!

UN Security Council
Study Guide

Taipei Model United Nations 2015

May 21 May 24
!

Table of Contents
Welcome Letter ................................................................................................................................ iii!
Topic Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1!
I. The Situation in Ukraine!.......................................................................................................................................!1!
II. Terrorism and Transnational Organised Crime in Africa!........................................................................!2!
Committee Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3!
Committee History!.....................................................................................................................................................!3!
Committee Mandate!...................................................................................................................................................!4!
Topic I: The Situation in Ukraine .................................................................................................... 6!
Background!...................................................................................................................................................................!6!
Statement of Problem!................................................................................................................................................!8!
Spread of Conflicts in Eastern Ukraine!..........................................................................................................!8!
Concerns for Human Rights!............................................................................................................................!12!
Past Actions!...............................................................................................................................................................!13!
Minsk Protocol!.....................................................................................................................................................!13!
Minsk Protocol II!................................................................................................................................................!14!
Possible Solutions!....................................................................................................................................................!15!
Dilemma!.................................................................................................................................................................!15!
Questions Must be Answered!..........................................................................................................................!16!
Topic II: Terrorism and Transnational Organised Crime in Africa .......................................... 17!
Background!................................................................................................................................................................!17!
Terrorism in Africa!.............................................................................................................................................!17!
Role in the Issue!.......................................................................................................................................................!18!
The role of the United Nations system!.........................................................................................................!18!
The role of the Security Council!.....................................................................................................................!21!
Statement of Problem!.............................................................................................................................................!23!
Transnational organised crimes in which terrorist groups often engage!........................................!23!
Strategic impacts of interaction of terrorism and transnational organised crime!........................!25!
The linkage of terrorism and transnational organised crime complicates conflict prevention
and resolution.!......................................................................................................................................................!27!
!

i!

Case Study!..................................................................................................................................................................!28!
Possible Solutions!....................................................................................................................................................!30!
Possible solutions!................................................................................................................................................!30!
Questions must be answered!...........................................................................................................................!31!
Rules of Procedure ........................................................................................................................... 32!

ii!

Welcome Letter
Dear Delegates,
This year, the Chair of the Security Council is Po-Kuan Wu. He is currently a senior student
majoring in Diplomacy at National Chengchi University (NCCU), and has taken part in an
exchange student program in Universidad Rey Juan Carlos in Spain. He has attended TMUN twice
in 2012 and 2013, and several international MUNs respectively in New York, Madrid and
Maastricht. This is his second time being part of the TMUN staff. Ilenia Chen and Ava Yang will
be serving as co-Chairs. Ilenia Chen is now a senior student in Department of Diplomacy at NCCU,
and has also studied international relations in Seoul National University. She was a Delegate in
Council of European Union in 2013 TMUN and received Best Delegate award. Ava Yang majors in
Diplomacy at NCCU, and is currently a sophomore student.
The Security Council is one of the most influential and powerful institutions in international
community dedicating to the maintenance of peace and security. It is not only a principal organ of
the United Nations, but also the only one empowered to adopt resolutions that carry legally binding
effect. This year, the topics on the agenda of the Security Council are:
1. The Situation in Ukraine
2. Terrorism and Transnational Organised Crime in Africa
The study guide will provide you a brief introduction to the Committee mandate and the
background of the topics. However, it is not meant to replace further research and we highly
encourage you to explore in depth the positions of your representing countries. Additionally, due to
the fact that both the issues are still ongoing, delegates are expected to follow up all the latest
developments.
We hereby welcome you to the 2015 Taipei Model United Nations. We wish you all the best in
preparations, and look forward to meeting you in the conference.
Sincerely,
Po-Kuan Wu, Chair
Ilenia Chen, Co-Chair
Ava Yang, Co-Chair
!

iii!

Topic Introduction
I. The Situation in Ukraine
!
Owing to its extraordinary ethno-linguistic demographic feature, historical background and
geographical location, the struggle between pro-Europe and pro-Russia factions has always been a
critical issue in Ukraines political and foreign affairs, bringing division and instability to the
Country. In 21st November 2013, former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych abandoned a
trade agreement with the European Union, and instead sought a closer tie to Moscow. Opposing the
pro-Russian policy, civilians began to occupy the Independence Square (Maiden Nezalezhnosti) in
Kiev in November 2013. This demonstration was named Euromaiden due to its appeal for a closer
European integration. In response to the Parliaments decision to replace the Yanukovych
administration with a pro-European one in February 2014, Crimea passed a succession referendum
on joining Russia with a 97% approval rate in March; moreover, protesters occupied government
buildings and later proclaimed independence in the eastern Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and
Luhansk. Since then, the conflicts between Western-backed Ukrainian government and pro-Russian
separatists have resulted in great amount of casualties as well as humanitarian crisis. On 5th
September 2014, brokered by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE),
two sides of conflicts reached a truce, the Minsk Protocol. Nevertheless, the tenuous ceasefire
agreement has failed to curb recurrent shelling and skirmishes.
The issue firstly drew the attention of the Security Council in February 2014. However, the Council
has yet virtually made concrete contributions to the Ukrainian crisis in its meetings. A wide range
of issues is involved in the crisis, including the effective implementation of Minsk Protocol, human
rights and humanitarian problems, the succession of Crimea to Russia, cross-border inflow of
weaponry and foreign fighters, Western sanctions against Russia and so forth. Addressing the threat
to both domestic and international peace, the Security Council must act and prevent the crisis from
further escalating and overreaching.

II. Terrorism and Transnational Organised Crime in Africa

!
Noting the threat posed by rampant terrorist activities, the international society is increasingly
focusing on conditions that allow terrorist groups to operate, recruit fighters, generate revenue and
obtain resources. Because of porous nature of borders and ramshackle state structure in the region,
terrorist groups, including but not limited to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Movement
for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO), Ansar Eddine, Al Shabaab, and Boko Haram, are
able to carry out and benefit from transnational organised crime. In addition, African states have
routinely highlighted the fact that cross-border crime would weaken state authority and capabilities
as well as increase the risk of conflict relapse and even the outbreak of civil war. Addressing the
linkage of transnational organised crime and terrorism is of paramount importance to combat
terrorist activities in Africa, and therefore has grabbed the attention of the UN. The Security
Council adopted the resolution 2195 on 22nd December 2014, in which Member States expressed
their deep concern over the connections between some forms of transnational organised crime and
terrorism. Accordingly, the Security Council shall take the impact of cross-border crimes in to
account for its future actions for combating terrorist groups in Africa.

Committee Introduction
Committee History
Following the end of World War II, the UN Security Council held its first session in 1947 and
discussed the structure and function of the Council in the subsequent years.1 At the time, the
Security Council was comprised of 11 Member States with 5 permanent members (P5): French
Republic, Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States of
America, and 6 non-permanent members. The 1965 amendment to the UN Charter added 4
non-permanent members, which resulted in the present composition of the Security Council.2
Currently, the Council is composed of 5 permanent members (P5), with Peoples Republic of China
replacing Republic of China in 1971 and Russian Federation succeeding the seat of the Soviet
Union after the end of Cold War in 1990, and 10 non-permanent members currently including
Angola, Chad, Chile, Jordan, Lithuania, Malaysia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Spain and Venezuela.3
During the Cold War, the Council failed to play as an effective actor in maintaining international
security due to disagreements and divergent ideologies between the former Soviet Union and
United States of America.4 Upon the end of the Cold War, traditional challenges and obstacles in
international society shifted, pushing the Council to adopt new mechanism, such as launching more
humanitarian programs or military missions to confront threats to international peace and security in
the post-Cold War era.5 In face of the Millennium, the rising threat of terrorism and extremism has
become a priority on the agenda of the Security Council, as recent resolutions and the
establishments of new subsidiary organs serve as evidence.6

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1!
2

United!Nations,!the!Charter!of!United!Nations,!Preamble.!
Bourantonis (2005), The History and Politics of UN Security Council Reform. London & New York:Routledge.
3
United Nations Security Council, Current members. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/sc/members/.
4
Encyclopedia Britannica, United Nations Security Council, 2014
5
Zachary L. (2013), The UN Security Council. Retrieve from Council on Foreign Relations
http://www.cfr.org/international-organizations-and-alliances/un-security-council/p31649.
6
United Nations, Security Council Report, September 2014 Monthly Forecast: Counter-Terrorism. Retrieve from
http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2014-09/counter-terrorism_5.php.
3

Committee Mandate
The Security Council is one of the 6 principle bodies of the United Nations. Its primary
responsibilities are to maintain international peace and security as well as to adopt actions whenever
peace and security are threatened. Additionally, since the Council is the only UN organ empowered
to make legally binding decisions, all of the Member States are obligated to comply with the
resolutions made by the Council.7
According to the Charter of the United Nations, the Council is provided with a number of powers to
maintain international security. Pursuant to Article 39 of the UN Charter, the Council could
determine the existence of any threat to the international society and formulate relative advice.8
When a concern raised by possible threat is brought to the Council, in most of time, the Council
would firstly choose peaceful means and call upon countries involved to convene negotiation. The
Council may carry out diplomatic tools such as assigning investigation groups or recommending
methods, dispatching a mission, appointing envoy or suggesting the Secretary-General to serve as
moderator to engage in and to arrange a pacific settlement.9 Yet when the situation seems to further
deteriorate, the Security Council could adopt stronger actions to prevent the escalation of the
conflicts. In order to cease the outbreak of conflicts, the Council may undertake economic sanctions
or financial restrictions, issue peacekeeping or peace building programs, or even take military
actions by assigning collective troops to the area in attempt to stabilise the situation.10
Aside from the aforementioned granted power, the Security Council may establish subsidiary
organs when it deems necessary for the performance of its functions.11 These subsidiary organs can
be procedural or substantive. Current missions of its subsidiary organs include peacekeeping
operations, counterterrorism, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and recommendation of new
members. The Council also cooperates with several international and regional organisations as well
as non-governmental organisations to further implement its resolutions. For instance, the Security
Council has coordinated with North Atlanta Treaty Organization (NATO) in the 2011 Libyan civil
war.12 Also, during the Syrian conflict, the Security Council remains as an intimate cooperator with
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
7

United Nations, the Charter of the United Nations, Article 25.

United Nations, the Charter of the United Nations, Article 39.
9
United Nations Security Council, Mandate. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/.
10
Ibid.
11
United Nations, the Charter of the United Nations, Article 29.
12
United Nations, Security Council, Resolution 1937, S/RES/1937 (30 August 2010). See also North Atlanta Treaty
Organization, NATO and Libya, retrieved from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_71652.htm#
4
8

the Arab League.13

!
Each Member State of the Security Council has one vote.14 The passage of any voting requires 9
affirmative votes; however, 5 permanent members possess veto power on substantive matters,
which means that when one of the P5 members casts a negative vote, the passage of the resolution
would be doomed to failure.15 Veto power was frequently used during the Cold War, especially by
the United States of America and the former Soviet Union.16 During the past two decades, the
frequency of the use of veto power has comparatively decreased. Many recent resolutions are
adopted by consensus instead.17

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
13

United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution 253, A/RES/66/253 (21 February 2012).
United Nations, the Charter of the United Nations, Article 27.
15
Ibid.
16
United Nations, Security Council Report, In Hindsight: The Veto. Retrieved from
http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2013-11/in_hindsight_the_veto.php. United Nations, Security
Council Report, The Permanent Members and the Use of the Veto: An Abridged History (2013). Retrieved from
http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/SCR-veto-insert2.pdf.
17
Supra note 16. See also United Nations, Security Council Report, In Hindsight: Consensus in the Security Council
(2013). Retrieved from
http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2014-01/in_hindsight_consensus_in_the_security_council.php.
5
14

Topic I: The Situation in Ukraine

The situation in Ukraine has been the hub of international attention ever since the conflict began in
2013. Fire has spread from Kiev to the border of Russia and Ukraine. Violations of human rights as
well as the involvement of illegal armed groups triggered the anxiety of all members of the Security
Council particularly. Governments of the Russian Federation and Ukraine, Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the leaders of separatist groups in certain areas of
Donetsk and Luhansk regions have held rounds of dialogues, trying to reach agreements on
peaceful solutions for ceasing tensions in Ukraine. However, the efficacy of agreements signed until
today still remains doubt. In mid February 2015, under the mediation of leaders of Germany and
France, all parties involved in the conflicts met in the capital of Belarus again, and led to the deal of
Minsk Protocol II, a package aiming at ceasefire.

