Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Claims Preparation Points
Claims Preparation Points
Claims Preparation Points
Claim management is an essential skill required by the Contract and Project Management
Professionals, especially due to the increase in both number and value of claims in construction
projects. A claim must be presented in a professional manner with sufficient details including the
basis, calculations and evidences in order to save time, cost and effort of the Claimant and
Defendant.
This Technical Paper describes the importance and meaning of claims, method of evaluation, and
preparation of a successful claim presentation. The relationship between the contract base lines,
i.e., Contract Price, Scope, Schedule and Conditions are established here along with the head of
claim due to change in conditions, delay and disruption. Methodology for the calculation of Head
Office Overhead and Profit is also discussed with their relative importance and interrelations.
This Paper further discusses about some of the common terms in claim. As the final output of the
evaluation process is the claim presentation, this paper describes the structure and requisites of it.
1. INTRODUCTION
Claim is a request for a benefit for which the Claimant believes or contends he is entitled, but
agreement has not been reached. The construction industry is witnessing an increased numbers of
claims in both domestic and international sectors and the claim presentation is important in claim
related issues in Project Management. The Project Management and Contract Management
Professional should have basic knowledge about the meaning, evaluation and preparation of
claim.
Claim leads to wastage of money, time and efforts, especially due to unprofessional presentation
of it. A survey conducted with 24 construction projects in Western Canada, demonstrated that the
total amount of claims contributed to a 40% increase in project cost and total delays to 48%. The
study also revealed that more than half of the claims led to a cost increase of at least 30% of the
original contract value.
The unfortunate reality is that construction claims are often resolved by people who were not
directly involved in the construction project. In the courtroom, it is settled by lawyers and
judges; or in conference room often by corporate, vice presidents, or financial officers with little
construction experience. Hence, it is critical to provide a simplified, graphically driven
presentation of claim issues. Too much information and not enough information are two main
pitfalls of claim presentation, and should be avoided in claim presentation.
A well prepared claim presentation helps all the involved in settling the issues in an early stages,
before going to arbitration and litigation, which are expensive and time consuming. A claim must
be presented in a professional manner with sufficient details including the basis, calculations and
causations. If the claim presentation is transparent and reasonable, it is easy for both parties to
reach in agreement in an early stage itself and this requires a professional claim presentation,
which is the rationale of this Paper.
2. MEANING OF CLAIM
A claim is a demand, request or application for a benefit for which the Claimant believes or
contends he is entitled, but agreement has not been reached. In other words, claim may be
defined as a failure to fulfill obligations under the contract or law by either of the parties. Change
order claims can be defined as, written authorization provided to a Contractor that approves a
change from the original plans, specifications, or other contract documents, as well as a change
in the cost. A claim may be for money, for time, or both; however it should be noted that a
successful claim for time extension does not automatically honor a valid claim for money, and
vice versa.
When the liability of the discovered change is easily attributable and the consequences of the
change can be ascertained (cause and effect) by evaluation; then a formalized variation orders
will be the result. Sometimes the liability of the change cannot be easily attributed or for which
liability is disputed, then it will lead to claims. Claim is usually caused by defects; conflicts or
ambiguities in the Scope or Schedule; Exclusion clauses; or Endeavour to avoid un-quantified
risk. In order to successfully justify such claims, it is usually necessary to carefully analyze the
scope and the schedule, particularly the contract documents and the provisions of the law.
Evaluation
Evaluation is the process of assessing the quantum in money value and for the extension of time.
As Burden of Proof is on the claimant, the claimant must show that there is a direct link (causal
link) between the breach (cause) and the loss (effect) thereby sustained. When there is more than
one competing causes, then it is necessary to ascertain and define such competing causes and
responsibility, the timing and effect, and losses actually and properly sustained. Generally a
claim can only comprehend the losses actually incurred, possibly with the addition of an agreed
or ascertained element for overheads and profit.
4. EVALUATION PROCESS
Evaluation is the process of quantifying the amount or extent of the additional costs sustained
due to the breach, and establishing that the subject losses were actually and properly sustained as
a result of the breach. As the Contract Price of the lumpsum contract is equated to the elements
of baseline, each of the three basic elements should be priced to aggregate to the Contract
Price.
