7 World Trade Center

7 World Trade Center is a building in the World Trade

Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City.
The current incarnation is the second building to bear that
name and address in that location. The original structure was completed in 1987 and was destroyed in the
September 11 attacks. The current building opened in
2006. Both buildings were developed by Larry Silverstein, who holds a ground lease for the site from the Port
Authority of New York and New Jersey.

commercial oce building in New York City to receive

the U.S. Green Building Councils Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design (LEED) certication, where it
won a gold rating. It was also one of the rst projects accepted to be part of the Councils pilot program for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Core and
Shell Development (LEED-CS).[11]

The original 7 World Trade Center was 47 stories tall,

clad in red exterior masonry, and occupied a trapezoidal
footprint. An elevated walkway connected the building to
the World Trade Center plaza. The building was situated
above a Consolidated Edison power substation, which imposed unique structural design constraints. When the
building opened in 1987, Silverstein had diculties attracting tenants. In 1988, Salomon Brothers signed a
long-term lease, and became the main tenants of the
building. On September 11, 2001, 7 WTC was damaged
by debris when the nearby North Tower of the World
Trade Center collapsed. The debris also ignited res,
which continued to burn throughout the afternoon on
lower oors of the building. The buildings internal re
suppression system lacked water pressure to ght the res,
and the building collapsed completely at 5:21:10 pm, according to FEMA,[6] while the 2008 NIST study placed
the nal collapse time at 5:20:52 pm.[7] The collapse began when a critical internal column buckled and triggered
structural failure throughout, which was rst visible from
the exterior with the crumbling of a rooftop penthouse
structure at 5:20:33 pm. The collapse made the old 7
World Trade Center the rst tall building known to have
collapsed primarily due to uncontrolled res,[8] and the
only steel skyscraper in the world to have collapsed due
to re.[9]

1 Original building (19832001)

1.1 Design and layout

Original 7 World Trade Center, the red-tinted building

behind and to the left of the Twin Towers. (View from
southwest.)

Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began in

2002 and was completed in 2006. The building is 52
stories tall (plus one underground oor), making it the
28th-tallest in New York.[2][10] It is built on a smaller
footprint than the original, allowing Greenwich Street to
be restored from Tribeca through the World Trade Center site and south to Battery Park. The new building is
bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay
streets. A small park across Greenwich Street occupies
space that was part of the original buildings footprint.
The current buildings design emphasizes safety, with a
reinforced concrete core, wider stairways, and thicker
reproong of steel columns. It also incorporates nu- The original 7 World Trade Center from the WTC
merous green design features. The building was the rst observation deck, August 14, 1992, one year before the
underground bombing of the World Trade Center.
1

The original 7 World Trade Center was a 47-story building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons, with a red granite
facade. The building was 610 feet (190 m) tall, with a
trapezoidal footprint that was 330 ft (100 m) long and
140 ft (43 m) wide.[12][13] Tishman Realty & Construction managed construction of the building, which began
in 1983.[12] In May 1987, the building opened, becoming
the seventh structure of the World Trade Center.[14]
The building was constructed above a Con Edison
substation that had been on the site since 1967.[15] The
substation had a caisson foundation designed to carry
the weight of a future building of 25 stories containing 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2 ).[16] The nal design for 7
World Trade Center was for a much larger building than
originally planned when the substation was built.[17] The
structural design of 7 World Trade Center therefore included a system of gravity column transfer trusses and
girders, located between oors 5 and 7, to transfer loads
to the smaller foundation.[7] Existing caissons installed
in 1967 were used, along with new ones, to accommodate the building. The 5th oor functioned as a structural
diaphragm, providing lateral stability and distribution of
loads between the new and old caissons. Above the 7th
oor, the buildings structure was a typical tube-frame design, with columns in the core and on the perimeter, and
lateral loads resisted by perimeter moment frames.[16]

