Cheat Sheet: ECE 318

Prepared by Walid Abediseid

all frequencies, i.e., Sn () = K

2 where K is a constant.
The average power of a signal x(t) with power spectral
R
1
Sx () d and
density Sx () is given by: Px = 2

Modulation Schemes

(see Table below)

Why Modulation? Make transmission more reliable.

Reduce noise and interference. To facilitate channel assignment and multiplexing.
f (t)|
represents the modula For DSB-LC: = | max
Ac
tion index. In this case, one may rewrite the DSBLC as: s(t) = Ac (1 + f (t)) cos(c + ), conditioned
on | max f (t)| = 1. The modulation efficiency is dePf /2
2 Pf /2
2 Pf
fined by = Pf /2+A
2 /2 , or = 2 P /2+1/2 = 1+2 P
f
f
c
(for the other representation). A special case, is when
f (t) = cos(f t) or sin(f t). In this case, we have
2
Pf = 1/2, and = 2+
2.

since Sx () is a non-negative function, one can write the

1
above equation as Px = 2
[Total Area under Sx ()].
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is defined by: SNR =
Average Power of Transmitted Signal
. The following propAverage Power of Noise
erty of LTI systems is very important:
LTI

LPF

A0c f (t)

cos(c t + )

Noise Filtering in LTI Systems

A random noise signal, n(t), is called white if it has a

power spectral density function, Sn (), that is flat for
Scheme
DSB-LC
DSB-SC
USSB
LSSB
VSB

Sg () = Sr ()|H()|2

Example 1. Suppose we have r(t) = x(t) + n(t) is the input

to the above LTI system, where n(t) is a white noise with
Sn (t) = K/2, and
Sx ()

H()
1/2

2B

2B

Find the SNR at the output?

Solution: Let y(t) = x(t) h(t), and n0 (t) = n(t) h(t). In
order to find the average power of y(t) and n0 (t), we need
to find their corresponding power spectral density functions
Sy (), Sn0 ():

However, for VSB modulation scheme, the filter at the

transmitter side hVSB (t) must satisfy the condition:
H( c ) + H( + c ) = constant, so that one can use
the above demodulator to recover the actual message
signal f (t).
An exception to the above demodulator, is the DSBLC. If the modulation index such that the envelope
of s(t) is greater than zero, i.e., (Ac + f (t)) > 0, then
a simple RC circuit can be used to recover f (t).

H()

Sr ()

1
For SSB: f(t) = t
f (t) is the Hilbert Transform of f (t)
(hard to find in time-domain). In frequency domain:
F () = jsgn()F (). Hilbert Transform acts as a
\ = cos(t /2) =
90 phase delay. Example cos(t)
sin(t), in this case no need to do Fourier Transform.
All the above modulation schemes can be demodulated
(coherently) using the following:

s(t)

g(t) = r(t) h(t)

r(t)

Sy ()

Sn0 ()

1/4
1/8

K/8

In this case, the average power of y(t) can be eas1

ily evaluated using: Py = 2
[Area under Sy ()] =
1
3
0
2 [Area of rectangle +Area of triangle] = 16 B. Also, Pn =
3B/16
1
K
BK
3
2 [2B 8 ] = 8 . Therefore, the SNR= BK/8 = 2K .

Format
s(t) = (Ac + f (t)) cos(c t + )
s(t) = Ac f (t) cos(c t + )
s(t) = Ac f (t) cos(c t + ) Ac f(t) sin(c t + )
s(t) = Ac f (t) cos(c t + ) + Ac f(t) sin(c t + )
s(t) = sDSBSC (t) hVSB (t)

Power Ps
A2c
2

2 P
+ 2f
2
Ac Pf
2
A2c Pf
4
A2c Pf
4

depend on filter

Band-Width Bs
2Bf
2Bf
Bf
Bf
depend on filter

R
R
R T /2
1
Parsavals Thm: x(t)y(t) dt = 2
X()Y () d. Averag power of x(t), Px = limT T1 T /2 |x(t)|2 dt. Power[C0 +

Pn
Pn Ck2
2
k=1 Ck cos(k t + k )] = C0 +
k=1 2 , where i 6= j for i 6= j. If the input to an LIT system with Frequency Response H(),
is the complex exponential A exp(j0 t) = the output is simply given by A|H(0 )| exp(j[0 t + H(0 )]). Autocorrelation of x(t)
Rx (t) = F 1 {Sx ()}. Average power also equal to Rx (0).