ABSTRACT

The term nano-technology has evolved over the years via terminology
drift to mean “anything smaller than micro technology” such as nano powders,
microprocessors, micro-data chips, micro machines, which have a capacity much
much more than its macro ones ..

Nanotechnology gets its name from from the measurement called nanometer,
which is one-billionth of a meter—1/80000 the size of human hair. A nanometer
comprises of many small atoms manipulating to form molecule ,the building
blocks that produce new materials with exact properties they desire:smaller,
stronger, tougher, lighter and more resilient than what has come before

In this report you will find interesting creation by Buckminster Fuller “fog”
By giving the proper command to this fog, you can cause any object to appear
anywhere at any time. Thus you can do an angel's job carrying a remote control
shaped like a wand with a star on the end….

Also you will find Microelectronic devices First, in the 1950s and 1960s,
solids state devices-transistors-replaced vacuum tubes and miniaturised all the
devices(e.g., radios, televisions and computers) that originally had been invented
and manufactured using tube technology. Then, starting in the mid-I960s,
successive generations of smaller transistors began replacing larger ones. This
permitted more transistors and more computing power to be packed in the same
small space
If computers are to continue to get smaller and more powerful at the same rate,
nanotechnology will need to be employed for miniature electronic devices
One of such technologies to get the most-micro transistor is “scaling of
transistors”…

IN THIS PAPER PRESENTATION YOU WILL GO THROUGH……..

”FOG” BUILD BY NANOTHECHNOLGY THEROY

1.IDEAS ABOUT FOG

2.BUILD A FOG??

3.FUNCTIONING..

4. AMAZING SPECIAL FEATURES…!!!

5.HERE’S A LIST OF THE POWERS YOU'D
HAVE IF EMBEDDED IN FOG:

”SCALING OF TRANSISTORS” BY NANOTHECHNOLGY

THEROY

1.IDEAS ABOUT SCALING OF TRANSISTORS

2.LIMITS ON SCALABILITY—

3.MOLECULAR-SCALE MOSFET REPLACEMENTS—

4.SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTORS--

5.REASONANT TUNNELLING TRANSISTORS

INTRODUCTION

Just imagine hard drive capable of holding 1000 times as much data than
those used in computers today. No, this is not something straight out of any
science fiction. It is the future of electronics and computing supported by
nanotechnology. The advances in nanosciences may one day shrink modern day
desktop PCs to the size of wrist watches. It's not just the size that is going to
matter, the nano-revolution is going to give a big boost to power sources, chip
technology and semi-conductors.
Nanoscience is the science that deals with substances in which one
dimension is less than 100 nanometre (nm). A nanometre is one billionth of a
metre and the diameter of human hair is about 50,000 nm.
Nanotechnology is the technology of designing, fabricating and applying
nanosystems. A nanosysytem is a system that is synthesised to a nanometre
scale (a nanometre is a billionth of a metre and spans approximately 10 atomic
metres).

HOW WILL NANOTECHNOLOGY CHANGE OUR LIVES –

One of the first obvious benefits is improved manufacturing. We are
modifying familiar manufacturing systems to offer precision on the atomic scale.
This will give us greater understanding of the building of things, and greater
flexibility in the types and quantity of things we may build. We will be able to
expand control of systems from the macro level to the micro level and beyond,
while simultaneously reducing the cost associated with manufacturing of
products.
Nanotechnology will touch our lives right down to the water we drink
and the air we breathe. Once we have the ability to capture, position and
change the con figuration of a molecule, we would be able to create filtration
systems that will scrub the toxins from the air or remove hazardous
organisms from the water we drink.
THE UTILITY FOG
Using nanotechnology we can design an intelligent polymorphic (shape-
changing) material that, like your body, consists of trillions of microscopic
machines. Like human cells, each machine will have a substantial local program
and information storage, but act in accordance with patterns of global
information. Unlike your cells, they wilJ reprogram more quickly and more widely,
adopt a wider array of functions and look like spiders rather than jellyfish.
The particular scheme for this intelligent material is called 'utility fog.' Utility
fog consists of a mass of tiny robots. They do not float in the air but form a lattice
by holding hands in twelve directions (corresponding to the struts in an octet
truss). Each robot has a fairly small body compared to its arm spread, and the
arms are relatively thin. Each arm is telescoping-an action driven by a relatively
powerful motor-and can be waved back and forth by relatively weak motors
Of course, one could design a foglet (as the robots are called) with fewer
arms, say, six, corresponding to the easierto-visualise cubic lattice. The main
reason for avoiding this is that the lattice is not isotropic: it responds quite
differently to forces applied along an axis and those applied along a diagonal.
Also the octet truss structure, remains rigid even if all the arms are connected to
the body by hinges. Since a rectangular truss would collapse, it needs powerful
motors to control the angle each arm makes with the body. A 6-arm design
would need three big motors per arm, i.e. a total of 18 motors. The octet
structure needs only one big motor per arm, i.e. a total of 12 motors. The arm-
waving motors need power just enough to position the arm itself, not to exert
macroscopic forces throughout the structure.
The material properties of this mass depend on the programming of the
robots. The geometry is such that stresses in the material appear as longitudinal
forces along the arms.
Each foglet can sense the force along each arm and do something
depending on the magnitude and relation of those forces. If the programming
says "extend when the force is trying to stretch and retract when it is trying to
compress," you have a soft material.