1 ORIGINAL BUILDING (19832001)

Salomon Smith Barney, and other tenants.[6] In order
to supply the generators, 24,000 gallons (91,000 L) of
diesel fuel were stored below ground level.[18] Diesel fuel
distribution components were located at ground level,
up to the ninth oor.[19] After the World Trade Center
bombings of February 26, 1993, New York City mayor
Rudy Giuliani decided to situate the emergency command center and associated fuel tanks at 7 World Trade
Center. Although this decision was criticized in light
of the events of 9/11, the fuel in the building is today
not believed to have contributed to the collapse of the
building.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26] The roof of the building
included a small west penthouse and a larger east mechanical penthouse.[15]
Each oor had 47,000 sq ft (4,400 m2 ) of rentable oce
space which made the buildings oor plans considerably
larger than most oce buildings in the City.[27] In all, 7
World Trade Center had 1,868,000 sq ft (173,500 m2 )
of oce space.[6] Two pedestrian bridges connected the
main World Trade Center complex, across Vesey Street,
to the third oor of 7 World Trade Center. The lobby of
7 World Trade Center had three murals by artist Al Held:
The Third Circle, Pan North XII, and Vorces VII.[28][29]

1.2 Tenants

Transfer trusses used on the 57th oors to redistribute load to

the foundation

A shipping and receiving ramp, which served the entire

World Trade Center complex, occupied the eastern quarter of the 7 World Trade Center footprint. The building was open below the 3rd oor, providing space for
truck clearance on the shipping ramp.[16] The spray-on
reproong for structural steel elements was gypsumbased Monokote which had a two-hour re rating for steel
beams, girders and trusses, and a three-hour rating for
columns.[6]
Mechanical equipment was installed on oors four
through seven, including 12 transformers on the 5th oor.
Several emergency generators installed in the building
were used by the Oce of Emergency Management,

The position of building 7 in relation to the other WTC buildings

before September 11, 2001

In June 1986, before construction was completed, Silverstein signed Drexel Burnham Lambert as a tenant to lease
the entire 7 World Trade Center building for $3 billion
over a term of 30 years.[30] In December 1986, after the
Boesky insider-trading scandal, Drexel Burnham Lambert canceled the lease, leaving Silverstein to nd other
tenants.[31] Spicer & Oppenheim agreed to lease 14 percent of the space, but for more than a year, as Black Monday and other factors adversely aected the Lower Manhattan real estate market, Silverstein was unable to nd

1.3

9/11 and collapse

tenants for the remaining space. By April 1988, Silverstein had lowered the rent and made other concessions.[32]
In November 1988, Salomon Brothers withdrew from
plans to build a large new complex at Columbus Circle
in Midtown and agreed to a 20-year lease for the top 19
oors of 7 World Trade Center.[33] The building was extensively renovated in 1989 to accommodate the needs of
Salomon Brothers. This led to the alternative naming of
the building as the Salomon Brothers building.[34] Most
of three existing oors were removed as tenants continued to occupy other oors, and more than 350 tons (U.S.)
of steel were added to construct three double-height trading oors. Nine diesel generators were installed on the
5th oor as part of a backup power station. Essentially,
Salomon is constructing a building within a building
and its an occupied building, which complicates the situation, said a district manager of Silverstein Properties.
The unusual task was possible, said Larry Silverstein, because it was designed to allow for entire portions of oors
to be removed without aecting the buildings structural
integrity, on the assumption that someone might need
double-height oors.[34]
7 World Trade Center on re after the collapse of the Twin TowAt the time of the September 11, 2001, attacks,
Salomon Smith Barney was by far the largest tenant
in 7 World Trade Center, occupying 1,202,900 sq ft
(111,750 m2 ) (64 percent of the building) which included oors 2845.[6][35] Other major tenants included
ITT Hartford Insurance Group (122,590 sq ft/11,400
m), American Express Bank International (106,117 sq
ft/9,900 m), Standard Chartered Bank (111,398 sq
ft/10,350 m), and the Securities and Exchange Commission (106,117 sq ft/9,850 m).[35] Smaller tenants
included the Internal Revenue Service Regional Council (90,430 sq ft/8,400 m) and the United States Secret Service (85,343 sq ft/7,900 m).[35] The smallest
tenants included the New York City Oce of Emergency Management,[36] National Association of Insurance Commissioners, Federal Home Loan Bank, First
State Management Group Inc., Provident Financial Management, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service.[35] The Department of Defense (DOD) and Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) shared the 25th oor with the
IRS.[6] Floors 4647 were mechanical oors, as were the
bottom six oors and part of the seventh oor.[6][37]

