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18.01 Single Variable Calculus

Fall 2006

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Lecture 19

18.01 Fall 2006

Lecture 19: First Fundamental Theorem of

Calculus

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC 1)

If f (x) is continuous and F (x) = f (x), then

b
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a)
a

b
x=b

Notation: F (x) = F (x)

= F (b) F (a)
a

x=a

x3
Example 1. F (x) =
, F (x) = x2 ;
3

b
x3
b3
a3
x dx =
=

3 a
3
3
2

Example 2. Area under one hump of sin x (See Figure 1.)

sin x dx = cos x = cos ( cos 0) = (1) (1) = 2

0

Figure 1: Graph of f (x) = sin x for 0 x .

Example 3.
0

1
x6
1
1
x dx =
= 0=
6 0
6
6
5

Lecture 19

18.01 Fall 2006

Intuitive Interpretation of FTC:

v(t) = x (t) =

x(t) is a position;

dx
is the speed or rate of change of x.
dt

v(t)dt = x(b) x(a)

(FTC 1)

R.H.S. is how far x(t) went from time t = a to time t = b (dierence between two odometer readings).
L.H.S. represents speedometer readings.
n

v (ti )t

approximates the sum of distances traveled over times t

i=1

The approximation above is accurate if v (t) is close to v (ti ) on the ith interval. The interpretation
of x(t) as an odometer reading is no longer valid if v changes sign. Imagine a round trip so that
x(b) x(a) = 0. Then the positive and negative velocities v(t) cancel each other, whereas an
odometer would measure the total distance not the net distance traveled.

Example 4.
0

sin x dx = cos x = cos 2 ( cos 0) = 0.

0

The integral represents the sum of areas under the curve, above the x-axis minus the areas below
the x-axis. (See Figure 2.)

Figure 2: Graph of f (x) = sin x for 0 x 2.

Lecture 19

18.01 Fall 2006

Integrals have an important additive property (See Figure 3.)

f (x)dx +

f (x)dx =

f (x)dx
a

Figure 3: Illustration of the additive property of integrals

New Denition:

f (x)dx =

f (x)dx
a

This denition is used so that the fundamental theorem is valid no matter if a < b or b < a. It also
makes it so that the additive property works for a, b, c in any order, not just the one pictured in
Figure 3.

Lecture 19

18.01 Fall 2006

Estimation:
b

If f (x) g(x), then

f (x)dx

g(x)dx (only if a < b)

Example 5. Estimation of ex
Since 1 ex for x 0,

ex dx

1dx
0
1

ex dx = ex = e1 e0 = e 1
0

Thus 1 e 1, or e 2.
Example 6. We showed earlier that 1 + x ex . It follows that
1
1
(1 + x)dx
ex dx = e 1
0

(1 + x)dx =

Hence,

1
3
x2
x+
=
2 0
2

3
5
e 1,or, e .
2
2

Change of Variable:
If f (x) = g(u(x)), then we write du = u (x)dx and

g(u)du = g(u(x))u (x)dx = f (x)u (x)dx

For denite integrals:
x2

f (x)u (x)dx =

x1

Example 7.

(indenite integrals)

u2

g(u)du

where u1 = u(x1 ), u2 = u(x2 )

u1

3
4
x + 2 x2 dx

Let u = x3 + 2.

Then du = 3x2 dx = x2 dx =

du
;
3

x1 = 1, x2 = 2 = u1 = 13 + 2 = 3, u2 = 23 + 2 = 10, and
10
2
10
3
4
du
u5
105 35
x + 2 x2 dx =
u4
=
=

3
15 3
15
1
3