If the programming says "extend when the force is trying to stretch and retract
when it is trying to compress," you have a soft material.
If it says "resist any change up to a certain force, then let go," you have a hard
but brittle material.

If the programming says” maintain a constant total among the extension of all
arms, but otherwise do whatever the forces would indicate, and when a
particular arm gets to the end of its envelope, let go,
look for another arm coming into reach to grab," you have a liquid. and If you
allow the sum of the arm extensions to vary with the sum of the forces on the arms, you'll

have something that approximates a gas within a certain pressure range.

Because the foglets can use their own power to move or resist mov ing, the
apparent density and viscosity of the fluid can be anything from molasses to
near vacuum.

BUILD A FOG??
The only major breakthrough necessary to build the fog is Nano technology itself.
Assemblers need to build molecule-size, individually controllable, physical actua-
tors, arms, motors, gears, sprockets, pulleys and the like, and then molecular-
size computers to control them.
The lower limit is 1- or 2-micron body and 5- to lO-micron arms. , 1mm fog lets
might be able to do all the physical tasks of interest
Note that the user, embedded in the fog, is not really looking at it but at a
synthetic image, probably generated by a pair of active holographic contact
Lenses

Invisible individually, would cause scattering good enough for a cluster of them
to look like a cloud.
To be economical, fog should be capable of self-reproduction For you to be
able to afford them, they should cost less than $0.00000000001 a piece.
What foglets don't need is to be individually self-reproducing
Assemblers will be the most efficient when they work in a vat of special

precursor chemicals.

This will also constitute a built-in safety against runaway replication

FUNCTIONING—

 It consists of 12 arms, which can bend like hands of human with help of
elbows, and has no fist yes but has three fingers
  Use of so many arms allows robots to let go briefly to change neighbors,
and still retain strength and connectivity in the structure.
 Its three fingers form an extension of the arm when closed and spread
apart at a slight angle when open.
 The gripper at the end of each arm has one degree of freedom (rotation)
driven by a weak motor.
 The grippers are used solely for gripping the end of another arm in a
straight line. These are designed such that two arms approaching each
other can be slightly off the line and angle, and the coupling process is
compliant.
 Once these are coupled, however, the resulting joint is straight and rigid.
Coupling also makes power and communication connections between the
two foglets.

 Assemblers are present which need to build molecule-size, individually

controllable, physical actuators, arms, motors, gears, sprockets, pulleys
and the like, and then molecular-size computers to control them.
 Micro chips store in data and programs which can be implemented when
ordered to do the action
 Its strength is so high as to carry50kg of bag with help of 3 arms only…

AMAZING SPECIAL FEATURES…!!!