Background
The diversity of the composition of Ukrainian population is considerable, and such diversity has
become the cause for domestic conflicts and protests ramping all over the regions of Ukraine ever
since November 2013, when former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych declined to sign an
agreement on broader integration with the European.18 In the aftermath, rebel groups occupied the
presidential palace in Kiev and the Parliament removed Yanukovych from his presidency.
Moreover, provinces in Ukraine began to proclaim the status of autonomy one after another,
exacerbating the crumbling sovereignty and unity of the nation. In Crimea, key sites such as airports,
communications and public buildings, including the regional parliament, reportedly continued to be
blocked by unidentified armed men.19 There are further reports of armed personnel taking control
of regional administration buildings in several cities in the East and South of Ukraine, reported by
the Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations.20

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
18

United Nations, UN News Center, In wake of unrest, UN welcomes dialogue between Ukrainian President and
opposition, 31 January 2014, retrieved from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID =47051&#. VNc8Pl
WUePU.
19
United Nations, Security Council, 7124th Meeting, S/PV. 7124 (1 March 2014), retrieved from
http://research.un.org/en/ukraine.
20
Ibid.
6

At the end of February 2014, given that the deterioration of the situation threatened the territorial
integrity of Ukraine, the Security Council held the first meeting discussing the crisis in Ukraine at
the request of the Permanent Representative to the United Nations from Ukraine.21 Considering the
violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and Article 2 of the United Nations Charter, which prohibits the
threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, the
Security Council expressed grave anxiety for the situation in Ukraine and called for direct dialogue
between all parties concerned.22
The situation worsened when the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea declared its desire for
independence and holding a referendum to join Russian Federation on 16th March 2014 when
Russian troops had been deployed across the border into Eastern Ukraine by the time.23 The
European Union and the United States subsequently moved to apply targeted sanctions against
Russian and Crimean officials as the referendum of Crimea turned out to be in favor of succession
from Ukraine.24 In response to the referendum by Crimean, the Security Council generated a draft
resolution reaffirming the unity of sovereignty of Ukrainian government and denying the validity of
the referendum.25 Nonetheless, with the opposition of Russian Federation, the document failed to
become an official resolution during the seventh time that the Security Council has convened to
discuss the urgent crisis in Ukraine.26 Though similar contents of the document was passed as
resolution 68/262 in late March of the same year,27 the territorial integrity of Ukraine had already
been undermined. The Crimean referendum provided a precedent for rebel groups holding control
of cites in Ukraine to neglect Ukrainian sovereignty and cause more conflicts and damages to local
civilians, especially in the East and South parts of Ukraine.28

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
21

United Nations, Security Council, Letter dated 28 February 2014 from the Permanent Representative of the Ukraine
to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/2014/136 (28 February 2014), retrieved
from http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=s/2014/136
22
United Nations, Security Council, Resolution 189, S/2014/189 (15 March 2014), retrieved from from
http://research.un.org/en/ukraine.
23
United Nations, UN News Center, UN Security Council Action on Crimea Referendum Blocked, 15 March 2014,
retrieved from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47362#.VQWGV4HLdOI.
24
Ibid.
25
Supra note 21.
26
United Nations, Security Council, 7138th Meeting, S/PV. 7138 (15 March 2014), retrieved from
http://research.un.org/en/ukraine.
27
United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution 68/262, A/RES/68/262 (1 April 2014), retrieved from
http://www.germania.diplo.de/contentblob/4446020/Daten/5094947/ungvreskrimannexion.pdf.
28
United Nations, UN News Center, Backing Ukraines Territorial Integrity, UN Assembly Declares Crimea
Referendum Invalid, 27 March 2014, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47443#.VQWK YoHLdOI.
7

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon met in March 2014 with current Russian President Vladimir
Putin in Moscow to seek for a peaceful solution to de-escalate the tensions between Russia and
Ukraine through diplomatic means.29 In spite of the concerns of President Putin regarding the
Russian minority in Ukraine, United Nations emphasized the protection and respect to human rights
of all people in the nation.30 Regional groups such as Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) have also paid much attention to and efforts in appeasing the tensions in Ukraine
with the UN, since the security in Eurasia has been drastically threatened by the intense situation on
the continent.31 During his briefing, Chairperson Didier Burkhalter of OSCE proposed to the
Security Council the establishment of an International Contact Group on Ukraine to support the
state in better implementations on international instruments for human rights, democracy, and rule
of law.32 However, there are scant chances for any parties to ameliorate the situation in Ukraine
when conflicts are spreading like fire in the country.

Statement of Problem
!
Spread of Conflicts in Eastern Ukraine
Due to the civil unrest in Kiev and the referendum of Crimea, the Province of Donetsk decided to
vote on the decision for their status in 2014.33 Donetsk Oblast is located on the very eastern part of
Ukraine and next to the border with Russian Federation. The geographic demography turned the
province into one of the centers for pro-Russia conflicts in Ukraine. The separatist groups in
Donetsk took control of the regional governmental buildings and declared the forming of Donetsk
Peoples Republic in April 2014.34 The protesters later on asked Moscow to deploy temporary
peacekeeping force to Donetsk to assist in the defense against the government in Kiev.35 Aside
from Donetsk, Luhansk, Odessa, and Kharkiv have also become focal points of anti-government
separatists while the authority in Kiev has been taken over by parties in favor of framing close
relationship with the Westerns.36 Cities are occupied with armed insurgents; roads are blocked; and
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
29

United Nations, UN News Center, In Russia, Ban Calls for Honest and Constructive Dialogue between Kyiv and
Moscow, 20 March 2014, retrieved from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47390&Kw1=UKRAINE
&Kw2=&Kw3=#.VNc-rlWUePW.
30
Ibid.
31
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, retrieved from
http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm.
32
United Nations, UN News Center, Head of European security bloc outlines areas for greater collaboration with UN,
24 February 2014, retrieved from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47213#.VNdD41WUePU.
33
Richard Galpin (2014). Ukraine Rebels Hold Referendums in Donetsk and Luhansk, BBC News, retrieved from
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27360146.
34
Vladimir Radyuhin (2014). Activists in Donetsk proclaim independence, The Hindu, retrieved from
http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/activists-in-donetsk-proclaim-independence/article5883598.ece.
35
Ibid.
36
David Stern (2014). Ukraine Elections: Pro-Western Parties Set for Voctory, BBC News, retrieved from
8

monitors sent by international organizations are captured as hostages by unrest groups in these
areas.37 In response, government in Kiev placed prohibition of entry on passengers from Russia
into eastern Ukraine. Such developments in those areas led to a further destabilisation of the
country and the region, as well as the unity of Ukraine itself.38
At the request of the Permanent Representative of Russian Federation to the United Nations, the
Security Council conducted several emergency sessions in mid 2014 with a view to alleviating the
spread of conflicts in Eastern Ukraine. Nonetheless, no vivid outcomes were produced during these
sessions.39

(Independence of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, source: BBC News Europe, 2014)

On the other hand, Russia, Ukraine, the United States of America, and the European Union gathered
in Geneva in April 2014, and reached an agreement on ceasefire, taking the area from the brink of
waging wars.40 The pact called for the disarming of unrest groups and vacating governmental
buildings and public spaces, while states in the dialogue promised to grant pardon to criminals.
Kiev also promised to hold immediate discussion for constitutional reform and devolving powers to
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29782513.
37
United Nations, Security Council, 7167th Meeting, S/PV. 7167 (2 May 2014), retrieved from
http://research.un.org/en/ukraine.
38
Ibid.
39
United Nations, Security Council, Letter dated 13 April 2014 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian
Federation to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/2014/264 (13 April 2014),
retrieved from http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2014/264.
40
Bridget Kendall (2014). Ukraine Crisis: Deal to De-escalate Agreed in Geneva, BBC News, retrieved from
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27072351.
9

regional governments.41 To ensure implementation of the agreement, OSCE is obliged to serve as

an inspector and a contributor to support the government in Kiev to prevent clashes from going
further.42 Nevertheless, what the agreement offered was only a glimmer of hope as parties have
sought to give different interpretations of what had been agreed upon.43 The collisions therefore
continued.
After the presidential election in May 2014, Petro Poroshenko took office as the incumbent
Ukrainian President.44 To tackle the instable situation, the new office along with Russia and OSCE
created the Trilateral Contact Group, aiming at facilitating dialogue between Ukraine and Russia.45
During their meeting in Donetsk in June 2014, President Poroshenko announced a peace plan for
Eastern Ukraine, and ordered ceasefire for a week starting from the 20th of June.46 The plan was
composed of fifteen clauses for achieving peace after truce, stating the safety guarantees for
participants of negotiations, amnesty of those who laid down weapons, liberation of hostages, and
decentralization of power through elections.47 The President also called for establishing a buffer
zone for ten kilometers on the border of Ukraine and Russia.48 Nonetheless, separatists were not
satisfied with the plan, appealing that Poroshenko should respond to the primary demand of
Donetsk to withdraw his troops and recognize the status of the Republic.49 The ceasefire existed in
name only, even after Poroshenko extended three days of truce.50 With the failure of the peace plan,
demonstrators assembled in Kiev to protest against extension of ceasefire, considering that
separatists have been bringing chaos and murders to their own country.51

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
41

Julia Borger, Alec Luhn (2014). Ukraine crisis: Geneva talks produce agreement on defusing conflict, The Guardian,
retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/17/ukraine -crisis-agreement-us-russia-eu.
42
Supra note 40.
43
United Nations, Security Council, 7165th Meeting, S/PV. 7165 (29 April 2014), retrieved from
http://research.un.org/en/ukraine.
44
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, Ukraine, Early
Presidential Elections 25 May 2014: Final Report, 30 June 2014, retrieved from
http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/120549.
45
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, Press
Statement by the Trilateral Contact Group, 31 July 2014, retrieved from http://www.osce.org/home /122142.
46
Press Office of President of Ukraine (2014). In Donbas, Petro Poroshenko presented the peaceful plan on the
settlement of the situation in the east of Ukraine, Press Office of President of Ukraine, retrieved from
http://www.president.gov.ua/en /news/30566.html.
47
Ibid.
48
Ibid.
49
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, Latest from the
Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received until 22 June 2014, 18:00 (Kyiv time), 23 June
2014, retrieved from http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/120113.
50
Steve Rosenberg (2014). Ukraine Crisis: President Poroshenko Extends Truce for East, BBC News, retrieved from
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28066188.
51
Ukraine Crisis: Leaders to Hold More Talks Amid Clashes, 2014 June, BBC News, retrieved from
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28079876.
10

A striking incident happened following the dissipation of the peace plan: the crash of Malaysia
Airlines flight MH-17, in which Ukraine and Russia accused each other to be responsible for the
contrived disaster on grounds that the flight was shot down by a sophisticated surface-to-air missile
in the province of Donetsk.52
The Security Council called an emergency meeting on 18th July 2014. Representative of Russian
Federation questioned on what led a Ukrainian aviation dispatcher to send a passenger flight
through an area of military clashes, and described that Russia placed all blame on the authorities in
Kiev and calls for the Ukrainian side to take decisive measures to prevent such incidents in
future.53 On the other hand, the Ukrainian government believed the accident was an act of
terrorism, since two Ukrainian jets were shot down near the same location several days prior to the
incident, with terrorist leaders claiming responsibility for those acts.54 Despite the divergent stances
in the Security Council, Member States adopted resolution 2166 unanimously.55 The resolution
emphasizes the need for full, comprehensive, and independent international inspections of the crash
site, coordinating by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) with the support of
Trilateral Contact Group, and urges all parties to cease military activities immediately to ensure the
integrity of the site and security of the inspectors.56 It was the first time that regional separatist
groups agreed to cooperate with OSCE in east Ukraine and supported the dialogue of Trilateral
Contact Group.57

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
52

United Nations, Security Council, 7219th Meeting, S/PV. 7219, 18 July 2014 , retrieved from
http://research.un.org/en/ukraine.
53
Ibid.
54
Ibid.
55
United Nations, Security Council, 7221th Meeting, S/PV. 7221 (21 July 2014), retrieved from
http://research.un.org/en/ukraine.
56
United Nations, Security Council, Malaysian Airlines Flight MH-17, S/RES/2166 (21 November 2014), retrieved
from http://research.un.org/en/ukraine.
57
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, Press
Statement by the Trilateral Contact Group, 18 July 2014, retrieved from http://www.osce.org/home/121390.
11

(Crash site of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH-17, source: BBC News Europe, 2014)

Concerns for Human Rights

Much attention should be paid to the deteriorated situation of human rights of civilians in conflicts.
According to the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights in the United Nations, Ivan
imonovic, who had ordered immediate deployment of a UN monitoring team in mid March 2014
to investigate violations of human rights and to prevent the spread of fear in the country via any
means, there has been no rule of law in the regions controlled by paramilitary forces.58 Human
rights cannot be protected and guaranteed; information is blocked or twisted; and insecurity has
been dominating the minds of Ukrainian populations due to the unpredictable future and lack of
protection.59 Activists and journalists are very likely to be stopped, detained, interrogated, or
beaten by the special police force at checkpoints.60 Arbitrary arrest, torture, and poor medical
treatment are also common kinds of human rights violations performed by many other
unidentifiable armed troops.61 Eight observers of OSCE were even held in captivity since late May
2014 in Donbass area until the short ceasefire in June.62 The personal security of Ukrainian
officials in local governments is very much likely to be threatened and put in danger as well.
Referring to the second report of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission based in Ukraine,
criminality such as abducting official members of electoral commissions carries extremely negative
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
58

United Nations, UN News Center, Ukraine: UN deploys human rights monitors amid troubling signs in east, Crimea,
14 March 2014, retrieved from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=4735 5#.VNdGe1WUePU.
59
Ibid.
60
Ibid.
61
Ibid.
62
United Nations, Security Council, 7205th Meeting, S/PV. 7205 (24 June 2014), retrieved from
http://research.un.org/en/ukraine
12

impacts on the organization of elections in eastern and southern regions.63 In addition, refugees
trying to leave areas under control of anti-governmental military forces had turned into targets of
military operations, especially in Luhansk region.64 The longer the tensions remain, the more such
tragic incidents may occur, making ceasefire and finding peaceful solution an urgent task for all
Member States of the United Nations at this moment.

