500

Head of water, f/:100
m

il

Speed

Discharge, g-50litres/sec:0.05
Dia. of whcel, D:60 cm-0.6 m

r *i"noi"i"

the

an

gle through

Example 21.3 (S.I..ln\\.

-A felton wheel, worklng uder a head
of 500 metris, prodices.r3,00ii iW
;;'7i;'r.p.!. . rf the eficiency
of thewheettsbsol", dltgrmiytol iirriiisl
of tle turbtnc,lD aoof tne wheet, and (c) diaieiei ;i-|fr;
ytzzte-. Assume

letu.

iittattc

Sofudon. .
Givcn.

(Ranchi Untversityr

trIead of water,

Power,
Spccd,

Efficiency,

rI[:5(X) m
P:13,000

tw

N*429
tlo:t5o/-0'85

Dlscharge of the turbine

Lct
Using tho relation,

p=Discharge of tbc turbino.

P
tlo:F1flp-gwith usual notations.

lgTt)

6il

IMPULSE TURBINES
(a) dhmotcr of the jet,
(6) width of thc buckerr,
(c) depth

of

bucketr,

(d) numbor ofbuckcts.

rA* 65 "^ r t#'H'r{.tW'in

Hightights
turbine. is that in which the water
enrers the
*ooili
inninees
on the outer periph"d:?;:*h3"1f
'on the ui"tJtt,-'hteo

22

#.litrlJ:,

Hydraulic efficiency of an impulse

turbine.

2.

,o:2v(Y-o)(l+cos
----vjwherc

u_ Tangential v-clocity of buckets,

Z:Absolute velocity Lf tl" jet,
ana
C:Angle of the blade tip at oudet.

3.

Horse power produced by an impulsive

turbine.
done/kg
of
water
-e
.
_
York
x
Weight
-"
of
water
:
in kg flowinq/see

ah No. or tcrs. rn a pelton wheel,

arc found
foundby
by dividing the
totat discharge oi t n6 t urulni 6i&"'er=;d" are
ri"

X;"r)_#j:l':;it-::$l:F:!
5.

Size

6.

d:Diameter of the jet.

No. of buckets:

. -4. Derive an equation for the

hydraulic eftciency of a pelton

from first principres

peripheral coefficient ora peiion-dnir that _the theorcticar varue for
factors does.the number ofjets
dcpend in the ca,se
p"tfoo

of

Mtxcd flow turhines. 12. Inward flow rcactton turblnes. L3.Work donc
rcactlon turbine. 14. Ourwardflow rcactlon turbines.
15. Disclnrge of a reaction turblne. ltf. Powcr produced by 4 rcaction
tarbhc. 17. Eftctencles ofa reaction turbine, 18. Ilydrasltc efrclency.
19. Meclunical eftciency. N. Overall eficiency. 21. Frarcis' turbinc.
22. Kaplan turbhe. 23. Draft tubc. 24. Typcs of draft tttes. 25,
11.

by an lnwardflow

,tbc. 2t.

finrt

Show

iit.l.

gf;J*l

ucteli ,"Yf:i# J|;f;:l"ftwidth orthe buckets

E. By means
,ketch,-giving

:l i_:"t

cxplain how the turbines ar govrned

';r

and dcpth orthe

.complete operation,
constant speed operation.

DWr'

8. Clatsification
of rcrctlon turblnes. 9. Radial flow turblnes. 10. Axtal flow turbines.

Contal drafttubcs.

D_Diameter of the runner whcel,

d:Diameter of the jet.
Do you Know ?
l. IVhat is meant by an impulse turbine ?
differgnce between an inpulse
turbinc and a reaction2iu:Jff:.the
'__,__1.,
D9sc.ri.be, with rhe hefp of simple
sketches, the working of
an tmpulse turbine.
wheel.

Introductlon. 2. Maincomponentt ofa rgactba turbine. 3. Pens'

cnce betwccn an impulse turblne and a reaction turblne.

Depth:l.2xd

where

5'

l.

tock. 1. Spiral caslng. 5. GuI& meclsnism 6. Turblae rumer.7.

"l""i"-:ii.

ofthe buckets
(c) Width:Sxd
(D)

.where

REACTION TURBINES

,)

26. Elbow

draft tube* 27. Eftciencyofa*aft

Cavltctlon.

tI,.