The typical specialised nano-factory will be a breadbox to the refrigerator-size
object, with trillions of parallel assembly lines converging in a tree-like structure
to produce ever-larger sub-components of the end product. For something as
small as a foglet, the factory could be quite a bit smaller, of course.
But how would one breathe when the air is a solid mass of machines? Foglets occupy
only a small percentage of the actual volume of the air and need lots of space to move
around easily. Thus there's plenty of air left to breathe. Fog could enter your lungs (and
scrub them of air pollution, smoke, and what not with every breath), simulating the
activity of unoccupied air or forming a fog-free region around you into which fresh air
was continually fanned

Obj102
What if the power fails and you are suddenly encased in solid unyielding ma-
terial?
If foglets have a failsafe mode where they let go their neighbors and retract
their arms as much as possible when they lose power, they would first form
a super heavy smoke or dust storm, and then pack down into something like
clay.
Not something to look forward to. Each foglet would reserve a certain
amount of power for normal operations, since energy flows into as well as out of
the fog in the course of everyday movements.
Furthermore, the fog should carry along small special-purpose batteries/fuel
cells like raisins in a pudding.
Even larger power generators could be carried along with each person, so
their personal cloud of fog could be autonomously worn like a suite of clothes
wherever they go. In a general power failure, the room fog would retract to make
thicker walls and ceiling (where it would lock in place), while your personal batch
continued to help you cope.

HERE'S A SHORT LIST OF THE POWERS YOU'D

HAVE IF EMBEDDED IN FOG:

 Creation: Cause objects to appear

and disappear on command
 Levitation: Cause objects to hover
and fly around
 Manipulation: Cause forces (squeezing, hitting or pulling) on objects a few
centimeters away; for example, bend steel bars like Superman
 Teleportation: Nearly any combination of telepresence and virtual reality
between fog-filled locations
 Shape-shifting: Want to be a mouse? The fog around you will simulate
very large feet, baseboards, etc, while your telepresence drives a mouse-
shaped fog program
 References:
 Articles by Prof.G.R.Kulkarni & P.K.Raval in
“ELECTRONICS FOR YOU”
 NET
SCALING THE TRANSISTORS
Since the invention of the transistor in 1948 by Shockley, Brattain and
Bardeen, scientists and engineers have striven to put increasing numbers of
these devices onto a single integrated circuit (Ie). The transistor is the most
important building block in modern computers. By placing more transistors on a
computer chip, larger computer memories and more powerful microprocessors
can be built. In 1959, it was only possible to put a single transistor on an IC.
Today, the microprocessors in typical home computers contain several million
transistors.
There are limits to how far this exponential decrease in device size can go.
Presently, the transistors in the most aggressive commercial designs measure
approximately 350 nanometres (nm) across. A nanometre is a billionth of a metre
and is a linear distance spanning about ten atomic diameters. It follows that
future transistors might still be reduced in size by another factor of 100, allowing
for up to 10,000 transistors in the space taken up by one current transistor.
Transistors this small will be, by definition, molecular-scale devices.

Scaling simply means reducing all the dimensions of a device by a

constant factor.

Scaling works well to a point. However, once transistor size starts to approach
100 nm, the properties that control the device operation begin to change. Current
designs for microelectronic transistors (see Fig.) are not ideal for molecular-scale
transistors. New designs for nanoelectronic transistors will have to be formulated
Limits on scalability—

Scaling down the metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) design

has worked well up to current commercial device sizes, but when they are fabricated
below 100 nm in size certain factors may inhibit their usefulness. 100 nm, or 0.1
micron, is often called the '0.1 micron barrier.' Beyond this barrier, many scientists
believe that new devices will need to take the MOSFET's place.

Molecular-scale MOSFET replacements—

Another way of looking at the problem of miniaturizing the MOSFET is to
consider the properties that are essential to its operation, and how these prop-
erties change below 100 nm. Most MOSFETs are made of regions of silicon that
are doped with impurities. The ratio of impurity to silicon is typically very low.
When transistors are made below 100 nm in size, dopant atoms may number in
tens or hundreds.
The relatively massive flows of electrons and holes that allow modern
transistors to function will no longer be possible in devices this small. Moreover,
the placement of the few dopant atoms will vary, and this variation will cause
extreme differences in the operation of similar devices.

Once transistors approach the molecular scale, the bulk properties of solids be-
come the quantum mechanical properties of collections of atoms. Properties of
doped semiconductors will become less evident. Effects such as tunnelling and
energy quantisation will be apparent. Transistor that will work on the molecular
scale must use these new properties, instead of considering them as
disadvantages

Single-electron transistors--

Single-electron transistors. (SETs) that flows through the tunnel junction

are a new type of switching devices flows in multiples of the charge 'e' of
that use a single electron
controlled electron tunneling to
amplify current. A SET is made from
two tunnel junctions that share a
common electrode. A tunnel junction
consists of two pieces of metal
separated by a very thin (rv 1 nm)
insulator (see Fig.). The only way for
electrons in one of the metal
electrodes to travel to the other
electrode is to tunnel through the
insulator. Since tunneling is a
discrete process, the electric charge
As shown in Fig.below, an SET can be made by placing two tunnel junctions in
series.The two tunnel junctions create so-called 'Coulomb island' that electrons can enter
only by tunnelling through one of the insulators.