1.3

9/11 and collapse

See also: Collapse of the World Trade Center

1.3.1

Collapse

As the North Tower collapsed on September 11, 2001,

heavy debris hit 7 World Trade Center, damaging the
south face of the building[38] and starting res that continued to burn throughout the afternoon.[7] The collapse also

ers on 9/11

caused damage to the southwest corner between Floors 7

and 17 and on the south face between Floor 44 and the
roof; other possible structural damage included a large
vertical gash near the center of the south face between
Floors 24 and 41.[7] The building was equipped with a
sprinkler system, but had many single-point vulnerabilities for failure: the sprinkler system required manual initiation of the electrical re pumps, rather than being a
fully automatic system; the oor-level controls had a single connection to the sprinkler water riser; and the sprinkler system required some power for the re pump to deliver water. Also, water pressure was low, with little or
no water to feed sprinklers.[39][40]
After the North Tower collapsed, some reghters entered 7 World Trade Center to search the building. They
attempted to extinguish small pockets of re, but low water pressure hindered their eorts.[41] Over the course of
the day, res burned out of control on several oors of 7
World Trade Center; the ames visible on the east side
of the building.[42][43] During the afternoon, re was also
seen on oors 610, 1314, 1922, and 2930.[38] In particular, the res on oors 7 through 9 and 11 through 13
continued to burn out of control during the afternoon.[8]
At approximately 2:00 pm, reghters noticed a bulge
in the southwest corner of 7 World Trade Center between the 10th and 13th oors, a sign that the building was unstable and might collapse.[44] During the afternoon, reghters also heard creaking sounds coming
from the building.[45] Around 3:30 pm, FDNY Chief
Daniel A. Nigro decided to halt rescue operations, surface removal, and searches along the surface of the debris near 7 World Trade Center and evacuate the area
due to concerns for the safety of personnel.[46] According

1 ORIGINAL BUILDING (19832001)

to FEMA, the building started to collapse at 5:20:33 pm

EDT when the east mechanical penthouse started crumbling, but diering times are given as to what time the
building completely collapsedat 5:21:10 pm EDT according to FEMA, and at 5:20:52 pm EDT according to
NIST.[6][7][47] There were no casualties associated with
the collapse.
1.3.2

Reports

Few photos and video clips exist that show the damage sustained
to the south face of 7 World Trade Center on 9/11. An ABC News
helicopter captured footage of the south face of 7 World Trade
Center, including a glimpse of a gash, extending approximately
10 stories.

Schematic view of collapse progression, with structural failure

initiating on lower oors, on the east side of the building and
vertical progression up to the east mechanical penthouse

preliminary report about 7 World Trade Center in June

2004, and thereafter released occasional updates on the
investigation.[38] According to NIST, the investigation of
7 World Trade Center was delayed for a number of reasons, including that NIST sta who had been working on
7 World Trade Center were assigned full-time from June
2004 to September 2005 to work on the investigation of
the collapse of the Twin Towers.[50] In June 2007, Shyam
Sunder explained, We are proceeding as quickly as possible while rigorously testing and evaluating a wide range
of scenarios to reach the most denitive conclusion possible. The 7 WTC investigation is in some respects just as
challenging, if not more so, than the study of the towers.
However, the current study does benet greatly from the
signicant technological advances achieved and lessons
learned from our work on the towers.[51]