Introduction
In a reaction turbine, the watcr enters the wheel under pressurc
and flows ovcr thc vanes. As thc watef, flowing over the vanes, it
under pressurc, therefore the wheel of the turbinc runs full and may
be submerged below thc tail racc or may discharge into thc atmospherc. Tf,e pressure hcad of water, whilc flowing over the vanes, i3
converted inlo velocity head, and is finally rcduced to the atmos.
pheric pr6sure, before lcaving the wheel.
2il:2. Mein components of e reaction turbine
A rcaction turbine has the following main components.
lil'3. Penctock
It is a waterway providcd to carry the watcr from thc rcscrvoir
to thc turbine casing.- At the inlet of a penstock, screehs (called
trashracks) arc provided in order to obstruct the debris from
cntcring id'to it. The pcnstocks are gencrally manufacturcd at thc
eitc and arc thoroughly tested for:
(a) tcakproof, and (b) Eafc working
@5

REACTION TURBINES

526

Zl.,l Spiral casing

The water, from a penstock, is distributed around thc
guide ring in a casing. This casing is designed in such a way

that its - cross-sectional area goes on reducing uniformly around the

circumference. The cross-secfional area is maximum at the entrance,
and minimum at the tip. As a result of this, the casing will be of
spiral sbape ; that is why it is called a spiral casing ot sooll cosing.
The spiral casings are provided with inspection holes and qressurc
gauge-s. The materiat bf a spiral casing depends upon the head of
water, under which the turbine is working, as discussed below :

upto

Concrete

REACTION TURBINES

The blades are properly designed, in order to allow the water to cnter
and leave the runner without shock.
The runner is keyed to a shaft, which may be vertical or horizontal. If the shaft is vertical, it is called a vertical turbine. Similarly, if the shaft is horizontal, it is called a horizontal turbine.

an impulse turbine and a reaction

22.7. Difrerang:-betwcen
**
turbine

Following are the few points

turbine and an impulse turbine :

30m

Rcoction turbine

Thc entire availablc encrgy, of

22'5. Guide mechanism

thc water, is frst

The guide vanes are fixed between two rings in the form of a
wheel. This wheel is fixed in the spiral casing. The guide vanes
are properly designed in order to :
(a)
the water to enter the runner without shock (This
- allow
is done by keeping the relative velocity, at inlet of the

con:vertcd into

kinetic cncrgy.

runner, tangentiai to-the vane angle).

(6; allow the water to flow over them, without

forming

allow the required quantity of water to enter the turbine

(This is done by adjusting the opening of the vanes).

All the guide

vanes

Thc water is guided by thc

guide blades to flow over thc

Thc water impinges on

buckets, with kinctic energy.

Thc water glides, oru thc

moving vaucs, with prerSurc

Thc pressure of the flowing

water rcmains uncbanged, and
is cqual to thc atmospheric

can rotate about their respective pivots.

The euide vanes can be closed

or

alloriing the required quantity

opened,

by

of water to

Thc availablc encrgy; of tho

is not @nvertd from orc
form iatoanothcr.

water,

Thc water ffows througb the

oozzleg and impiages on the
buckets, wbich are 6xed to tbc
outcr pcriphery of the wheel.

eddies.

(c)

difference between a reaction

Inpalse turbine

up to 100 m
more than 100 m

Welded rolled steel plate

Cast steel

of

movlng vanes.

encrgy.

The pressurc of the 0owing

water is reduced after glidiogovcr
the vanes.

prcssure.

regulating shafts, tbus

flow according to thc

It is not

wheel should

necds.

tbcre should

air

2il'6. Turbine runner

betwcen

shccl.

essential that the

run

full.

Morccver

It ir

essential that the whcel

should alwayr run 'full, and kcpt

bo free access of full of water.

thc vanes and the

The water may be

admitted

Thc watcr must bc

a part of tho circumference over the whole

or ovcr thc wholo circumfer- the whccl.

oYcr
onco
7.

of thc whccl.

It is possiblc
flow without loss.
Thc
chango

to

rcgulate the

work is ddnc ooly by the

in thc tinctic energy of tbc

Jot.

12.f,

admitted
circumfcrcnce of

It is not possiblo to rcgulate thc

flow without loss.
The work is donc partlY bY the
in the vclocity head, but
almost entirely by tho cbange in
prersurc hcad.

chanse

Clesslf,cation of reaction turbines

Thc rcaction turbines may be classified into the following three

lypor, dopcnding upon

whrtl
Fls. 22.1
The runner of a reaction turbine consists of runner blades
fixed eithcr to a shaft or rings, depending upon thc type of turbine.

:*

the direction of flow ofwater through the

(a) Radial flow turbines,

(D) Axial flow turbines, and
(f) Mixcd flow turbincs.

REACTTON TURBINES

6n
Radial flow turbines
In such turbines, tbe flow

22'9.