Past Actions
Minsk Protocol
The informal representatives of Donetsk and Luhansk Peoples Republic took part in the fifth round
of peace talks between Ukraine, Russia and the OSCE in Minsk, and later signed a peace accord in
September 2014, known as the Minsk Protocol.65 The Protocol greatly resembles with the peace
plan of Ukrainian President Porosheko but contains only twelve clauses, including decentralization
of power, amnesty of individuals involved in events happened in Donetsk and Luhansk area, and
recognition for the local government provisional arrangements in Donetsk and Luhansk.66 Parties
also agreed to set up security zones in the border of Russia and Ukraine, under permanent
monitoring of the OSCE.67 Minsk Protocol brought ceasefire between all sides concerned, and
banned any unilateral or bilateral offensive operations, especially in security zones.68
However, the ceasefire agreement was again violated by both parties in Ukraine, and the protocol
was practically signed in vain. On 2nd November 2014, rebels in Donetsk and Luhansk conducted
elections for the Republic, and declared themselves as de facto independent from Ukraine,
threatening to expand territory under their control.69 A full mobilization, including the creation of
local armies and security forces, was also announced.70 Kiev condemned the elections as being
outside the framework of the Ukrainian Constitution and laws as well as breaking the Minsk
Protocol.71 President Poroshenko asked the Parliament to abolish the articles, which are meant to
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
63

United Nations, UN News Center, Ukraine: UN Official cites worsening human rights situation in southern, eastern
regions, 21 May 2014, retrieved from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?News ID=47855#.VNdG0lWUePU.
64
United Nations, UN News Center, Ban deeply disturbed by reported attack on refugee convoy in eastern Ukraine,
18 August 2014, retrieved from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48509#.VN dHE1WUePU.
65
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Protocol on the results of consultations of the Trilateral
Contact Group, signed in Minsk, 5 September2014, retrieved from http://www.osce.org/home/ 123257.
66
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Protocol on the results of consultations of the Trilateral
Contact Group, signed in Minsk, 5 September2014, retrieved from http://www.osce.org/home/ 123257.
67
Ibid.
68
Ibid.
69
United Nations, UN News Center, Ukraine: Ban Deplores Planned Holding of November Elections by Rebel
Groups, 29 October 2014, retrieved from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID =49195#.VQWkZIHLdOI.
70
Ibid.
71
United Nations, Security Council, 7311th Meeting, S/PV. 7311 (12 November 2014), retrieved from
http://research.un.org/en/ukraine.
13

provide years of autonomy for Donetsk and Luhansk, and halted economic subsidies offered to
separatists.72 In January 2015, the separatists claimed that they will no more have further talks
regarding ceasefire, and were absent in the latest round of the Trilateral Contact Group.73 With the
evaporation of efforts put in Minsk Protocol, there are chances for return of full-scale conflicts,
enhancing the amount of casualties and increasing hostilities.
Minsk Protocol II
Concerning the collapse of Minsk Protocol signed in September 2014, leaders of the European
Union, particularly Federal Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel, and President of France,
Francois Hollande, facilitated dialogues between Ukraine, Russia, and representatives of separatist
groups in Minsk in February 2015.74 Outcome of the meeting was an agreement known as the
Minsk Protocol II, which comprises Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk
Agreements and a declaration of political leaders to support the package to be carried out.75 The
document requires ceasefire right after the adoption of the agreement, graduate withdrawal of heavy
weapons from troops of Ukrainian government, Russia, and separatists, ensuring pardon and
amnesty of persons in connection with conflicts, releasing hostages, and reinstatement of full
control of state border by the government of Ukraine.76 Furthermore, the Package demands the
creation of working groups by OSCE to monitor the fulfillment of all articles agreed upon, and
urges the framing of buffer zone between Ukrainian governmental troops and rebel groups.77 In
response to the new protocol, the Security Council called a meeting in 17th February 2015, and
passed resolution 2202 in support of the new peace document.78

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
72

David Stern (2014), Ukraine Crisis: President Poroshenkos Threat after Rebel Polls, BBC News, retrieved from
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29891556.
73
Karoun Demirjian, (2015), Pro-Moscow Rebel Faction Snubs Further Cease-fire Talks in Tense Eastern Ukraine, the
Washington Post, retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/
pro-moscow-rebel-faction-snubs-further-cease-fire-talks-in-tense-eastern-ukraine/2015/01/23/224f30c3-2d91-4d6e-b8d
f-fce448a7ce40_story.html.
74
Ukraine Ceasefire: The 12-Piont Plan, 2015 February, BBC News, retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/
news/world-europe-29162903.
75
United Nations, Security Council, Resolution 2202, S/RES/2202 (17 February 2015), retrieved from http://research.
un.org/en/Ukraine.
76
Ukraine Ceasefire: The 12-Piont Plan, 2015 February, BBC News, retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/
news/world-europe-29162903.
77
Ibid.
78
Supra note 76.
14

(Buffer zone in Minsk Protocol II, source: Ukraine National Security & Defense Council)

However, rebel groups in Donetsk and Luhansk regions approached to Debaltseve, and captured the
city after putting their signatures on the Minsk Protocol II, claiming that Debaltseve was not
incorporated into the areas for security zone.79 As skirmishes and conflicts continue to cause
casualties in several parts of the country, the Ukrainian government has already called for sending
peacekeeping troops of the United Nations to ensure the implementation of the peace accord.80

Possible Solutions
!
Dilemma
Given from the implementation of previous agreements signed, Member States cast doubt on
whether the new pack of Minsk Protocol II could be fully fulfilled and obeyed by conflict parties.
Even though Ukrainian and Russian governments agreed to withdraw weapons and troops deployed,
there still remain difficulties for the world to tell if long-lasting peace could take place in Ukraine.
How to effectively implement the Protocol, therefore, has become a question that the Security
Council as well as the government of Ukraine and Russian Federation must urgently answer in
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
79

Anton Zverev (2015), Battle rages for town where Ukraine rebels reject ceasefire, Reuters, retrieved from
http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/16/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSKBN0LK13K20150216.
80
United Nations, Security Council, 7395th Meeting, S/PV. 7395 (27 February 2015), retrieved from
http://research.un.org/en/ukraine.
15

order to prevent further violations of human rights and infringement of the sovereignty and
territorial integrity.
Questions Must be Answered
Several questions that the Security Council shall discuss in the sessions are:
A.

How to effectively implement the new Minsk Protocol II signed in February 2015 to
achieve longstanding ceasefire and peace?

B.

What are the peaceful solutions for the greater autonomous status of Donetsk and Luhansk
regions? How to maintain the integrity of sovereignty and territory of Ukraine, while
preventing tensions from escalating?

C.

How to address issues of human rights especially in Eastern Ukraine? Should protection of
human rights be put into any peace accords agreed by all parties concerned?

D.

How shall the Security Council respond to the human rights and humanitarian violations
found by the reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine? And how to
ensure safety of humanitarian personnel in rebel controlled areas during missions?

E.

In what conditions should Western sanctions imposed on Russia and east Ukraine be
lifted?

16

Topic II: Terrorism and Transnational Organised

Crime in Africa
Background
Terrorism in Africa
In recent years, widespread terrorist activities pose a great challenge and threat to the international
peace and security, especially in some parts of Africa and Middle East. However, due to the
transnational nature of the terrorist acts, no area of the world is immune from its proliferation, and
no single state is able to tackle the spread of terrorism independently. Over past 2 years, terrorist
incidents have been reported in some 40 UN Member States, and the deaths and injuries have
continued to mount. 81 The coordinated international cooperation is therefore of profound
importance to address the challenge.
Political turbulence, social tensions, economic inequality and sectarian or ethnic conflicts all could
be the roots of terrorism.82 African states are especially vulnerable to the threats of extremism and
terrorism because of their loosely controlled borders and political instability. The lack of good
governance and religious tensions, coupled with loose borders and weapons control, provide the
opportunistic terrorists with environment to operate and grow. Terrorist groups, including but not
limited to Al-Qaida in Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Boko Haram, Ansar Eddine, and other Al-Qaida
affiliates, constitute a formidable threat to the security and stability in the region, resulting in loss of
civilian lives and properties as well as undermining states authority and governance capacity.
Furthermore, terrorist activities frustrate the efforts made to promote social and economic
development.83 Mali, Libya, Somalia, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Algeria, Kenya and their
neighbouring countries, where Islamic extremists and Al-Qaida affiliates exploit the fragile political
and security climate to conduct operations, are all victims of such threats.84

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
81

United Nations, General Assembly, Activities of the United Nations system in implementing the United Nations
Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: report of the Secretary-General, A/68/841.
82
Ibid.
83
Ibid.
84
Ibid.
17

African States affected by terrorist activities (source: http://www.nctc.gov/site/map/)

Role in the Issue

The role of the United Nations system
In response to the threat to the regional peace and stability driven by terrorist groups, the United
Nations has long devoted itself to counter terrorism and provide humanitarian assistance. The
General Assembly and the Security Council are two main UN organs dealing with this issue.
Currently, the international legal framework on counter-terrorism comprises 18 international
instruments, each of which relates to a specific terrorist activity. 85 Acknowledging that the
terrorism would not be defeated by separated actions, and collective actions and comprehensive
measures are necessary, the UN General Assembly adopted the United Nations Global
Counter-Terrorism Strategy in 2006 as a new phase of UN efforts to counter terrorism.86
Aside from direct military or police responses, Member States has further moved to address the
conditions and environments that facilitate the operation of terrorists. Transnational organised crime
is believed as a major financial source for those militant groups, by which they can raise fund,
recruit new members and obtain weapons. Since 2000, the linkage of transnational organised crime
and terrorism has been put on the Councils counter-terrorism agenda.87

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
85
86
87

United Nations, United Nations Action to Counter Terrorism. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/terrorism/.
United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution 288, A/RES/60/288, (20 September 2006).
United Nations, Security Council, Resolution 1373, S/RES/1373, (28 September 2001).!
18

The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy

In 2006, the General Assembly unanimously adopted resolution 60/288 The United Nations Global
Counter Terrorism Strategy. Established with a view to promoting comprehensive and coordinated
responses at all levels to counter terrorism, the Strategy is composed of four pillars: (a) measures to
address the conditions conductive to the spread of terrorism, (b) measures to prevent and combat
terrorism, (c) measures to build States capacity to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen
the role of the United Nations system in this regard, and (d) measures to ensure respect for human
rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism.88 To follow
up the implementation of the Strategy, the General Assembly requests review report every two
years to examine progress made by the UN system on countering terrorism worldwide.89 In the
Strategy and its reviews, Member States repeatedly expressed their concern on the conditions and
factors that propel the extremism and terrorism.90 In addition, they noticed that military actions,
law enforcement measures and intelligence operations alone are insufficient to combat extremism
and terrorism.91
Provided by two of the four pillars of the Strategy, the international society must address those
conditions conductive to the spread of terrorism in order to defeat it. The crimes related to terrorism
therefore were regarded as important issues that have to be dealt with. The Strategy suggests that
the international cooperation and coordination shall be strengthened in the regard, especially on
border and custom controls as well as information and intelligence sharing. Furthermore, the
Strategy underscores that realization of sustainable economic and social development supported by
rule of law and good governance would be an effective way to curb the spread of terrorism.92
In order to ensure the coherence of UN actions against terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism
Implementation Task Force (CTITF) was established in 2005.

93

Operating under the

Secretary-General and the Department of Political Affairs, the CTITF, with its UN
Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT), entities and working groups, is the main UN body to
coordinate and oversee the implementation of the measures stipulated in the UN Global
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
88!
89

Supra note 87.