In May 2002, the Federal Emergency Management

Agency (FEMA) issued a report on the collapse based
on a preliminary investigation conducted jointly with the
Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society
of Civil Engineers under leadership of Dr. W. Gene Corley, P.E. FEMA made preliminary ndings that the collapse was not primarily caused by actual impact damage
from the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC but by res on
multiple stories ignited by debris from the other two towers that continued burning unabated due to lack of water for sprinklers or manual reghting. The report did In November 2008, NIST released its nal report on the
[7]
not reach conclusions about the cause of the collapse and causes of the collapse of 7 World Trade Center. This
followed NISTs August 21, 2008, draft report which incalled for further investigation.[26]
cluded a period for public comments.[8] In its investigaSubsequently, the National Institute of Standards and tion, NIST utilized ANSYS to model events leading up to
Technology (NIST) was authorized to lead an investiga- collapse initiation and LS-DYNA models to simulate the
tion into the structural failure and collapse of the World global response to the initiating events.[52] NIST deterTrade Center Twin Towers and 7 World Trade Center.[8] mined that diesel fuel did not play an important role, nor
The investigation, led by Dr S. Shyam Sunder, drew upon did the structural damage from the collapse of the Twin
in-house technical expertise as well as the knowledge of Towers or the transfer elements (trusses, girders, and canseveral outside private institutions, including the Struc- tilever overhangs). The lack of water to ght the re was
tural Engineering Institute of the American Society of an important factor. The res burned out of control durCivil Engineers (SEI/ASCE); the Society of Fire Protec- ing the afternoon, causing oor beams near column 79 to
tion Engineers (SFPE); the National Fire Protection As- expand and push a key girder o its seat, triggering the
sociation (NFPA); the American Institute of Steel Con- oors to fail around column 79 on Floors 8 to 14. With a
struction (AISC); the Council on Tall Buildings and Ur- loss of lateral support across nine oors, column 79 buckban Habitat (CTBUH); and the Structural Engineers As- led pulling the east penthouse and nearby columns down
sociation of New York (SEAoNY).[48][49]
with it. With the buckling of these critical columns, the
The bulk of the investigation of 7 World Trade Cen- collapse then progressed east-to-west across the core, ulter was delayed until after reports were completed on timately overloading the perimeter support, which buckthe Twin Towers.[8] In the meantime, NIST provided a led between Floors 7 and 17, causing the remaining por-

WTC buildings remains and neighboring buildings (Note the original footprints of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC)

conspiracy theories that 7 World Trade Center was

brought down by controlled demolition. Specically,
the window breakage pattern and blast sounds that
would have resulted from the use of explosives were not
BMCC's Fiterman Hall was heavily damaged from the collapse
observed.[7] The suggestion that an incendiary material
of 7 World Trade Center.
such as thermite was used instead of explosives was
considered unlikely by NIST because of observations
tion of the building above to fall downward as a single of the re and the buildings structural response to the
of
unit. The res, fueled by oce contents, along with the re, and because it is unlikely the necessary quantity
[8]
material
could
have
been
planted
without
discovery.
lack of water, were the key reasons for the collapse.[7]
When the rst 7 World Trade Center collapsed, de- Based on its investigation, NIST reiterated several recombris caused substantial damage and contamination to the mendations it had made in its earlier report on the colBorough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman lapse of the Twin Towers, and urged immediate action
Hall building, located adjacent at 30 West Broadway, to on a further recommendation: that re resistance should
the extent that the building was not salvageable.[53] A be evaluated under the assumption that sprinklers are unrevised plan called for demolition in 2009 and comple- available; and that the eects of thermal expansion on
tion of the new Fiterman Hall in 2012, at a cost of $325 oor support systems be considered. Recognizing that
million.[54][55] The adjacent Verizon Building, an art deco current building codes are drawn to prevent loss of life
building constructed in 1926, had extensive damage to rather than building collapse, the main point of NISTs
its east facade from the collapse of 7 World Trade Cen- recommendations was that buildings should[7]not collapse
ter, though it was able to be restored at a cost of US$1.4 from re even if sprinklers are unavailable.
billion.[56]
Files relating to numerous federal investigations had been
housed in 7 World Trade Center. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission estimated over 10,000 of
its cases were aected.[57] Investigative les in the Secret
Services largest eld oce were lost, with one Secret
Service agent saying, All the evidence that we stored
at 7 World Trade, in all our cases, went down with the
building.[58] Copies of emails in connection with the
WorldCom scandal that were later requested by the SEC
from Salomon Brothers, a subsidiary of Citigroup housed
in the building, were also destroyed.[59]