The basis of the pricing is usually referred to as the Price Analysis, given that the Contract
Price usually aggregated from the total of a Bill of Quantity, the rates which in turn are broken
down or analyzed into the primary cost elements of :
Labor
Material
Equipment
Subcontractors
Overheads & Profit
The more detailed the price analysis the more accurately and quickly any variance from the
original contract price can be ascertained. Budget of a project, which can be used as a benchmark
for measuring any variation in respective cost element coupled with proper cost monitoring and
control mechanism will enable to evaluate the claim adequately and effectively.
Records
While it is important to have an accurate and detailed make up of the contract price it is equally
important to keep accurate contemporary records of the usage of key resources of labor,
equipment and material. A brief list of the more important records that should be properly and
regularly updated for the purpose of efficient project management, and particularly to claim
management, is as follows:
Tender and contract documentation
Works records sheets
Daily record of labor and plant staff etc.
Materials received and issued
Drawings register
5. HEADS OF CLAIM
Most of the construction projects are unique by their very nature and have varying
characteristics; however certain heads of claim that occurs frequently, can be grouped into three
main categories as follows:
Any change in conditions or environment, where the contract is operating has a corresponding
change in other factors and may be measured in money terms, i.e., cost. This change can be
adjusted with a different factor or factors without changing the cost. The following are the main
constituent of changed conditions:
Ground conditions, obstructions etc.
Occurred Risks not mentioned, not quantified or excessive
New or changed laws, regulations, duties, taxes etc.
Unforeseen problems of supply and/or delivery of resources
Loss due to carrying out work at a time of the year involving special factors
Particular climatic conditions
Costs of Disruption
In order to make claim for the costs of disruption, it must be evident that some planned or
orderly sequence of work had been affected by an act of the Employer, of the Engineer, and/or by
a variation or variations. It is often the case that individual sections of work may be affected in a
way, which does not cause prolongation by themselves. Idle time of plant, tools and equipment;
and Loss of Productivity are the two main heads of costs of disruption.
Head-Office Overheads
Head Office Overheads are the costs incurred by the Contractor in maintaining his head office
establishment, and include the cost such as, head office staff, rent of head office premises,
Contractor's all risk insurance, tendering for new projects etc., together with all other global
costs. From historical data a Contractor can identify the cost of Head Office Overheads, and his
gross turnover (revenue) for the same period. Head Office Overheads can be allocated at the
same percentage of historical data in estimation.
Profit
The percentage included for profit in a tender is entirely a management policy decision of a
Contractor only. The profit is a function of revenue, where Head Office Overheads is a function
of time. Lost opportunity is the philosophy behind claims for profit because the Contractor has
been denied the opportunity to generate further revenue and profit from other projects by
utilizing the resources for the additional time. To claim for this item, the Contractor will show
that he would have probably undertaken other contracts by utilizing these resources.
The Hudson formula states that the loss suffered by the Contractor as a consequence of
additional time spent on Site is equivalent to:
Claim Value for HOOHP = P * CV * PD / (100 * CP)
Where, P - Planned HOOH
CV - Contract Value
CP - Contract Period in weeks
PD - Period of excusable delay in weeks
Emden's Formula
Emden's Formula is similar to the Hudson formula except that instead of using the percentage
included in the Contract for Head Office Overheads and Profit the percentage used is for the
company identified from audited accounts, generally the average of the percentage for overheads
and profit for the previous 2 - 3 years is used.
Eichleay's Formula
The Eichleay Formula, although once again following a similar concept to both the Hudson
formula and Emden's formula, is a more sophisticated formula and amount claimed are
calculated on the basis of a number of calculations.
HOOHP allocated in Original Contract, OAC = VCP * TOC / TO
Where, VCP - Value of work invoiced during the contract period
TO - Turnover of the company during the contract
TOC - Total overheads of the company during the contract period
Claim Value for HOOHP = OAC * PD / CP
Where, OAC - HOOH allocated in Original Contract
CP - Contract Period in weeks
PD - Period of excusable delay in weeks
7. GLOBAL CLAIMS
The correct way of presenting a claim to the Engineer or before a Court or Arbitrator is by using
causation, i.e., rational and logical linking of the effect with the cause. If the Engineer is 14 days
late in issuing the drawings for the foundations and as a result the completion of the work is
delayed by 14 days, will illustrate cause and effect linkage.