6t,

REACTION TI'RBINES

turbine is
may be noted that whencver the load on the
sp:ed'
a
at
rotate
shaft
decreased, it causes thi
-higher
'Thc
to

It

of

water.

is radial -(i'e' along the

'ifr; ti'Ji"r io"''iutbiott may Se further sub'

radius of thc whcel).
divided into the foliowing two classes:

(a) I nw a r d flo-w t u1 bine ^ - ]1 :11:3 -.t"tbj

inwards
outer PeriPhcrY anditti.:l;
ih; *h;;i
whecl;'
"iihe
the
of
centre
the
ii.r. iotu.Ot
the water enters
(b\ Outward flow turbine' In- such turbines'
outwads (i'e'
flows
then
an-dcentre'#'tite-*ntil
at the
wheel)'
the
of
io*"tat the'ouier periphery
-

to

due to the.higher speed' l,tlgt

;#;i?;A iit.", "iti"n- i*ttut"t
the- vanes, and thus thc
noiving
;;&;; t"h, q"uotltv or"*iiii- il ;t-:t.over.
It will ultimately'
reduced'
;;;i
th;
at
water
of
vclocity
This is the
turbine.
the
by
po*ii-dro-ou""a
tend to reduce tn"
that it adjusts.auto;&;"";g;- ;i in-infiara fl6w reaction iurbine,
toifti ttquited load on the turbine' The higlcst
-"ti*ifi
Lut"i"Za,';h;;-i6 ;.iocitv or the leaving water is as
;d;il;i i.""tording

small as possible.

turbine

2,2.t3.

?,t'10" Axia! flow turbines

to - the axis of thc

In such turbines; the water. 4ows -parallel turbines'
flow
parailel
whcel. Such turbin.t'"ii;"tto otled
1l'l l. Mired flow turbines
in which the flow is
These are the latest types of turbines'
portly radial and PartlY axial.
tL'12. Inward flow reaction turbines

2a2taz2--"

Fixcd

Ccnf.

thrrl

w.n'2

as thc namc indicates' is

The inward flow reaction turbine'
thc whccl at tbe outcr
entcrs
tn"t ,rutioo'tooio, in-wniJn the-water
(r":' towards tho
vanes
Jver
frilffi".'4
ocripherv and then
^the
ffiiT;i fri *i.iil as Phown inrig'22'2' its simplcst form,.consists
in
-s"idi'-tle
An inward flow reacfion turbine,
to enter into the
or n";.i ilffbi;a;;ilr;h
.water
shockless entry of
the
for
l'e'
revolving wheel -at
"odfe,
vlne angle tangentially to the
iV'-"ilui-ti"og'1|e
watcr. (This is ooot"otttti
revolving wheel',- A: Y,*a
the
and
;&;i;t\,;ilttv olttt.'*"tir
force on the revolvrng
some
cxerts
vanes'
oi"i-ttt.
iiiiii Jriliit"g,
causes the revolving
fot""
ihit
d;;ti:
ai;
wheel, to which tnt
whccl to revolve.

""nJs

or thc power developed 9y.th" turbine' mal b-c

The efficiency
-tl
tne iittt and outle-t velocity triangles, as usudl,
dr*iog
founa o"ui
nr shown inFig.22',3.
lz:Absolute velocity of the cntering water,
I,6t

D-Outer diameter of the wheel,

JV-Revolutions of the wheel per ninute'

u:Tansential velocity of wheel at inlet

knoin as peripheral velocity at inlet)
*DN

(also

--60'

fz,:Relative velocity of water, to the whecl' at

inlct

Vr:Yelocitr of flow at inlet"-

630

REACTION TURBINBS

Yv DvvT'

d:Angle of the blade tip at outlet (also known

head of

water, under which the turbine

is working),

Z:Weight of the water entering the whcel in

kglsec.

From the inlet triangle, we find that

V,:V

cos

and

V1:V

sin a

and from the outlet, we find that

Ya:V1

cos

p and Vn:Vt

know'-:try:#ffiT'Thirrs

sin
(

z,-

then

...('..

tzqr-0)

V-o

:H- 3
cz8

-H- 2t
zg

...('.' Yr-Vnl

Note. trfthcvaves are radialatinlct,outlet

of whirl at that tip is zoro.

or both,tbcn tbe

vclocity

Example 22'1. An inward flow reaction turbine, having an

exlernal diameter of I'5 metre runs at 400 r.p.m. The velocity of
flow at inlet is I0 metreslsec. If the guide blade angle is I5o,find
(al the absolute velocity of water,
(b) the velocity of whirl at inlet,
(c) the inlet vane angle of the runner, and
(d) the relative velocity at inlet. (Madurai University, 1972\
Solution.

Given. Dia. at inlet,

D:l'5

2,,)

Speed of the turbine,

F--+Vyr-

ts--D*---1

/V:400 r.p.m.