Ibid. See also United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution 282, A/RES/66/282, (29 June 2012). United Nations,
General Assembly, Resolution 276, A/RES/68/276, (13 June 2014).
90
Ibid.
91
Ibid.
92
Supra note 86, 87, 89. See also United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution 62/272, A/RES/62/272, The United
Nations Global Terrorism Strategy (15 September 2008). United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution 64/297,
A/RES/64/297, The United Nations Global Counter Terrorism Strategy (13 October 2010).
93
United Nations, Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force, retrieved from
http://www.un.org/en/terrorism/ctitf/index.shtml.
19

Counter-Terrorism Strategy.94 The CTITF works jointly with different regional entities, including
those in central, eastern and southern Africa, to help develop regional coordinated strategies with an
aim at preventing and countering terrorist acts in those regions. 95 Specifically, they work
extensively with states to implement counter terrorism measures, including bolstering border
management and combating money laundering.96
Various UN agencies took actions in compliance with the first pillar of the United Nations Global
Counter Terrorism Strategy. In Mali, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) integrates and strengthens the safeguarding of cultural heritages in the
region.97 Additionally, the UNESCO cooperates with African Development Bank and the Economy
Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to develop educational tools for the promotion of
human rights, peace and democracy, and also assists in improving local educational materials and
resources.98 The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports the reform of national
and local community security sectors as well as conflict prevention efforts.

99

The

Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTCED) under the Security Council has
hosted regional workshops for government, civil society and regional international organisations
representatives to discuss effective strategies for prohibiting and countering incitement.100
Money Laundering and illegal trafficking of drugs are main financial sources for terrorists.101 In
this regard, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive
Directorate (CTCED), the Al-Qaida Committee and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC) have made many efforts, including providing capacity development advice on
anti-money laundering to several African governments and organising or joining African regional
workshops on freezing terrorist assets, combating money-laundering and the financing of
terrorism.102 In addition to addressing the financing of terrorist groups, the UNODC provides a
comprehensive response to terrorism, including crime prevention, drug control, combating
measures on transnational organised crime and corruption as well as other related international
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
94

Ibid. See also United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution 64/235, A/RES/64/235 (14 January 2010).
United Nations, Security Council, Report of Secretary-General on the work of the United Nations to help States and
subregional and regional entities in Africa in fighting terrorism, S/2014/9 (9 January 2014).
96
United Nations, Security Council, Letter dated 4 December 2014 from the Permanent Representative of Chad to the
United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, S/2014/869 (4 December 2014).
97
Supra note 95.
98
Ibid.
99
Ibid.
100
United Nations, General Assembly, Activities of the United Nations system in implementing the United Nations
Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: report of the Secretary-General, A/68/841.
101
Ibid.
102
Ibid.
20
95

cooperation.103 The World Bank also assists Member States in North and sub-Saharan Africa in
enacting laws and regulations in line with the relevant international standards.
Aside from UN initiatives, the UN is in close cooperation with its partnered organisations to deal
with relevant issues. The World Custom Organization, for instance, works with North and West
African and Sahel countries to improve their border control and management with assistance from
the UN.104 The International Maritime Organization assists the Government of Somalia and the
regional authorities of Somaliland, Puntland and Galmudug in sustaining offshore maritime security
and the implementation of UN Convention on Law of the Sea.105
The role of the Security Council
Counter-terrorism has been an important issue within the Security Council since 1990s. In 2012,
under the presidency of Togo, the Security Council adopted a presidential statement concerning the
negative impacts of the transnational organised crime on security and stability in Africa. 106
Through the presidential statement, the Security Council expressed concern about the serious threat
posed by terrorism and its increasing links with transnational organised crime and drug
trafficking.107 Recently, building on the attention raised by African states, on 19 December 2014,
the Security Council adopted resolution 2195, calling for international and regional cooperation on
capacity-building in the regard, and requesting the Secretary-General to submit reports to the
Council on efforts of UN entities to address the problem of terrorists benefiting from transnational
organised crime.108 In addition, through the resolution, the Security Council expressed concerns
that terrorists benefiting from transnational organised crime in some regions may contribute to
undermining affected States, and complicating conflict prevention and resolution efforts.109
Thus far, the Council has established the Al-Qaida Sanction Committee, the Counter-Terrorism
Committee (CTC) and the 1540 Committee to execute the measures to counter terrorism stipulated
in its resolutions.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
103

Ibid.
Ibid.
105
Ibid.
106
United Nations, Security Council, Statement by the President of the Security Council, S/PRST/2012/2 (21 February
2012).
107
Ibid.
108
United Nations, Security Council, Resolution 2195, S/RES/2195 (19 December 2014).
109
Ibid.
21
104

A. Al-Qaida Sanction Committee

With the adoption of resolution 1267 in 1999, the Security Council established the Al-Qaida
Sanction Committee for the purpose of overseeing the implementation of sanctions imposed on
Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.110 The resolution requests Member States to conduct sanctions in
order to prevent individuals or entities on the list from acquiring weapons and recruiting new
members.111 In addition to overseeing the implementation of sanctions, the Committee also is in
charge of revising the Sanction List. Any state may submit requests calling for adding to or deleting
individual or entity from the list, and the Committee shall consider those submissions.112 In 2011,
the Security Council decided to split the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanction Regime as resolution 1989
stipulates that the Al-Qaida Sanction List established pursuant to resolution 1267 would only
remain those names of individuals and groups associated with Al-Qaida.113
B. Counter-Terrorism Committee
The Security Council resolution 1373 established the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC),
whose responsibility is to bolster the ability of Member States to prevent terrorist acts.114 The
Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTCED) is the institution undertaking the
decisions of the Committee, conducting expert assessments of each Member States and facilitating
counter-terrorism technical assistance to countries. The CTC is guided by Security Council
resolutions 1373 and 1624, which regard the criminalisation of financing terrorist groups, denying
safe haven for terrorists and sharing information among governments on any groups planning or
practicing terrorist acts as main measures combating terrorism.115 Through country visit, technical
assistance, country reports, best practice and special meetings, the CTC and CTCED work to ensure
the implementation of counter-terrorism measures in Member States.116
C. 1540 Committee
On 28 April 2004, the Security Council unanimously adopted the resolution 1540 which obligates
Member States to adopt legislations and measures to refrain non-state actors from developing,
acquiring, manufacturing, possessing, transporting, transferring or using Weapons of Mass
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
110

United Nations, Security Council, Resolution 1267, S/RES/1267 (15 October 1999).
United Nations, Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning
Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities, retrieved from:
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/information.shtml.
112
Ibid.
113
United Nations, Security Council, Resolution 1989, S/RES/1989 (17 June 2011).
114
Supra note 87.
115
United Nations, Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee, retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/.
116
Ibid.
22
111

Destruction (WMD) such as nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and their deliver systems.117
The Committee cooperates with international, regional and sub-regional organisations, and acts as a
clearinghouse to match offers and request States to implement the resolution.118 On 20 April 2011,
the resolution 1977 adopted by the Security Council affirms that the proliferation of WMD remains
as a threat to international peace and security due to its close tie to terrorist groups. The mandate of
the 1540 Committee is therefore been extended for a period of ten years to 2021.119

Statement of Problem
While there is no explicit definition for transnational organised crime, the UN Convention against
Transnational Organised Crime (2000) defines the organised criminal group as a structured
group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of
committing one or more serious crimes or offences established in accordance with the Convention,
in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit.120 Transnational
organised crime, such as trafficking of persons, drugs, illicit arms and weapons, illicit trade in
natural resources, kidnapping for ransom and extortion, bank robbery, money laundering, maritime
piracy and other crimes, benefits and facilitates actions and activities of terrorist groups. 121
Through transnational organised crime, terrorist groups are able to attain the resources, funding,
weapons and other material demands.122 Such linkage has exacerbated conflicts in affected regions
and has eroded the foundation of sustainable and socio-economic development, complicating the
efforts to realise peace and stability in Africa.123
Transnational organised crimes in which terrorist groups often engage
A. Illicit drug trafficking
Africa has been a transit region for illicit drug trafficking: illicit drugs are transported mainly from
Latin American through West Africa to the ultimate destinations in Europe by means of aircrafts or
maritime trafficking.124 Western African opportunistic terrorist groups therefore are able to earn
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
117

United Nations, Security Council, Resolution 1540, S/RES/1540 (28 April 2004).
United Nations, Comparative Table Regarding the United Nations Security Committees Pursuant to Resolution
1267 (1999) & 1989 (2011), 1373 (2001), 1540 (2004), retrieved from:
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/pdf/comparative_table.pdf.
119
United Nations, Security Council, Resolution 1977, S/RES/1977 (20 April 2011).
120
United Nations, The UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, (15 November 2000).
121
Supra note 108.
122
Ibid.
123
Ibid.
124
United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on transnational organized crime and illicit drug
23
118

profit from their logistic service in smuggling. The flow of pure cocaine to European market
generated more than $1 billion revenue in 2010.125 In the same year, around 1.5 metric tons of
methamphetamine had been transported from West Africa to East Asia, generating revenues of
more or less $90 million.126 Heroin, originated from the South-West Asia and destined for Europe
had also been detected in transit West African countries, particularly in Ghana and Nigeria.127
B. Human Trafficking
Organised criminal syndicates are notorious for their human trafficking network. The economic
stagnation in Africa fosters the smuggling of migrant, especially from North West Africa to
Europe.128 In recent years, some 5,000 African women have been subjected of human trafficking
towards Europe for sexual exploitation purpose. 129 Moreover, since women are especially
vulnerable to those crimes when the number of refugees and internally displaced persons
accelerates, constant armed conflicts in the region deteriorate the situation.130 An emerging trend in
recent years is the use of Africa as a transit hub for Asian migrants travelling to Europe or North
America.131
C. Illicit trade and smuggling of weapons and ammunition
The issue of illicit trade is especially serious in northern Africa. In the wake of collapse of
al-Gadhafis regime, former fighters and arms dealers took advantage of the porous nature of south
Libyan border to smuggle weaponries and ammunition into Sahel region.132 It is suggested that
terrorist groups, including AQIM, Ansar Eddine and MUJAO, may purchase and obtain these
weapons, complicating the security situation in Sahel-Sahara region, particularly in Mali and
Niger.133 With sufficient weaponry, insurgent groups in northern Mali were able to control the
region and fought against the Malian governmental army.134

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
trafficking in West Africa and the Sahel region. S/2013/359 (17 June 2013).
125
Ibid.
126
Ibid.
127
Ibid.
128
Ibid.
129
Ibid.
130
Ibid.
131
Ibid.
132
Mark S. and Fiona M. (2014). Illict Trafficking and Libyas Transition: Profits and Losses. Retrieved from United
States Institute of Pease, http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW96-Illicit-Trafficking-and-Libyas-Transition.pdf
133
Ibid.
134
Ibid.
24

D. Kidnapping and hostage taking for ransom

Kidnapping and hostage taking for ransom or extortion have become instruments for terrorist
organisations to acquire money and funds. AQIM, MUJAO and Boko Haram all implement
strategies of abduction as one of its financial sources.135 Aids workers, mining and oil companies
employees, tourists and other Western citizens are all potential targets or victims of the kidnapping
activities.136 On 23 October 2011, the MUJAO kidnapped three European aid workers in the
Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf, Alegria.137 In April 2012, the group was also responsible for
the kidnaping seven Algerian diplomats at their consulate in Gao, and one Portuguese in December
of the same year in northern Mali.138 It is estimated that kidnaping activities generated a profit
around $200 million for its perpetrators.139
Strategic impacts of interaction of terrorism and transnational organised crime
!
The discussion within the Security Council has focused on operational level of the linkage between
terrorism and transnational organised crime. Yet, this overlooks the strategic level impacts of such
linkage. Transnational organised crime increases the strategic space for terrorist groups to operate
in three ways: (a) Transnational organised crime and weak border controls weakens state authority;
(b) Transnational organised crime weakens states capabilities, including military and police
capabilities; (c) Transnational organised crime facilitates terrorist organisations, making terrorist
groups more formidable rivals to states.140
A. Transnational organised crime and weak border controls can weaken State authority.
Due to the failure of governmental control on cross-border criminal activities, the population in the
region is exposed to intimidation and violence from international bandits, mercenaries and terrorist
groups. 141 Furthermore, terrorist groups take advantage of drug trafficking, smuggling and
kidnapping for ransom to finance and underpin their expansion to surrounding areas of their
original bases.142 For example, al-Shabaab extended its operational range into Kenya, and the
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
135

Ibid.
Carlos E. J. (2013). Kidnapping as a Terrorist Instrument of AQIM and MUJAO. Retrieved from Paix et scurit
internationales:
http://www.academia.edu/5996080/KIDNAPPINGS_AS_A_TERRORIST_INSTRUMENT_OF_AQIM_AND_THE_
MUJAO
137
Supra note 108.
138
Supra note 124.
139
Ibid.
140
Supra note 96.
141
Ibid.
142
Ibid.
25
136