Nowadays, the Contractors and Subcontractors are practicing a method known as the global or
Rolled up claim by giving less importance to the classical cause and effect linking. All causes
of loss and/or delay under the global claim method are compiled together and one overall delay
given as a consequence. In this global claim method, the classical method of linking each effect
with its cause ignores the synergic effect of additional cost and/or delay.
While such rolled up claims may be acceptable in respect of financial claims, cause and effect
will still have to be linked in respect of delay claims, as a matter of evidence. While it is
impractical to assign individual cause to a particular effect, the principles of global claim method
can be used successfully. If a rolled up claim is appropriate, the events on which it was evolved
should be described in sufficient detail to indicate how they might be causative of the entitlement
claimed and why the other party was responsible for them.
To avoid a great deal of argument over a global claim, Contractors and Subcontractors are
advised to establish the linkage between cause and effect of every event, which may lead to a
claim, at the time of occurrence itself. As well as producing the cause and effect matrix, it will be
appropriate to highlight major delaying events in the text of the claim by making reference to
progress of works and effect on other trades. Particulars about the implied link between cause
and effect also shall be given with sufficient details such as:
The unwritten assumptions on which such a claim is often based
The reasonableness of the original tender price, program and resources
The absence of other explanations for the delay and disruption suffered.
A rolled up claim is unlikely to succeed unless detailed factual evidence is available to explain
the disruptive nature of the events on which it is based, and the Engineer or Tribunal is satisfied
that there are no other explanations, such as over optimistic programming, unrealistic pricing,
and a Contractor's inefficiency for the resulting delays, disruption and loss, etc.
individual causes of action. A total cost claim may be advanced in relation to the performance of
the contract as a whole, or used as the basic underlying principle, subject to adjustment, of the
computation of the damages for a particular individual part of the contract. As a matter of first
principle, the obvious objections to the use of the total cost computation are as follows:
Standing by itself, an over-run of cost is evidence of nothing, and certainly not of a change or
breach of contract by the owner
Coupled with convincing evidence of a breach or change, it is still not evidence that any damage
or additional cost has been caused by that breach or change
Coupled with evidence of a change or breach, and evidence that at least some damage or
expenditure must have been incurred as a result of the change or breach, it is not evidence as to
what that damage is, since there are so many other possible explanations of the cost over-run
If there is more than one cause of action involved, or one cause of expenditure for which the
owner cannot be responsible, the owner's advisers, and any tribunal, have no material for valuing
or examining the case on those parts of the claim which they are disposed to accept or concede
A function of such claim is to impose an absolute upper limit on any claim or group of claims
which a Contractor may wish to bring, since a total loss claim represents the maximum
theoretical damage or additional expenditure attributable to all proven changes or breaches
affecting the performance of a contract.
Introduction
As the person, who is responsible for the final assessment may not be totally familiar with the
contract, it is important to give background details in order to make the document a complete
entity in itself. The minimum required details should be as follows:
Names of the parties to the contract and the consultants
Details of the conditions of contract governing the contract
The tender date
The original contract sum
Dates for possession and completion
Details of extensions of time claimed
Details and amounts of money claimed
Details of extensions of time awarded
Details of amounts certified
In most cases the evaluation will fall into two sections, i.e., costs associated with prolongation
and costs associated with disruption. Methodology of heads of claim has been described earlier
in this Paper.
Appendices
A well prepared claim usually has a large volume of backup documentation to substantiate the
case such as correspondence, records, photographs, video and programs. Inclusion of all the
details in the main body will make the presentation bulky and distract the reader. Hence it is
advisable to attach as appendices.
Read more: EVALUATION AND PREPARATION OF CLAIM IN CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS | Law Teacher http://www.lawteacher.net/contract-law/essays/evaluation-andpreparation-of-claim-in-construction-projects-contract-law-essay.php#ixzz35XE9mM9x
Follow us: @lawteachernet on Twitter | LawTeacherNet on Facebook