This device has three terminals like an ordinary FET: the outside terminals of tunnel
junctions and a 'gate' terminal that is capacitively coupled to the node between the two
tunnel junctions.

The capacitor may seem like a third tunnel junction, but it is much thicker-than the
others, so no electrons can tunnel through it.

The capacitor simply serves as a way of setting the electric charge on the Coulomb Island

When the gate voltage is set to zero, very little tunnelling occurs through the two
tunnel junctions.
This opposition to tunnelling is called the Coulomb blockade.
However, when the gate voltage is raised to e/2Cg, which corresponds to half of
the charge of an electron on the plates of the gate capacitor, the tunnelling cur-
rent goes up dramatically.
The charge on the gate capacitor can be set to non-integral number of electron
charges because charge transfer in metals is continuous.
As shown in Fig. below, this voltage-controlled current behavior makes the SET's
operation much like that of an FET, but on a much smaller scale
Whenever electrons are constrained to a small region, the effects of energy
quantisation need to be taken into account. In this all-metal type SET, there are
so many electrons in the Coulomb island that these discrete energy levels ap-
pear to be a continuous energy spectrum. In other types of devices that work with
far fewer electrons, energy quantisation plays a much more important role. Quan-
tom dots and reasont tunneling devices are two such devices..

REASONANT TUNNELLING TRANSISTORS—

Reasonant tunneling transistors(RTT’s) are hybrid micro electronic-nano
eloctronoic devices. These hybrid can represent more logic states than
microscale devices , thereby increasing the density of logic on a chip. RRT’s are
very fast and use primarily convectional fabrication. With thesr, fabrication of
terabyte dynamic read-acces memories(DRAM’s) is possible
 References:
 Articles by Prof.G.R.Kulkarni & P.K.Raval in
“ELECTRONICS FOR YOU”
 NET

NANOTECHNOLOGY – AN OVER VIEW

Abstract:
Nanotechnology is often termed as a system innovation, implying that it is
expected to initiate an increase in number of innovative developments in various
sectors of technology, various social areas of applications and economic sectors.
Introduction:
One of the biggest scientific trends of the 21 st century has been centered
on something incredibly small: nanotechnology. But what is nanotechnology?
That is the most difficult question to answer, even though it’s all over the news
these days. The crux of the problem is that it is beyond the understanding of
most people. Unless we have studied it extensively in university (and even then
the picture isn’t necessarily complete) we won’t know what a quantum dot is. We
will need to know the underlying science that drives it, the tools we use to apply
it, and the potential benefits and dangers of it.

Nanotechnology is a broad term for the application of scientific

understanding towards fabricating devices and materials at the nanometer scale.
Nanotechnology takes its name from a unit called nanometer-NM, which means
it’s the one billionth of a meter. [1nm = nanometer (1,000,000,000 nm per m, or
10-9 m)].

Nanotechnology is primarily characterized by its overall dimension: the

Nano-world. The Nano-world exists at the level of single molecules and atoms-
the size of a millionth of a millimeter. Nanotechnology involves building
sophisticated products from the molecular scale. As the molecule is the smallest
particle of matter that exists independently, it cannot be ruled by any of us, but
the technologists have started ruling the same understanding the molecular world
as a tough process. This kind of molecular manufacturing will in fact result in
high quality, smart and intelligent products that are 100% efficient, produced at
low cost with little environmental impact.
Nanotechnology is expected to have an enormous potential for innovation
because it may create effects which have not yet been feasible with any other
technologies. The far reaching possibilities of nanotechnology development,
which are