AQIM moved from North Africa into Sahel. Moreover, in 2014, Boko Haram, staged a cross-border
raid into Cameroon that led to the kidnapping of the wife of the Deputy Prime Minister, Amadou
Ali.143 Over time, the incapability of African states to provide safety and stability within its own
territories resulted in the decreased allegiance of their population to the states. The diminished
support further created spaces for alternative entities to provide public service and subsequently
control some parts of the territory.144
B. Transnational organised crime weakens states capabilities, including military and police
capabilities.
Cross-border criminal offenders, with their profits generated from their illicit trade, often bribe state
security officials, undermining the effectiveness of state security institution and military
discipline.145 For instance, Malian officials compliancy with illicit drug traffickers has emerged as
an obstacle for regional cooperation and has undermined the capabilities of Malian Army, reducing
its effectiveness to tackle the rise of AQIM.146 Similarly, in Libya, after the fall of Qaddafi, illicit
markets and cross-border smuggling have weakened central governments authority due to the fact
that armed groups perpetrating them are harming the consolidation of statehood which is critical in
the post-conflict transition period.147
C. Transnational organised crime facilitates terrorist organisations, making terrorist groups
more formidable rivals to States.
Participating in criminal activities enables terrorist organisations throughout Africa to easily acquire
weapons, cash and resources. Terrorist groups and other non-state armed groups therefore become
viable rivals to the states as providers of livelihoods and protection.148 In Somalia, Al-Shabaab
profits greatly from its illicit cross-border charcoal trade, which at one point generated revenues of
over $25 million a year.149 In fact, Al-Shabaab has become a market governance role, collecting tax
and tribute from other traders.150 While in Mali and Libya, following the collapse of Qaddafi
regime and the ineffective border control, cross-border smuggling and trafficking of drugs and
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
143

Ibid.
Ibid.
145
Ibid.
146
Wolfram L. (2012). Organized crime and conflict in the Sahel-Sahara region. Retrieved from Carneigie Endowment
for International Peace:
http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/13/organized-crime-and-conflict-in-sahel-sahara-region.
147
Supra note 132.
148
Supra note 96.
149
United Nations, Security Council, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security
Council 2002 (2011), S/2012/544 (13 July 2012).
150
Ibid.
26
144

weapons have become a catalyst for conflicts, which even has contributed to the expansion of
conflicts.151
The linkage of terrorism and transnational organised crime complicates conflict prevention and
resolution.
The intersection of transnational organised crime and terrorism eventually leads to the difficulty to
reaslise the effective conflict prevention and efforts for four reasons.152 First of all, it increases the
risk of conflict relapse: research suggests that rebel groups, terrorist groups and other non-state
armed groups with access to illicit markets may have less incentive to leave the conflicts or accept a
political settlement, since the conflicts are in many cases beneficial and profitable.153 Besides,
those conflicts may last longer if the participating groups have the opportunity to exploit conflict
resources.154 For another reason, the participation in criminal activities may lead to internal split of
rebel groups, complicating the peaceful process or external mediation. New fronts may also emerge
if branch entities acquire sufficient resources to operate on their own, and have the chance to
practice its own objectives.155 This situation further increases the risk of cross-border conflicts
spillover and internationalisation of civil wars.156 The Malian conflict which is the result of
cross-border arms trafficking resulting from the Libyan conflict is a prominent case in this
regard.157 Finally, when neighbouring countries attempt to deal with transnational organised crime,
they would inevitably confront with terrorist groups, who operate those criminal activities, resulting
in the outbreak of larger conflict.158 For instance, Kenya was drawn into a conflict after raids
launched by Somalia-based Al-Shabaab.159 Similarly, Mauritanias response to the attacks from
Malian terrorist group, AQIM, turned out to expand the conflict zone.160

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
151

Supra note 96. See also supra note 131.

Supra note 96.
153
Ibid. See also James C. (2013). Strengthening mediation to deal with criminal agendas. Retrieved from Centre for
Humanitarian Dialogue www.hdcentre.org/uploads/tx_news/Strengthening-mediation-to-deal-with
-criminal-agendas.pdt.
154
Supra note 96. See also James D. F. (2004). Why do some civil wars last so much longer than others? Journal of
Peace Research, vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 275-301.
155
Supra note 96. United Nations Security Council, Fourth report of the Analytical Support and Sanction Monitoring
Team, S/2014/402 (10 June 2014).
156
Supra note 96.
157
Ibid.
158
Ibid.
159
Ibid.
160
Supra note 96.
27
152

In addition, the safety and security of civilian and UN mission personnel are under the threat posed
by the intersection of transnational organised crime and terrorism. Due to the fact that the profitable
transnational organised crime enables terrorist groups to independently acquire resources and
income regardless of their social base, civilian become more likely to be targets of attacks. Given
the longstanding hostility of terrorist groups to the United Nations, mission personnel are facing
risk of being attacked.161 Besides, since they have less incentive to appeal support from local
community, armed groups tend to be more brutal in their attacking methods.162

Case Study
In recent years, Al-Qaida in Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), by cooperating with its associated groups,
has taken advantage of weak state control and internal instability to takeover the northern territory
of Mali.163 Fearing that the region would become a safe haven for AQIM and other terrorist groups,
the international society focused on operational-level assistance and made efforts to enhance the
capabilities of local security sectors through providing technical support and launching military
missions.164 However, the international society did not perceive the fact that many terrorist groups
are also the conductors of criminal network in the region, and rather overlooked the strategic level
of the question: how terrorist groups acquire resources for operation through transnational
organised crime, and the subsequent negative impacts resulted from such intersection. The
involvement of AQIM in criminal activities enables the group to maintain its power and operation.
Furthermore, Sahel governments complicity with organised crime is another main factor that
allows AQIM to grow and effectively control the northern Mali.165
The kidnapping for ransom has been a lucrative measure for AQIM and its associated entities. Since
2007, the AQIM has carried out a series of kidnaping for ransom across the region, including
southern Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania and northern Mali.166 It is estimated that the income from
kidnaping is between $40 million and $65 million.167 By April 2012, 42 foreign nationals had been
abducted, among whom, 24 were released, 5 were killed and the rest were being held as hostage
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
161

Ibid.
Ibid. Karen B. (2013) Conclusion, in The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance.
(Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 2013), p.270.
163
Supra note 146.
164
Supra note 96
165
Jean-Pierre F. (2009). Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Algerian Challenge or Global Threat? Retrieved from
http://carnegieendowment.org/files/al-qaeda_islamic_maghreb.pdf.
166
Supra note 146.
167
Ibid.
28
162

until the end of August 2012. 168 The perpetrators especially target those nationals whose
government would be willing to negotiate for ransom.169
Additionally, organised crime related to drug trafficking might be a major factor of outbreak of the
conflict in northern Mali for the reason that governments complicity with drug trafficking eroded
the rule of law, the state authorities and security institutions.170 For instance, the former Malian
leadership tried to use organised crime as a resource for the exercise of influence in north by
allowing its local allies to engage in criminal activities, while leading to the lost of control of
northern territory eventually.171
The AQIM obtains their weaponry mainly through weapon smuggling. In the aftermath of the crisis
of Libya, because of loose border control and weak state authority, large inflow of weapons and
ammunition from the Libyan arsenal was smuggled into the Sahel region and enhanced the military
power of insurgent groups in northern Mali.172
The AQIM is a prominent case showing how a terrorist group exploits weak state structure and
porous border to exercise transnational organised crime. Through engagement in transnational
organised crime, the group strengthened their capability to control their occupying territory and
fought against governmental military force. The collusion and corruption between Malian state
officials and smugglers further weakened state capabilities to combat terrorist groups. To counter
terrorism in northern Africa, addressing the linkage of the AQIM and its criminal activities is
imperative.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
168
169
170
171
172

Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Supra note 124.
29

Possible Solutions
!
Possible solutions
The issue of the intersection of transnational organised crime and terrorism is rather complicated;
therefore, the Security Council must consider multidimensional measures and resolutions on both
operational and strategic level. In addition, with the view to reducing the strategic space that
transnational organised crime affords terrorist groups, it is necessary for the Security Council to
initiate a strategic review to consider comprehensive and robust measures to address the intersection
of transnational organised crime and terrorism in Africa, as well as its negative impacts on conflict
prevention efforts.
The Security Council shall review and consider the role of its subsidiary bodies as well as current
conflict prevention efforts in supporting African states to tackle the transnational organised crime in
the context of the UN counter-terrorism strategy, and contain the assessment of transnational
organised crime into its missions and conflict resolution efforts. In addition, since the porous nature
of borders is one of the factors that allows the growth of trafficking and smuggling, the Security
Council shall consider concrete measures to improve border management among African states,
especially where terrorist groups are operating. Moreover, the Security Council may adopt
measures to assist governments in addressing the collusion structure between state officials and
traffickers, enhancing the capabilities of government to counter terrorism and fully control its
territory and investigating the identities and activities of those groups or individuals involved in
transnational organised crime with the possibility of imposing punitive and targeted sanctions.173
Finally, the Council is recommended to consider options for strengthening the Councils use of
different tools to reduce the negative impacts of terrorist involvement in transnational organised
crime.174

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
173

United Nations, Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali, S/2013/189 (26 May
2013).
174
Supra note 96.
30

Questions must be answered

A. What measures shall be adopted by the Security Council to address the linkage of terrorism and
transnational organised crime, and to reduce the negative impacts produced by such linkage?
B. What adjustments shall be made to current efforts and missions operated by the subsidiary
entities of the Security Council to tackle the intersection of transnational organised crime and
terrorism?
C. How to tackle the problem of porous nature of borders of African states and the very lucrative
synergies between terrorism and transnational organised crime?
D. How to address political and social grievances for stopping collusion and corruption of state
authorities between traffickers and state officials?
E. How the actions of the Security Council can be better integrated into the UN Global Counter
Terrorism Strategy in order to tackle the connection between terrorism and transnational
organised crime?

31

RULES OF PROCEDURE
OF THE

SECURITY COUNCIL

TAIPEI MODEL UNITED NATIONS

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 36
I. SESSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 37
RULE 1.1

DATES OF CONVENING AND ADJOURNMENT .................................................. 37

RULE 1.2

PLACE OF SESSIONS .............................................................................................. 37

II. AGENDA ..................................................................................................................................... 37

RULE 2.1

PROVISIONAL AGENDA ......................................................................................... 37

RULE 2.2

ORDER OF AGENDA .............................................................................................. 37

III. SECRETARIAT ........................................................................................................................ 37

RULE 3.1

DUTIES OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ............................................................. 37

RULE 3.2

DUTIES OF THE SECRETARIAT ............................................................................ 38

RULE 3.3

STATEMENTS BY THE SECRETARIAT .................................................................. 38

RULE 3.4

THE RULES COMMITTEE ...................................................................................... 38

RULE 3.5

SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ......................................................................................... 38

IV. LANGUAGE .............................................................................................................................. 38

RULE 4.1

OFFICIAL AND WORKING LANGUAGE ............................................................... 38

RULE 4.2

INTERPRETATION (ORAL) OR TRANSLATION (WRITTEN)................................ 38

V. GENERAL RULES..................................................................................................................... 38
RULE 5.1

DIPLOMATIC COURTESY ...................................................................................... 38

RULE 5.2

DELEGATION COMPOSITION............................................................................... 39

RULE 5.3

DRESS CODE ........................................................................................................... 39

RULE 5.4

OBSERVER STATUS ................................................................................................ 39

VI. CONDUCT OF BUSINESS ...................................................................................................... 39

RULE 6.1

QUORUM ................................................................................................................. 39

RULE 6.2

GENERAL POWERS OF THE CHAIRPERSON ...................................................... 39

RULE 6.3

AUTHORITY OF THE COMMITTEE ...................................................................... 40

RULE 6.4

VOTING RIGHTS ON PROCEDURAL MATTERS .................................................. 40

RULE 6.5

ROLL-CALL .............................................................................................................. 40

33

POINTS ............................................................................................................................................. 40
RULE 6.6

POINTS OF ORDER ................................................................................................. 40

RULE 6.7

POINTS OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE ...................................................... 40

RULE 6.8

POINTS OF PERSONAL PRIVILEGE ..................................................................... 40

RULE 6.9

POINTS OF INQUIRY .............................................................................................. 41

RULE 6.10

YIELDS...................................................................................................................... 41

RULES GOVERNING SPEECHES .............................................................................................. 41

RULE 6.11

SPEECHES ............................................................................................................... 41

RULE 6.12

GENERAL SPEAKERS LIST .................................................................................... 41

RULE 6.13

PROVISIONAL SPEAKERS LIST ............................................................................. 41

RULE 6.14

SETTING SPEAKERS TIME ..................................................................................... 42

RULES GOVERNING DEBATES ................................................................................................ 42

RULE 6.15

MODERATED CAUCUS .......................................................................................... 42

RULE 6.16

SUSPENSION OF THE MEETING .......................................................................... 42

RULE 6.17

ADJOURNMENT OF THE MEETING ..................................................................... 42

RULE 6.18

ADJOURNMENT OF DEBATE ................................................................................ 43

RULE 6.19

CLOSURE OF DEBATE ........................................................................................... 43

RULE 6.20

ORDER OF MOTIONS ............................................................................................. 43

RULE 6.21

WITHDRAWAL OF MOTIONS ................................................................................ 43

RULE 6.22

RESUMPTION OF DEBATE .................................................................................... 43

VII. DRAFT RESOLUTION & AMENDMENT .......................................................................... 44

RULE 7.1

DRAFT RESOLUTION ............................................................................................. 44

RULE 7.2

CONSIDERATION OF DRAFT RESOLUTION ....................................................... 44

RULE 7.3

AMENDMENT .......................................................................................................... 44

RULE 7.4

FRIENDLY AMENDMENT....................................................................................... 44

RULE 7.5

UNFRIENDLY AMENDMENT ................................................................................. 44

VIII. VOTING .................................................................................................................................. 45

RULE 8.1

VOTING RIGHTS ..................................................................................................... 45

RULE 8.2

MAJORITY REQUIRED ........................................................................................... 45

RULE 8.3

ROLL-CALL VOTE ................................................................................................... 45

RULE 8.4

ADOPTION BY CONSENSUS .................................................................................. 45

RULE 8.5

METHOD OF VOTING ............................................................................................ 45

RULE 8.6

CONDUCT DURING VOTING ................................................................................ 45

34

RULE 8.7

RIGHTS OF EXPLANATION ................................................................................... 46

RULE 8.8

DIVISION OF QUESTION ....................................................................................... 46

RULE 8.9

VOTING ON AMENDMENTS .................................................................................. 46

RULE 8.10

REORDER DRAFT RESOLUTIONS ........................................................................ 46

ANNEX I: TMUN ROP FORM ...................................................................................................... 47

ANNEX II: 2015 TMUN ROP SIMULATION ............................................................................. 48

35

INTRODUCTION
1.