2 New building

The new 7 World Trade Center has 52 stories and is 741 ft

(226 m) tall.[60][61] The building has 42 oors of leasable
space, starting at the 11th oor, and a total of 1,700,000
sq ft (160,000 m2 ) of oce space.[62] The rst ten oors
house an electrical substation which provides power to
much of Lower Manhattan. The oce tower has a narrower footprint at ground level than did its predecessor,
so the course of Greenwich Street could be restored to
The NIST report found no evidence supporting reunite TriBeCa and the Financial District.[63]

2.1

2 NEW BUILDING

Design

2.2 Construction

David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill worked

in conjunction with glass artist and designer James Carpenter to create a design that uses ultra-clear, low-iron
glass to provide reectivity and light, with stainless-steel
spandrels behind the glass to help reect sunlight.[64]
Stainless steel used in the building faade is molybdenumcontaining Type 316, which provides improved resistance
to corrosion.[65] To enclose the power substation and improve its aesthetics, the base of the building has a curtain
wall with stainless steel louvers that provide ventilation
for the machinery.[66] During the day, the curtain wall reects light, while at night it is illuminated with blue LED
lights.[67] The curtain wall around the lobby uses heavily
laminated, heat-strengthened glass that meets high standards for blast resistance.[68] At night, a large cube of light
above the lobby also emanates blue light, while during
the day it provides white light to the lobby, and at dusk it
transitions to violet and back to blue.[69] Inside the main
lobby, artist Jenny Holzer created a large light installation
with glowing text moving across wide plastic panels.[64]
The entire wall, which is 65 ft (20 m) wide and 14 ft
(4.3 m) tall, changes color according to the time of day.
Holzer worked with Klara Silverstein, the wife of Larry
Silverstein, to select poetry for the art installation. The
wall is structurally fortied as a security measure.[70]
The building is being promoted as the safest skyscraper
in the U.S.[71] According to Silverstein Properties, the 7 World Trade Center from street level
owner of the building, it will incorporate a host of
life-safety enhancements that will become the prototype
for new high-rise construction.[72] The building has 2ft (60 cm)-thick reinforced-concrete and reproofed elevator and stairway access shafts. The original building
used only drywall to line these shafts.[73] The stairways
are wider than in the original building to permit faster
egress.[73]
7 World Trade Center is equipped with Otis destination
elevators.[74] After pressing a destination oor number on
a lobby keypad, passengers are grouped and directed to
specic elevators that will stop at the selected oor (there
are no buttons to press inside the elevators). This system
is designed to reduce elevator waiting and travel times.
The elevator system is integrated with the lobby turnstile
and card reader system that identies the oor on which
a person works as he or she enters and can automatically
call the elevator for that oor.[75]
Nearly 30 percent of structural steel used in the building
consists of recycled steel.[76] Rainwater is collected and
used for irrigation of the park and to cool the building.[64]
Along with other sustainable design features, the building
is designed to allow in plenty of natural light, power is
metered to tenants to encourage them to conserve energy,
the heating steam is reused to generate some power for the
building, and recycled materials are used for insulation
7 World Trade Center construction in October 2004.
and interior materials.[77][78]