currently being assessed according to feasibility, find their echo in partly extreme
judgments of the technology.
The specific characteristics of this dimension are that nano-particles show
a completely different behavior to their larger, coarser pendants. The relatively
big specific surface of nano-particles usually leads to an increase in their
chemical reactivity and catalytic activity. The relatively small amount of atoms
within nano-particles offsets the quasi-continuous solid state of the particle,
leading to new, deviating, optical, electrical and magnetic features. From these
basic features and characteristics of nano-technology, a number of possible
positive and problematic (negative) effects can be derived.
Characterization of Nanotechnology:
To know about the impact of a technology, we require a familiarity with
three basic elements. Viz.,
1. An Agent (the technology, substance etc whose possible effects are to
assessed);
2. An impact model (a scientifically verifiable theory on how the agent acts
on a potential target)
3. A target entity upon which the agent acts.
One of the basic principles of nanotechnology is positional control. At the
molecular scale, the idea of holding and positioning molecules is new. Before
discussing the advantages of positional control at the molecular scale, it is helpful
to look at the property of self-assembly of molecules. A basic principle in self-
assembly is selective stickiness i.e., if two molecular parts have complementary
shapes and charge patterns-(one part has a hollow where the other part has a
bump, and one part has a positive charge where the other part has the negative
charge). Then they will tend to stick together in one particular way. This bigger
part can combine in the same way with other parts, letting us build a complex
whole from molecular pieces.
While self-assembly is a path to nanotechnology, by itself it would be hard
pressed to make the very wide range of products promised by nanotechnology.
For ex: we don’t know how to self assemble shatterproof diamond without using
positional control through nanotechnology. During self-assembly, the parts
bounce around and
bump into each other in all kinds of ways, and if they stick together when we
don’t want them to stick together, we will get unwanted globs of random parts.
Many types of parts have this problem. So self-assembly won’t work for them.
To make diamond, it seems as though we need to use in-discriminatory sticky
parts (radicals, carbines and the like). These parts cannot be allowed to
randomly bump into each other (or much of anything else, for that matter)
because they would stick together when we didn’t want them to stick together
and form messy blobs instead of precise molecular machines.
We can avoid this problem if we can hold and position the parts. Even
though the molecular parts that are used to make diamond are both in-
discriminatory and very sticky (more technically, the barriers to bond formation
are low and the resulting covalent bonds are quite strong), if we can position
them, we can prevent them from bumping into each other in the wrong way.
When two sticky parts do come into contact with each other, they will do so in the
right orientation because we are holding them in right orientation. In short,
positional control at the molecular scale should let us make things which would
be difficult or impossible to make without it. Given our macroscopic intuition, this
should not be surprising. If we could not use our hands to hold and position parts,
we must develop the molecular equivalent of “arms” and “hands”.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for evaluation of nanotechnology
application:
Following on from the characterization of nanotechnology and the hitherto
existing production methods, we have to next identify the sustainability effects by
process monitoring and evaluation of specific examples of nanotechnology
applications. The most advanced and standardized procedure for evaluating
environmental aspects associated with a product and predicting the product
specific environmental impact is the method of life cycle analysis (LCA) which
should consist of the following stages:
1. Establishing the objectives and the scope of the assessment.
2. Life cycle inventory.
3. Appraisal of impact.
4. Overall evaluation.
Following is the flowchart which clearly illustrates interdependence of these
stages.

Establishing the
objectives and the
scope of the
Direct applications:
assessment
-Development and
improvement of products.
-Strategic Planning.
-Political decision-making
Life-Cycle Overall evaluation
process.
Inventory -Marketing.
-Other.

Appraisal of
impact

The arrows between the individual stages highlight the interactive nature
of the procedure with the outcome of a given step always being fed back into the
preceding stage and resulting, if necessary, in the repetition of the procedure.
The LCA approach also includes methodological deficits: for some of the impact
categories there exists no commonly accepted impact model.
Broad Application of Nanotechnology:
Wide areas of application of nanotechnology are found in every field and
some of them are mentioned as under:
Industry & Production of goods
Stain resistant and wrinkle free fabrics
Amusement and toys
Nano-physics
Nano-chemistry
Nano-energy and,
Nano-medicine and many more..