These rules shall be the only rules applying to all sessions of the Security Council of the
Taipei Model United Nations and shall be considered having adopted by the committee
prior to its first meeting.

2.

For the purpose of these rules, the Secretary General, the Deputy Secretary General, the
Under Secretary General of Academics, the Chairperson(s), and the Vice-Chairperson(s)
are collectively referred as the Secretariat.

3.

Interpretation and change of the rules shall be reserved exclusively to the Rules
Committee.

36

TAIPEI MODEL UNTED NATIONS

RULES OF PROCEDURE
I. SESSIONS
Rule 1.1

Dates of convening and adjournment

The Committee shall meet every year in regular session, commencing and closing on the dates
designated by the Secretary-General.
Rule 1.2

Place of sessions

The Committee shall meet at a location designated by the Secretary-General.

II. AGENDA
Rule 2.1

Provisional Agenda

The provisional agenda shall be drawn upon by the Secretariat and communicated to the members
of the Committee prior to its first meeting. The agenda provided by the Secretariat shall be
considered adopted as of the beginning of the session.
Rule 2.2

Order of Agenda

Setting the order of the agenda items requires a second and a simple majority vote of the members
of the Committee present and voting. If such motion failed in the case of having two Committee
agenda items, the other item shall automatically be placed first on the agenda. The Chairperson may
set the agenda item to its original order if the Committee fails to reach a decision before the end of
the first session or it the Committee exhausted the provisional speakers list.

III. SECRETARIAT
Rule 3.1

Duties of the Secretary-General

(a)

The Secretary-General or his designate shall act in this capacity in all meetings of the
Committee.

(b)

The Secretary-General, in cooperation with the Deputy Secretary-General, shall provide and
direct the staff required by the Committee and be responsible for all the arrangements that
may be necessary for its meetings.

37

Rule 3.2

Duties of the Secretariat

The Secretariat shall receive and distribute documents of the Commission to the Members, and
generally perform all other work which the Committee may require.
Rule 3.3

Statements by the Secretariat

The Secretary-General or any member of the Secretariat may at any time make either verbal or
written statements to a Committee concerning any question under consideration by it.
Rule 3.4

The Rules Committee

The Rules Committee reserves the right for interpretation and change of the rules in any case.
Should such change occur, it shall be communicated to the delegates in a timely manner by the
Secretary-General.
The Rules Committee shall consist of Secretary-General, Deputy Secretary-General, Under
Secretary General of Academics, Chairperson(s) and Vice-chairperson(s) in each committee.
Rule 3.5

Special Rapporteur

A special rapporteur may be trained and assigned by the Secretariat as an assistant to ensure the
discussion of the Committee fall within the purview of the United Nations Charter and the
competency of the Committee, and to provide assistance to delegates in order to ensure accuracy
and precision of the discussion. No special rapporteur shall have rights specified in the rules and
shall act in accordance with the Secretariat.

IV. LANGUAGE
Rule 4.1

Official and Working Language

English shall be the official and working language of the Committee during all its sessions.
Rule 4.2

Interpretation (oral) or Translation (written)

Any delegate wishing to address any body or submit a document in a language other than English
must provide interpretation or translation into English. In case of any discrepancy between the two
languages, the English version shall prevail.

V. GENERAL RULES
Rule 5.1

Diplomatic Courtesy

Delegates shall accord diplomatic courtesy to all other delegates and the Secretariat at all time.
Delegates who persist in attempts to disrupt the session in a malicious manner shall be subject to
38

expulsion from the Committee by the Chairperson. Such right to expel shall be reserved exclusively
to the Secretariat.
Rule 5.2

Delegation Composition

The delegation of a Member shall consist of not more than two (2) representatives.
Rule 5.3

Dress Code

Western business attire is required in the Committee.

Rule 5.4

Observer Status

Those delegations recognized as having observer status by the Secretariat shall be accorded all
rights in the Committee except the following:
(a)

Rights to vote on any item.

(b)

Rights to make or second the following motions: Adjournment of the Meeting, Adjournment
of Debate, Closure of Debate.

VI. CONDUCT OF BUSINESS

Rule 6.1

Quorum

The Chairperson may declare a meeting open and permit the debate to proceed when at least one
fourth of the members of the Committee are present. The presence of a majority of the members of
the Committee shall be required for any decision to be taken unless otherwise specified elsewhere
in the rules.
Rule 6.2

General powers of the Chairperson

In addition to exercising such powers conferred upon the Chairperson elsewhere in these rules, the
Chairperson may:
(a)

Declare the opening and closing of each session;

(b)

Direct the discussions of the Committee and accord the right to speak;

(c)

Advise the Committee on methods of procedure that will enable the body to accomplish its
goals;

(d)

Rule on point of order, and have complete control of the proceedings of the Committee and
the maintenance of the order at its meetings;

(e)

Propose setting speakers time, closure of debate, suspension of the meeting and adjournment
of the meeting during the sessions;
39

(f)

Reserve the right to rule any motion out of order.

Rule 6.3

Authority of the Committee

The Chairperson, in the exercise of his function, remains under the authority of the Committee.
Rule 6.4

Voting Rights on Procedural Matters

Unless otherwise stated, all votes pertaining to the order of agenda, conduct of business and
procedural matters, including the first vote on division of question and reorder of draft resolution, in
the Chapter VIII shall require a favorable vote by the majority of the members present and voting
in order to pass. For the purpose of this rule, the phrase members present and voting means
members in attendance at the meeting during which this motion comes to a vote. No abstain or pass
may be cast on procedural votes.
Rule 6.5

Roll-Call

Each session shall begin with an attendance roll-call. Delegates may answer either present or
present and voting. Delegates who respond present and voting can only cast affirmative or
negative votes during substantive votes on: draft resolutions, unfriendly amendments, and the
second vote on division of questions.

Points
Rule 6.6

Points of Order

During the discussion on any matter, a delegate may rise to a point of order, and the point of order
shall be immediately decided by the Chairperson in accordance with the rules of procedure. A
delegate rising to a point of order may not speak on the substance of the matter under discussion.
Rule 6.7

Points of Parliamentary Procedure

During the discussion on any matter, a delegate may rise to a point of parliamentary procedure.
Delegate rising point of parliamentary procedure may not interrupt a speaker.
Rule 6.8

Points of Personal Privilege

During the discussion on any matter, a delegate may rise a point of personal privilege, and the point
of personal privilege shall be addressed by the Chairperson in the matter he deems appropriate.
Delegates rising a point of personal privilege may not interrupt a speaker.

40

Rule 6.9

Points of Inquiry

Any delegate desiring to inquire the speaker may rise a point of inquiry after the speakers
substantive speech, but prior to yielding the floor. Speakers may answer the inquiry concerning
their speech if their speakers time is not expired. Only the speakers answering to the inquiry will be
deducted from the remaining speakers time. Questions must be directed through the Chairperson.
No motions may be made during the speaker answering the inquiry.
Rule 6.10

Yields

During the debates, delegates may use their remaining speakers time after conclusion:
(a)

Yield to the Chairperson: Speakers deciding to yield to the Chairperson shall give their
remaining time to the Chairperson without any further remarks.

(b)

Yield to another delegate: When speakers deciding to yield to another delegate, the delegate
being addressed shall speak within the remaining time. No further yielding shall be made.

(c)

Yield to question: Speaker deciding to yield to question shall have the chance to respond to
questions raised by other members of the Committee who is selected by the Chairperson and
limited to propose one question each. Only the speakers answering to questions will be
deducted from the remaining speakers time.

Rules Governing Speeches

Rule 6.11

Speeches

No delegate may address the Committee without having previously obtained the permission of the
Chairperson. The chairperson shall call upon speakers in the order in which they signify their desire
to speak. The Chairperson may call a speaker to order if his remarks are not relevant to the subject
under discussion.
Rule 6.12

General Speakers List

During the sessions, the Chairperson may announce the general speakers list and, with the consent
of the Committee, declare the list closed. Delegates may only be on the general speakers once but
may be added again after having spoken. The general speakers list may be suspended and reopened
upon by a second and a simple majority vote of the members of the Committee present and voting.
When the general speakers list is exhausted, the Chairperson shall declare the debate closed and the
Committee shall move to voting procedure immediately. Such closure shall have the same effect as
closure by decision of the Committee.
Rule 6.13

Provisional Speakers List

During discussion of setting the order of the agenda items and a moderated caucus, the Chairperson
shall announce the general speakers list open and closed. Delegates may only be on the provisional
speakers list once but may be added again after having spoken. A provisional speakers list may be
suspended and reopened upon by a simple majority vote of the members of the Committee present
41

and voting. When the provisional speakers list is exhausted, the Chairperson shall declare ending
the moderated caucus or setting the agenda item to its original order if there is no motion to set the
order of the agenda item. No yielding and motions except for setting the order of agenda may be
made when the Committee is on a provisional speakers list. Individual speakers time of a
provisional speakers list shall be set by the Chairperson at the beginning of the provisional speakers
list.
Rule 6.14

Setting Speakers Time

Any delegate or the Chairperson may move the setting speakers time on the item under discussion
at any time during general debate. The motion shall not be debatable and requires a second and a
simple majority of the members of the Committee present and voting. The time allotted for speakers
shall be no less than forty-five (45) seconds.
Rules Governing Debates
Rule 6.15

Moderated Caucus

(a)

A motion for moderated caucus may be in order at any time when the floor is open.

(b)

A motion for moderated caucus must be raised with explanation of the purpose of the motion,
the time limit for the caucus and the time limit of individual speaker. The total time of the
caucus shall not exceed twenty (20) minutes. The motion shall not be debatable and requires a
second and a simple majority of the members of the Committee present and voting.

(c)

The Chairperson shall open a provisional speakers list at the beginning of the caucus. No
motion shall be in order during a moderated caucus. In case of exhaustion of the provisional
speakers list, the moderated caucus shall be announced closed by the Chairperson.

Rule 6.16

Suspension of the Meeting

(a)

During the discussion of any matter, any delegate may move the suspension of the meeting
for a specified time limit at any time when the floor is open except when such a motion would
interrupt a speaker. Delegates shall not state a purpose for the suspension.

(b)

The suspension of the meeting shall not be debatable and requires a second and a simple
majority of the members of the Committee present and voting. If the Committee favors the
motion, the Committee, when it reconvenes, will continue its business from the point at which
the suspension was moved.

Rule 6.17

Adjournment of the Meeting

During the discussion of any matter, a delegate may move to the adjournment of the meeting. Such
motions shall not be debatable but shall be put to the vote immediately, requiring a second and a
simple majority of the members of the Committee present and voting. If the Committee favors the
adjournment of the meeting, the Committee shall reconvene at its next regularly scheduled meeting
time. The Chairperson may refuse to recognize such motion if the Committee still has business
considered important by the Chairperson before it.
42

Rule 6.18

Adjournment of Debate

(a)

During the discussion of any matter, any delegate may move the adjournment of the debate on
the item under discussion. The motion requires a second and a two-thirds majority of the
members of the Committee present and voting. The motion shall be debatable with two (2)
delegates speaking in favor of the motion and two (2) delegates speaking in opposition after
which the motion shall be put to the vote immediately. The Chairperson may limit the time to
be allowed to speakers under this rule.

(b)

Once the motion being adopted by the Committee, the matter being adjourned shall be
removed from the floor without voting on it. The Committee would subsequently move onto
another matter under discussion immediately.

Rule 6.19

Closure of Debate

(a)

Any delegate may at any time after at least one draft resolution has been considered by the
Committee move the closure of debate on the item under discussion, except when such a
motion would interrupt a speaker.