7
Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began
on May 7, 2002, with the installation of a fence around
the construction site.[1] Tishman Construction Corporation of New York began work at the new 7 World Trade
Center in 2002, soon after the site was cleared of debris.
Restoring the Con Ed electrical substation was an urgent
priority to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan.[63]
Because 7 World Trade Center is separate from the main
16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, Larry Silverstein required approval from only the Port Authority,
and rebuilding was able to proceed quickly.[79] Building
Seven was not included in the original World Trade Center master plan by Daniel Libeskind, but was designed
by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill under the leadership of
David Childs, who largely redesigned One World Trade
Center.
Once construction of the power substation was complete
in October 2003, work proceeded on building the oce
tower. An unusual approach was used in constructing
the building; erecting the steel frame before adding the
concrete core. This approach allowed the construction
schedule to be shortened by a few months.[80] Construction was completed in 2006 at a cost of $700 million.[64]
Though Silverstein received $861 million from insurance
on the old building, he owed more than $400 million on its
mortgage.[81] Costs to rebuild were covered by $475 million in Liberty Bonds, which provide tax-exempt nancing to help stimulate rebuilding in Lower Manhattan and
insurance money that remained after other expenses.[82]

pher Jonathan Hyman was displayed in An American

Landscape, a free exhibit hosted by the World Trade
Center Memorial Foundation at 7 World Trade Center.
The photographs captured the response of people in New
York City and across the United States after the September 11, 2001, attacks. The exhibit took place on the 45th
oor while the space remained available for lease.[88]

New York Academy of Sciences oce (lobby) on the 40th oor

By March 2007, 60 percent of the building had been

leased.[89] In September 2006, Moodys signed a 20-year
lease to rent 15 oors of 7 World Trade Center.[90][91]
Other tenants that had signed leases in 7 World Trade
Center, as of May 2007, include ABN AMRO,[92]
Ameriprise Financial Inc.,[93] Darby & Darby P.C.,[94]
Mansueto Ventures LLC, business publisher of Fast Com[95]
2
and the New York Academy of SciA 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m ) triangular park was created be- pany and Inc.,
[96]
ences.
tween the extended Greenwich Street and West Broadway
by David Childs with Ken Smith and his colleague, Annie The space occupied by Mansueto Ventures has been deWeinmayr, of Ken Smith Landscape Architect. The park signed to use the maximum amount of natural light and
comprises an open central plaza with a fountain and ank- has an open oor plan.[97] The space used by the New
ing groves of sweetgum trees and boxwood shrubs.[83] York Academy of Sciences on the 40th oor, designed
At the center of the fountain, sculptor Je Koons cre- by H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture, works with the
ated Balloon Flower (Red), whose mirror-polished stain- parallelogram shape of the building. Keeping with the
less steel represents a twisted balloon in the shape of a green design of the building, the NYAS uses recycled maower.[84]
terials in many of the oce furnishings, has zoned heating and cooling, and lights that detect motion, coming on
automatically only when people are present, and adjust
according to incoming sunlight.[98]
2.3 Opening
The building was ocially opened at noon on May
23, 2006, with a free concert featuring Suzanne Vega,
Citizen Cope, Bill Ware Vibes, Brazilian Girls, Ollabelle,
Pharaohs Daughter, Ronan Tynan (of the Irish Tenors),
and special guest Lou Reed.[85] Prior to opening, in
March 2006, the new 7 World Trade Center frontage and
lobby were used in scenes for the movie Perfect Stranger
with Halle Berry and Bruce Willis.[86]
Since the building opened, several unleased upper oors
have been used for events such as charity lunches, fashion
shows, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Properties allowed
space in the new building to be used for these events
as a means to draw people to see the building.[87] From
September 8 to October 7, 2006, the work of photogra-