We will look into the aspects of application in nanotechnology in industry &

production of goods for the present:-
Application in Industry & Production of Goods:

Molecular manufacturing is the basis of nanotechnology which will

lead to production of smart, reliable and intelligent products. With
nanotechnology, industrialists plan to bring thorough control of the structure of
matter, and hence will be able to build objects atom by atom specifications.
Nanotechnology will hence make possibly a huge range of new products. The
products that are available in the market today are not 100% efficient and are
worn off when handed roughly. But with the introduction of nanotechnology, we
can have better and reliable products because better quality can be achieved by
molecular manufacturing. By building things with atom by atom control, flaws
can be made rare and non-existent. Nanotechnology will also result in
inexpensive production or production cost will be considerably reduced.

Following are few examples of application of nanotechnology in production

of goods:

1. Application in Automotive & Transportation Industry:

Micro and Nanotechnologies have already made an impact in the

automotive and transportation industry.

In Automobiles,1. Micro chips regulate engines;

2. New technologies control car and truck braking, and

3. Electronic tuning ensures cleaner engine burn.

The automobile is one platform that is beginning to take

advantage of nano-composites in diverse components and
systems ranging from catalytic converters that more efficiently
convert combustion by-products to benign emissions, to
economical light weight plastics and coatings that enhance fuel
efficiency and vehicle durability.

Establishing
the objectives
and the scope Direct applications:
of the -Development and
assessment improvement of
products.
Life-Cycle -Strategic Planning.
Inventory -Political decision-
Overall
making process.
evaluation
Appraisal of -Marketing.
impact -Other.
2.
Application in Food-Sector:

Nanotechnology also has applications in the food sector. Many vitamins

and their precursors, such as carotinoids, are insoluble in water. However, when
skillfully produced and formulated as nano-particles, these substances can easily
be mixed with cold water, and their bioavailability in the human body also
increases. Many lemonades and fruit juices contain these specially formulated
additives, which often also provide an attractive color.
3. Application in Cosmetic –Sector:
In the cosmetics sector, BASF has for several years been among the
leading suppliers of UV absorbers based on nano-particulate zinc oxide.
Incorporated in sun creams, the small particles filter the high-energy radiation out
of sunlight. Because of their tiny size, they remain invisible to the naked eye and
so the cream is transparent on the skin.
A Future based on Reflection and Responsibility:
As nanotechnology continues to develop, it is likely that the debate over
regulation will develop as well. Experience with recombinant DNA indicates that
early concerns about safety are likely to be overblown, and that an effective
regulatory regime can be based on a combination of consensus and self-
regulation. Though there are likely to be some calls for a complete ban on
nanotechnology, such a ban is certain to fail, and it’s unworkability means that
such calls will probably come mostly from anti-technology groups that command
little political support. Similarly, efforts to limit nanotechnology to military
applications are likely to face technical and political hurdles as knowledge
diffuses and the public seeks access to potentially life-saving technologies.
More responsible calls for regulation as well can be met through an
approach that will not stifle the development of nanotechnology. Sound
knowledge, calm reflection, and an aversion to media hysteria will be key
requirements of those dealing with a new and highly technical subject with
endless implications.
CASE STUDY:
1. Non-volatile memory from nano-particles:
Researchers from University of California at Los Angeles and ROHM and
Haas Electronic material company have devised a potentially low cost, high
speed nonvolatile memory from polystyrene and gold nano-particles. This
retains information when it is not powered. The memory can be easily
manufactured from an inexpensive material making it potentially much cheaper
than today’s flash memory chips. It can be read to and written electronically,
making it potentially much faster than today’s CD and DVD’s. According to
researchers, layers of the film can be stacked making it possible to store even
more information in a given area.
2. Boeing Developing Nanotechnologies for New Aircraft:
The Chicago Sun Times has reported that Boeing’s Phantom Works, is
developing new materials using nanotechnology. The Company is also
developing new materials for use in building lighter but stronger aircraft,
specialized coatings-that means, planes do not need to be repainted. They are
also planning to develop lighter, smaller, more powerful and longer-lasting
batteries for satellites.
Conclusion:
Therefore, nanotechnology surely promises a brighter future and it will
also help produce environment friendly products. Nanotechnology will mean
greater control of matter making it easy to avoid pollution. Sophisticated
products could even be made from biodegradable materials. Hence,
nanotechnology will make it easy to attack the causes of pollution at technical
level.
Bibliography:
www.nanotechnologybasics.com
www.pacificresearch.org
www.nanotechnologynow.com
www.metamateria.com
www.ioew.de
Electronics Today-July 2005.