(b)

Closure of debate requires a second and a two-thirds majority of the members of the
Committee present and voting. The motion shall be debatable with two (2) delegates speaking
in opposition after which the motion shall be put to the vote immediately. If the Committee
favors the closure of debate, the Committee shall move to vote on all amendments and draft
resolutions considered under that agenda item.

Rule 6.20

Order of motions

Subject to Rule 6.6, the motions indicated below shall have precedence in the following order over
all draft resolutions, amendments or other motions before the meeting:
(a)

To moderate a caucus;

(b)

To suspend the meeting;

(c)

To adjourn the meeting;

(d)

To adjourn the debate on the item under discussion;

(e)

To close the debate on the item under discussion.

Rule 6.21

Withdrawal of Motions

A motion may be withdrawn by its sponsor at any time before voting has commenced, provided that
the motion has not been amended. A motion thus withdrawn may be reintroduced by any delegate.
Rule 6.22

Resumption of Debate

When a topic has been adjourned, it may not be reconsidered at the same session unless the
Committee, by a second and a two-thirds majority, so decides. If the Committee favors the
43

resumption of debate, it shall have the same effect as adjourning the item under discussion. The
motion shall be debatable with two (2) delegates speaking in favor of the motion and two (2)
delegates speaking in opposition after which the motion shall be put to the vote immediately.

VII. DRAFT RESOLUTION & AMENDMENT

Rule 7.1

Draft Resolution

A draft resolution shall consist of at least one preamble and one operative clause. For a draft
resolution to be considered by the Committee, it requires a minimum of twenty (20) percent of the
members of the Committee present listed as sponsors and/or signatories, along with the approval of
the Secretariat. A draft resolution shall be submitted in writing to the Secretariat for approval unless
otherwise announced and may be submitted at any time during the sessions. For the purpose of the
rules, sponsors refer to the authors of the draft resolution. The signatories refer to delegates desiring
for the draft resolution to be discussed in the Committee and thus have no further rights or
obligations toward the document.
The draft resolution shall be communicated and distributed to the delegates by the Scretariat once
being approved and available for discussion on the floor. After announcements being made by the
Secretariat, no additional sponsors and/or signatories may be added to and no amendments may be
made to the draft resolution unless otherwise decided by friendly or unfriendly amendments.
Rule 7.2

Consideration of Draft Resolution

Draft resolution approved by the Chairperson may be considered and moved to the floor by a
motion for consideration of draft resolution. The consideration of draft resolution shall not be
debatable and requires a second and a simple majority of the members of the Committee present
and voting. The Chairperson may allow the sponsors of the draft resolution to introduce the
document by reading the operative clauses before voting on this motion.
Rule 7.3

Amendment

An amendment to a draft resolution shall normally be submitted in writing to the Secretariat for
approval as a friendly or an unfriendly amendment unless otherwise announced. Only operative
clause may be amended. All amendments require an approval from the Secretariat prior to voting.
Rule 7.4

Friendly Amendment

A friendly amendment requires consent of all sponsors of the draft resolution. Friendly amendment
shall be incorporated into the original draft resolution without voting. The Chairperson shall
communicate an amendment on the first opportunity at which no speaker has the floor.
Rule 7.5

Unfriendly Amendment

An unfriendly amendment may be proposed to the Secretariat by any delegate and requires
signatories of twenty (20) percent of the members of the Committee present, but not necessarily the
sponsors of the draft resolution. The Chairperson shall communicate an amendment on the first
opportunity at which no speaker has the floor. A vote shall be taken on all unfriendly amendments
44

to a resolution prior to the vote on the document. An unfriendly amendment requires a simple
majority vote of the member of the Committee present and voting.

VIII. VOTING
Rule 8.1

Voting Rights

Each member of the Committee shall have one vote.

Rule 8.2

Majority Required

Decisions of the Security Council on all substantive matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of
nine (9) members. The adoption of a resolution further requires the concurring votes of the
permanent members.
Rule 8.3

Roll-Call Vote

A delegate may request a roll-call vote on any substantive matters and such request shall be
automatically taken. Roll-call shall be taken in the English alphabetical order of the names of the
members, beginning with the members whose name is randomly selected by the Secretariat. The
name of each member shall be called in any roll-call, and one of its delegate shall reply yes, no,
abstention, or pass. Any delegates replying pass when requested a second time, shall respond
with either a yes or no vote.
Rule 8.4

Adoption by Consensus

A delegate may request adoption by consensus after entering into voting procedure and such request
shall be attained automatically. If there are no objections to the motion, the draft resolution or the
amendment shall be considered accepted. If there are any objections, a vote on the draft resolution
or the amendment shall be commenced.
Rule 8.5

Method of voting

The Committee shall normally vote by a show of placards, except that a delegate may request a rollcall. Only those members who designate themselves as present or present and voting during the
attendance roll call, or in some other manner communicate their attendance to the Dais, are
permitted to vote.
Rule 8.6

Conduct During Voting

After the Chairperson has announced the commencement of voting, no delegates shall interrupt the
voting except on a point of order in connection with the actual process of voting. Once in voting
procedure, no delegates shall enter or exit the conference room.

45

Rule 8.7

Rights of Explanation

Any delegates may have the rights of explanation after voting. The Chairperson may limit the time
for such rights.
Rule 8.8

Division of Question

Immediately before a draft resolution or amendment comes to a vote, a delegate may move that
parts of a draft resolution or of an amendment should be voted on separately. If there are calls for
multiple divisions, those shall be voted upon in an order set by the Chairperson where the most
radical division will be voted upon first.
The division of question requires a second and shall be voted on two votes. The first vote shall be a
procedural vote where the Committee votes on whether or not to consider the clause(s) separately.
Permission to speak on the motion shall be given only to two (2) speakers in favor and two (2)
speakers against. The first vote requires a simple majority of the members of the Committee present
and voting. The second vote shall be a substantive vote where the Committee decides whether or
not to accept the clause(s) separated by the first procedural vote. The second vote requires a simple
majority of the members of the Committee present and voting. If the vote passes, the separated
cluase(s) shall become an annex to the original resolution otherwise it shall be permanently
discarded. If all operative parts of the draft resolution or of the amendment have been rejected, the
draft resolution or amendment shall be considered to have been rejected as a whole. In the event
that the original draft resoluion from which the clauses separated fails, the annex shall be
considered accepted by the Committee.
Rule 8.9

Voting on Amendments

When an amendment is moved to a draft resolution, the amendment shall be voted first. When two
or more amendments are moved to a draft resolution, the amendment furthest removed in substance
from the original draft resolution shall be voted on first and then the amendment next furthest
removed there from, and so on until all the amendments have been put to the vote. Where, however,
the adoption of one amendment necessarily implies the rejection of another amendment, the latter
shall not be put to the vote. If one or more amendments are adopted, the amended proposal shall
then be voted on.
Rule 8.10

Reorder Draft Resolutions

If two or more proposals, other than amendments, relate to the same question, they shall, unless the
Committee decides otherwise, be voted on in the order in which they were submitted. A motion to
reorder draft resolutions shall only be in order after entering voting procedure, prior to voting on
any draft resolution. The motion requires a second and a simple majority of the members of the
Committee present and voting.

46

ANNEX I: TMUN ROP FORM

Motion/Point

Purpose/Effect

*Point of Order

Correct an error in procedure

Consideration of
Draft Resolution

Introduce an approved draft

resolution
Propose a caucus on a certain
topic
Suspend the meeting for
informal discussions
Adjourn the meeting until next
regular session
Adjourn the topic under
discussion and move to next
agenda item

Moderated Caucus
Suspension of the
Meeting
Adjournment of the
Meeting
Adjournment of
Debate
Closure of Debate

Move to vote immediately

Debatable

Vote

No

None

No

Second + Majority

No

Second + Majority

No

Second + Majority

No

Second + Majority

2 pro/ 2 con

Second + 2/3 Majority

2 con

Second + 2/3 Majority

No

Majority

2 pro/ 2 con

Second + Simple
Majority

No

Second + Simple
Majority

* 2nd Vote of Division

of Question

Vote on sections separately,

prior to voting on entire
document
Vote on sections separately,
prior to voting on entire
document
Substantive vote of division of
question

*Roll-Call Vote

Vote by roll call

No

Automatically Adopted

*Adopt by Consensus

Adopt a document by consensus

No

Adopted when no
objections exist

Resumption of Debate Re-open debate on a topic

2 pro/ 2 con

Second + 2/3 Majority

Setting Speakers
Time

No

Second + Majority

No

Second + Majority

No

No

No

No

No

No

*Amendment
*1st Vote of Division
of Question

Close/ Re-open the

Speakers List
*Point of
Parliamentary
Procedure
*Point of Personal
Privilege
Point of Inquiry

Set or change speakers time

limit
No additional speakers may be
added to the list/ Re-open the
closed list
Ask the Chairperson to clarify a
rule of procedure
Ask assistance for personal
reasons
Question the delegate on the
floor

* Only these rules are accepted during voting procedure.

47

ANNEX II: 2015 TMUN ROP Simulation

Represented Member States:
Armenia, Brazil, Bahrain, Colombia, Cuba, Germany, Ireland, Iran, Japan, Lebanon, Libya,
Morocco, Malaysia, New Zealand, Russian Federation, United States of America
Chair:
Good morning, delegates. Welcome to 2015 Taipei Model United Nations International Atomic
Energy Agency. My name is Selina Kyle, I am the Chair of this committee, alongside with our coChair Steve Rogers and Peter Parker.
Before we start our sessions, the Chair would like to make some important announcements. First,
the seats now you are sitting will be the assigned seats for you. Delegates please do not change your
seats so that it would be convenient for our Pages to send notes to you. Second, electronic devices
are only allowed during suspension of the meeting. Please do not use your electronic devices during
the formal sessions These would be all of the announcements, is there any question so far?
Before the session officially starts, the Chair of your committee will make announcements. These
announcements might include specific rules of your Committee, events of TMUN, deadline for draft
resolutions or other affairs. Please pay attention to the announcements.

Roll Call
Chair:
The floor is now officially open. The Co-Chair will now begin roll call in alphabetical order.
Co-Chair:
Before we begin roll call, allow me to explain the procedure and appropriate responses. When your
countrys name is called upon, please raise your placard and respond present or present and
voting. As a reminder, delegates who respond present and voting cannot abstain from any
substantive votes in the voting procedure.
Please be note that you may only respond present or present and voting during a roll call.
Responding present and voting will indicate your delegations determination to cast a vote in
substantive votes, including draft resolutions, amendments and the second vote of division of
questions. As a result, if your delegation wishes to abstain on a substantive matter, please respond
present. In addition, please note that all delegates must vote on procedural votes.
(After completing roll call)
Co-Chair:
Since we have 20 members registered for the meeting, the quorum will be 5; simple majority will be
11 votes; two-third majority will be 14 votes and 20% signatories or sponsors for draft resolutions
and amendments will be 4.
For delegates who may arrive while the dais are taking roll call, and whose attendance has not yet
been recorded, please send a note to the dais to let us know of your arrival and voting status. Thank
you.

48

Setting Agenda
Chair:
We will now move on to set the order of agenda. Topics of this committee are (I) radioactive waste
management and (II) strengthening safety at nuclear facilities. Are there any motions on the floor?
Seeing none, the Chair would now open a provisional speakers list for countries to make their
statements. Each speakers time is automatically set at 60 seconds. Those who wish to be put on the
list, please raise your placard. (Chair recognizes States while Co-Chair records their order) If any
additional delegates wish to be put on the speakers list, please send notes to the dais.
Please note that since no motion except for setting agenda may be made during a provisional
speakers list, if your delegation wishes to suspend the meeting to discuss the order of agenda,
please raise motion before the chair open a provisional speakers list. Additionally, since all
committees have only two topics, rejection of one motion to change the order would have the same
effect as adopting the original order. Whenever the Committee fails to adopt the motion to set the
order of agenda by the end of the first session, the Chair will automatically announce adoption of
original order and no motion to set the agenda may be in order.
(Delegates deliver statements in the order they are recognized. The United States of America raises
placard to make a motion for setting the agenda)
Chair: United States of America, to what point do you rise?
USA: Honorable Chair, the United States of America moves to set the agenda in the following
order: Topic II as the first topic and Topic I as the second topic to be discussed.
Chair: Thank you, delegate. A motion has been made to set the order of agenda as Topic II prior to
Topic I. Is there any second? (Delegates second) As a reminder, according to the rules of procedure,
when the Committee has only two topics and a motion to set the order of agenda fails, the
Committee will adopt the original order of agenda.
We are now moving to vote on the motion. The motion to set the order of agenda requires a simple
majority. Those who are in favor of the motion to set Topic II prior to Topic I, please raise your
placard. (Co-Chairs record vote) All those opposed? (Co-Chairs record vote)
With 16 votes in favor, this motion clearly passes. The order of agenda is: Topic II prior to Topic I.
We will start to discuss Topic II.
Whenever an order of agenda is adopted, the provisional speakers list is considered exhausted. The
Chair will subsequently open a general speakers list for discussion.