Silverstein Properties also has oces and the Silver Suites

executive oce suites[99] in 7 World Trade Center, along
with oce space used by the architectural and engineering rms working on 1 World Trade Center, 150
Greenwich Street, 175 Greenwich Street, and 200 Greenwich Street.[100][101] The building became fully leased in
September 2011 when MSCI Inc. was reported to have
leased a 125,000-square-foot space on the top oor.[102]

3 See also
List of tallest buildings in New York City
World Trade Center in popular culture

References

[1] Bagli, Charles V. (May 8, 2002). As a Hurdle Is Cleared,

Building Begins At Ground Zero. The New York Times.
Retrieved August 16, 2009.
[2] 7 World Trade Center - The Skyscraper Center. Council
on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the
original on 2013-04-20.
[3] 7 World Trade Center, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
[4] Building Tenants, Silverstein Properties
[5] World Trade Center Tour, Council on Tall Buildings and
Urban Habitat (CTBUH)
[6] Gilsanz, Ramon, Edward M. DePaola, Christopher Marrion, and Harold Bud Nelson (May 2002). WTC7
(Chapter 5)". World Trade Center Building Performance
Study (PDF). FEMA. Archived (PDF) from the original
on March 5, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
[7] NIST NCSTAR1-A: Final Report on the Collapse of World
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[8] Questions and Answers about the NIST WTC 7 Investigation. NIST. Archived from the original on August 27,
2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
[9] Rudin, Mike (July 4, 2008). 9/11 third tower mystery
'solved'". BBC News. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
[10] 7 World Trade Center. Silverstain Properties.
[11] About the WTC. Wtc.com. Archived from the original
on May 28, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
[12] Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino
(September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). p.
13.
[13] Seven World Trade Center (pre-9/11)". Emporis.com.
Retrieved May 7, 2006.
[14] History of the World Trade Center. Port Authority of
New York and New Jersey. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
[15] McAllister, T. P.; Gann, R. G.; Averill, J. D.; Gross, J.
L.; Grosshandler, W. L.; Lawson, J. R.; McGrattan, K.
B.; Pitts, W. M.; Prasad, K. R.; Sadek, F. H.; Nelson, H.
E. (August 2008). Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of World Trade Center Building 7
(Volume 1). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation
of the World Trade Center Disaster (NIST NCSTAR 19).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
pp. 945. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
[16] Salvarinas, John J. (1986). Seven World Trade Center,
New York, Fabrication and Construction Aspects. Proceedings of the 1986 Canadian Structural Engineering Conference (Vancouver: Canadian Steel Construction Council).

REFERENCES

[17] Lew, H.S. (September 2005). NIST NCSTAR 1-1: Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and
Life Safety Systems. Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (PDF). NIST. pp. xxxvii. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
[18] Milke, James (Spring 2003). Study of Building Performance in the WTC Disaster. Fire Protection Engineering. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008.
Retrieved February 17, 2008.
[19] Grill, Raymond A., Duane A. Johnson (September 2005).
NIST NCSTAR 1-1J: Documentation of the Fuel System
for Emergency Power in World Trade Center 7. Final
Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of
the World Trade Center Disaster (PDF). NIST. Retrieved
August 26, 2010.
[20] Glanz, James and Eric Lipton (December 20, 2001). A
Nation Challenged: The Trade Center; City Had Been
Warned of Fuel Tank at 7 World Trade Center. The New
York Times. Archived from the original on November 28,
2007. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
[21] Rudy Giulianis 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump,
Rudy Can't Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His
Dubious Record, Village Voice August 814, 2007, pp.
2236.
[22] Ruddy, Christopher (May 24, 2004). Replying to Giuliani. NewsMax. Archived from the original on May 20,
2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
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External links
World Trade Center SilversteinProperties.com
7 World Trade Center on CTBUH Skyscraper Center

12

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Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
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