(In this case,_Yois negative because

direction as that of .Y,).

work done

:gvrv

as

vane angle at outlet),

II:Total

631

Then work done per kg of water

"" "1:::;:,T11[iJT: ll,ll'il.,s

the wbee,,
(also known as Guide blade angle),
9:Angle, at which the water leaves the wheel,
0-Anglo of the blade tip at inlet (also known as
vane angle at inlet),

we

REACTION TURBINES

V6 is in the

opposite

t:ffiilffi

Velocity of ffow at inlet,

Yt:lO

Y1

mlsec

FW

22.4

Guide blade angle at inlet,

a:

l5o

We know that the velocity of vane at inlet,

at inletxtangentiar verocity
of wheel at inlet;-(Velocity of whirl at outlit
x tangential velocity of wheel at outlet)

:l-{r,r-Y,p;:S
E

Energy lost per

* rt;;|l

-ry

cszg

l..,
then
and

Let
w&tcr.

tho discharge of the turbine is radial,

9:90o'

Vrr:O
Yr:Vn'

Z:Absolute velocity of water.

find that the absolute velocity of

,:#?,

...(r,)

:ffi:r8'88

there is no other loss ofenergy, then

V:n_Y*:.-ot_g_U
If

Absalute velocitv of water

From the inlct trianglo, we

tbrough the wheel

ilrt"r
zg
If

...(')

zrx l.5I j99:31.41

,- rDN
m/sec
60_:----60

...(...

-einrc')

m/sec Ans.

l'tloclty of whirl at inlet

Z":Velocity of whirl at inlct.

lirorn the inlet triangle, we also frnd that the velocity of whirl
rrl rttlcl,
V*:V cos l5o:38'88 x0'9659 m/sec
:37'56 m/sec Ans.
Let

6?2

REACTION ITJRBINEI

RBACNON TI'RBINEq

Inlet vane angle of the runner

Let
,I

tan e --

v,

ffi:

0:58" 24'

'II

;lI

,:6*DN

vane angle.

From the inlet triangle, we also find that

i{

rl

We know that the tangential velocity of wheel at inlct

0:Inlet

to

3756i3ml

C:Vane angle at outlet.

Wc know that the tangcntial vclocity of wheel at outlet,

,,:$tr:*#!I:8.5

Zr:Relative velocity at inlet.

From the inlet triangle, we also find that relative velocity at

tan

:11;76 m/sec Ans.

Example 22.2 (5.1. units). An inwardflow reaction turblne has
outer ond inner diameters of the wheel as I metrc and 0.5 metre restectively. The vanes are radial at inlet and the discharge is radial at
rutlet and the water enters the vanes at an angle of 10". Assuning
the velocity of flow to be constant, and equal to 3 rtetreslsec,find
(i) the speed of the wheel, and
(Ii) the vane angle at outlet.
(Calcutta Unlversity, Ig72l
Soludon.

m
Inncr diamcter, Dr:0.5 m
Anglc, at which ths watcr enters

tho vancs,

Exmple 22.3. An tnward

an(

I!

ofllow to be constant, find

vane angle at hlet,
(21 head of water on the whecl.

Yelocity

(Poona Universtty,

Soludon.

Dicchargg,

n:ff;Jji?l'*

y1n2 mlscr
Velocity of poriphcry at inlct,

u:24

Y1:Y^-J slsss
are radial at inlet
and outlct, therefore vclocities of whirl
at inlet and outlet will be zero ; and the
shapes of the two triangles will be as
shown in Fig. 22.5.
Speed of thc wheel
Let
ff:Spced of the whecl in r.p.m.
From the inlet triangle we find that the tangential velocity of

o:ffi-#:rzmlsec

is 2l ritsec

at outlet, and'thc

(I)

m/scc

Velociiy of whirl at inlct,

. P':18

Since the vaneg

at

Vclocity of flow at inlct,

c:10

whecl at inlet,

flow reaction turblne ls suoollcd

of flow
-inlet of 2'ii1sec.

mlsec. Assyming the discharge to be rudial

|_-"--l

Vclocity of ffow at inlet,

6: b-gl=o'rsg
g:lf 27' Anr.

water at the rutc o16!0 litreslsec with a velocily

'r'he-velocity of perlphery and velocity
of whirl

Givcn.

D:l

m/scc

From the outlct triangle, we fnd that

Vt
l0
-,^^^
{inl5-g;T :o:EsI? m/sec

Given. Outer diameter,

Ans.

Lt

Itt

,r' :

r.p.m.

Ymc angle at outlet

Ans.

Relatlve velocity at inlet

inlct,

,y-$ -gx{:325

or

: r'626

m/sgc

Vclocity of.flow is constant, i.a.,

Yt:vn

Yane angle

>.

at inlet

Lt

0:Vanc

anglc at inle1.

From thc inlet triangle, we find that

tan

(l8f - o) * 3_:
#r-0.3333
(180":f):18" 26'
0: 16lo 34' rAns.

197 3)