Setting Speakers Time

Chair:
The Chair would now automatically open the general speakers list. Each speakers time is
automatically set at 60 seconds. Delegates wishing to be put on the speakers list, please raise your
placard.
(The Chair recognizes delegatesAfter several speeches Bahrain raises placard to motion for
setting speakers time)
Chair: Bahrain, to what point do you rise?
Bahrain: The Kingdom of Bahrain moves to set the speakers time at 90 seconds.
49

Chair: We now have a motion raised by Bahrain to set the speakers time at 90 seconds. Is there
any second? (Delegates second) This motion is in order. Is there any relevant motion on the floor?
(India and United Kingdom raise placard to motion for setting speakers time)
Chair: India, to what point do you rise?
India: Honorable Chair, India moves to set the speakers time at 35 seconds.
Chair: According to rules of procedure, speakers time shall be no less than 45 seconds. India,
would you like to adjust the time limit?
India: Honorable Chair, we adjust the time limit to 45 seconds.
Chair: We now have a motion raised by India to set speakers time at 45 seconds. Is there any
second? (Delegates second) This motion is in order. United Kingdom, to what point do you rise?
United Kingdom: United Kingdom moves to set the speakers time at 2 minutes.
Chair: We now have a motion raised by United Kingdom to set the speakers time at 2 minutes. Is
there any second? (No delegate seconds) Since the motion requires a second, this motion is not in
order.
We are moving to vote on the motion. We now have two motions to set the speakers time. One is
raised by Bahrain to set the time limit at 90 seconds and one is raised by India to set the time limit
at 45 seconds. This motion requires a simple majority. According to the order of precedence, we
will vote on the motion with longer time limit. Those who are in favor of setting the speakers time
at 90 seconds, please raise your placard. (Co-Chairs record vote) Those who are against? (CoChairs record vote) With 17 in favor and 3 against, this motion passes. Each speakers time is set at
90 seconds.

Moderated Caucus
(After several speeches, Uganda raises placard to motion for moderated caucus)
Chair: Uganda, to what point do you rise?
Uganda: We move to moderated caucus for the purpose of discussing international standards of
nuclear facilities for 20 minutes. Each speakers time is set at 60 seconds.
Chair: Is there any second? (Delegates second) This motion is in order. Is there any relevant
motion on the floor?
(The United States of America raises placard)
Chair: United States of America, to what point do you rise?
USA: Thank you, Chair. United States of America motions for moderated caucus on the purpose of
discussing strengthening international cooperation. And the total time will be 15 minutes. Each
speakers time will be 45 seconds.
Chair: There is a motion raised by United States of America for a moderated caucus. The purpose
is to further discuss strengthening international cooperation. Total time will be 15 minutes. Each
speakers time is 45 seconds. Is there any second? (Delegates second) This motion is in order. Is
there any other motion on the floor? Seeing none, now we are moving to vote the motions. We will
firstly vote on the motion raised by Uganda. As a reminder, this is a procedural vote, which means
every delegation has to vote. Those who are for this motion, please raise your placard. (Co-Chairs
record vote) Those who are against this motion, please raise your placard. (Co-Chairs record vote)
With 4 to 16, this motion fails. We will vote on the motion raised by the United States of America
for moderated caucus for the purpose of strengthening discussing international cooperation for 15
minutes. Each speakers time is set at 45 seconds. Those who are in favor of the motion, please
raise your placard. (Co-Chairs record vote) Those who are in opposition? (Co-Chairs record vote)
50

With the vote 12 to 8, this motion passes. We will now open a provisional speakers list for the
moderated caucus. Delegates who wish to be put onto the speakers list, please raise your placard.
(After having some speakers)
Chair:
Delegates, the time for the moderated caucus is expired. We will resume our general debate.
Please note that due to the nature of a moderated caucus only speeches related to the purpose may
be delivered. No motion or yielding may be made during a moderated caucus. In addition,
whenever the provisional speakers list is exhausted, the moderated caucus is deemed closed and the
Committee will resume its general speakers list.

Suspension of the meeting

Chair: Is there any motion on the floor? (Germany raises placard) Germany, to what point do you
rise?
Germany: Motion for suspension of the meeting for the purpose of drafting working papers.
Chair: And the total time will be?
Germany: The total time will be 30 minutes.
Chair:
There is a motion raised by Germany for the purpose of drafting working papers and the total time
will be 30 minutes. Is there any second? (Delegates second) This motion is in order.
Canada: Point of order: shouldnt a motion for suspension of meeting no exceed 20 minutes?
Chair:
The point of order is ruled out. As a reminder, the twenty-minute limitation only applies to
moderated caucus. The motion is in order. The motion requires simple majority. All those in favor
please raise your placard. (Co-Chairs record vote) All those opposed? (Co-Chairs record vote)
Since we have 16 votes for the motion and none against the motion, the motion passes. The meeting
will be suspended until 13:20. Please be back on time.

Yield to Chair, Delegation and Question

(After Brazils speech)
Chair: Brazil, you have 30 seconds left. How do you wish to use your remaining time?
Brazil: Yield to Chair.
(After Japans speech)
Chair: Japan, you have 40 seconds left. How do you wish to use your remaining time?
Japan: Yield to Kenya.
Chair: Kenya, you may have 40 seconds.
(After Russian Federations speech)
Chair: Russian Federation, you have 35 seconds left. How do you wish to use your remaining
time?
Russia: Yield to question.
Chair: Delegates wishing to ask questions please raise your placard. (Lebanon raises placard)
Lebanon, you may have the floor.
When you finish your speech before the time expires, you may choose to yield the remaining time to
Chair, to a specified delegation, or to question. If you yield the time to Chair, it means you give up
51

the rest of your time. If you yield to a delegation, the specified delegation will use the time to deliver
speech and may not refuse to do so. If you yield to question, it means you wish to take questions
from delegates. Such questions may only be recognized and directed through the Chair.

Point of Parliamentary Procedure

Ireland: Point of Parliamentary Procedure!
Chair: Ireland.
Ireland: Could Chair explain the meaning and procedure of division of question?
Chair:
If a delegate believes certain clauses are important and wishes to separate the clauses as an annex to
its original draft resolution, he/she may move to a division of question. According to TMUN 2015
Rules of Procedure Rule 8.8, division of question requires two delegates to speak for and two
delegates to speak against the motion. In addition, it requires firstly one simple majority procedure
vote to determine whether to separate the clauses. If the first vote passes, it subsequently requires a
simple majority substantive vote to decide whether to adopt the separated clauses as an annex. If the
second vote fails, the separated clauses will be discarded permanently. Whenever the separated
clauses are accepted as an annex but the original draft resolution fails, the annex will still be
considered as an adopted document of the Committee.
Ireland: Thank you, Chair.

Point of Personal Privilege

Chair: Next speaker, Malaysia, you are recognized.
Germany: Point of Personal Privilege!
Chair: Delegate of Germany, is there any reason for you to rise this point?
Germany: Could the Chair adjust the volume of the microphone? The delegate of Germany is
unable to hear the speaker clearly.
(After the problem is solved
)
Chair: Thank you delegate. The delegate of Malaysia, you may have your floor and please start
your speech. You have 90 seconds.

Point of Inquiry
Chair: Iran, you may have the floor.
Iran: Honorable Chair and distinguished delegates, we believe the action proposed by the United
States of America will violate the international law. Therefore, we stay against their solution. Thank
you.
USA: Point of Inquiry!
Chair: United States of America, you may state your question.
USA: We would like to know which part of our action plan is the delegate of Iran referring to.
Furthermore, would the delegate of Iran kindly give us some advices?
Chair: Is the delegate of Iran willing to answer the questions from the delegate of United States of
America?
Iran: Yes.
Chair: You have 30 seconds to reply.
When a delegate finishes his/her speech before the speaker s time expires and before any yielding
has been made, delegates may move to a point of inquiry. The delegate may accept or refuse to take
the question. However, if a delegate yields the remaining time to question when he/she finishes a
speech, he/she may not refuse to answer it.
52

Consideration of Draft Resolution

(Russian Federation raises placard to motion for consideration of draft resolution

Chair: Russian Federation, you are recognized.

Russian Federation: Russian Federation moves to consideration of draft resolution 1.1.
Chair: Russian Federation raises a motion to introduce the draft resolution 1.1. Is there any second?
(Delegates second) Due to the time constraint, sponsors of the draft resolution 1.1 will not be
invited to read out their operative clauses. We will now vote on the motion. The motion requires a
simple majority. Those who are in favor of this motion, please raise your placard. (Co-Chairs
record vote) Those who are against? (Co-Chairs record vote) With 20 in favor, this motion clearly
passes.
Before a motion to consider a draft resolution being adopted, the draft resolution will not be
regarded as formally introduced to the Committee and thus should not be referred as a draft
resolution. If the Committee fails to consider a draft resolution, the document will not be voted on
in voting procedure.

Closure of Debate
(After days, the Committee has several draft resolutions Russian Federation raises placard to
motion for closure of debate)
Chair: Russian Federation, to what point do you rise?
Russian Federation: We move to closure of debate.
Chair: Russia Federation raises for closure of debate. Is there any second? (Delegates second) This
motion is in order. This motion requires two delegates to speak against and a 2/3 majority. Those
who wish to speak against please raise your placard. (Delegates raise placardAfter two delegates
speeches) We will now vote on the motion. As a reminder, if the Committee adopts the motion,
we will move to vote on all amendments and draft resolutions immediately. Those who are in favor
please raise your placard. (Co-Chairs record vote) Those who are in opposition? (Co-Chairs record
vote) With 19 votes in favor and 1 vote opposed this motion passes.
Please note that whenever a closure of debate is adopted, the Committee will move to voting
procedure immediately. During voting no delegate is allowed to leave or enter the conference room.

Unfriendly Amendments
Chair: Before voting on the draft resolutions 1.1, we will vote on the unfriendly amendments 1.1.1.
An unfriendly amendment requires a simple majority. Those who are in favor of this unfriendly
amendment please raise your placard. (Co-Chairs record vote) Those who are against? (Co-Chairs
record vote) Those who are abstain? With 3 in favor, 15 in opposition and 2 abstentions, the
unfriendly amendment 1.1.1 fails.
Unlike friendly amendments, which are submitted by all sponsors of the amended draft resolution
and are accepted without voting, unfriendly amendments are drafted without support from all
sponsors and thus require a vote. Amendments should be submitted to and approved by the Dais
before the Committee moves to voting procedure.

53

Division of Question
(Iran raises placard to motion for division of question)
Iran: Motion for dividing the operative clause 5 from the rest of the draft resolution 1.1.
Chair: Iran raises a motion to divide the operative clause 5 from the rest of the draft resolution 1.1.
Is there any second? (Delegates second) The Chair will recognize two delegates to speak for this
motion and two delegates to speak against it. Delegates who wish to speak for it please raise your
placard. (The Chair recognizes Cuba and Colombia) Those who wish to speak against? (The Chair
recognizes Thailand and Japan)
(After speeches)
Chair: Firstly, we will decide whether to separate the clause out from the original draft resolution.
This is a procedural vote and requires a simple majority. Those who are in favor of the motion
please raise your placard. (Co-Chairs record vote) Those who are opposed? (Co-Chairs record
vote) With 17 votes in favor and 3 in opposition, the first vote passes. we will then decide whether
to accept the divided clause. This is a substantive vote and requires a simple majority. Once the
motion passes, the clause will become an annex. However, if it fails, the clause will be discarded
permanently. Now, we are moving to vote. Delegates for this motion please raise your placard. (CoChairs record vote) Those who are against? (Co-Chairs record vote) With 10 in favor, 2 in
opposition, and 8 abstentions, this motion passes.

Adoption by Consensus
Chair: We will now move to vote on draft resolution 1.1.
Brazil: Motion for adoption by consensus.
Chair: The Chair would automatically take the motion of adoption by consensus, are there any
objections? (Delegate objects) With objection we will use placard vote.
If there is no objection, the document being voted will be adopted by the Committee by consensus.

Roll-Call Vote
Armenia: Motion for a roll-call vote.
Chair: The Chair automatically adopts the motion for a roll-call vote on draft resolution 1.1. As a
reminder, when your countrys name is called upon, please reply yes, no, pass, or abstain.
Delegates who respond present and voting during roll call may only reply yes, no, or pass.
Delegates replying pass shall, in the second vote, respond with either a yes or no. Now we will
start the roll-call vote on draft resolution 1.1.

Adjournment of the Meeting

(After the Committee finished discussing all its business and voting procedure)
Germany: Motion for adjournment of the meeting!
Chair: There is a motion raised by Germany for adjournment of the meeting. Is there any second?
(Delegates second) Thank you, delegates. This motion is in order. The motion needs a majority vote
for passage. Those who are in favor of this motion please raise your placard. (Co-Chairs record
vote) Those who are against please raise your placard. (Co-Chairs record vote) This motion clearly
passes. The Committee will reconvene in its next regular session. See you at 2016 TMUN!
54