Research Proposal

Manufacturing of Tissue From Organic Waste : The Effect of

Drying Time and Chemical Treatment

CHAPTER 1
PREFACE
1.1 Background
An estimated 13 million hectares of forests were lost each year
between 2000 and 2010 due to deforestation. In tropical rainforests
particularly, deforestation continues to be an urgent environmental issue
that people livelihoods, threatens species, and intensifies global warming.
Forests make a vital contribution to humanity, but their full potential will
only be realized if we halt deforestation and forest degradation . Over the
past 50 years, about half the world's original forest cover has been lost,
mainly because of unsystematic use of its resources. When we take away
the forest, it is not just the trees that go. The entire ecosystem begins to fall
apart, with dire consequences for all of us (WWF, 2015).
Tissue making industries is the one of deforestation cause problem.
Because of the serious problem, now the accepted challenge is to find the
alternative raw materials of tissue production. The tissue making industries
should be aware with the significant environmental and the available of
raw material challenges. The material should be renewable and
environmental friendly. Trees are renewable but it takes a long time to
grow, should be found another source that grow faster or use waste
material which contain cellulose.
The alternative raw material should be contain of cellulose because
it is the main substance to produce tissue. Compared to wood, non-wood
raw materials are similar in cellulose, lower in lignin and higher in
pentosans (hemicelluloses) and silica content. The advantages of nonwood fibers that they are mostly by-products (agricultural residues), often
cheaper than wood, large annual crops, need little refining, and makes
excellent filler and good printing and smoothness. Furthermore, the
potential availability and economics of using agricultural residues is more
interesting despite of their limitations. For instance, this can provide added

Adinda Annisa Khurin

D500134002

Research Proposal
Manufacturing of Tissue From Organic Waste : The Effect of
Drying Time and Chemical Treatment

income to farmers without compromising the production of main food and

even non-food crops . The problems associated with the utilization of these
non-wood fiber resources include: collection and transportation; storage
and handling; washing; bleaching; papermaking; and chemical recovery
(Mohieldin, 2014).
From previous attempt has been done by students of UNY
(Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta) named Jovita, made tissue from banana
peel. Waste of banana peel was changed by jovita into a valuable thing.
Banana peel contains high number of cellulose so it is capable as an
alternative raw material for tissue making process. The banana peel waste
is proceed using chemical pulping process.
To provide long-term, stable and low cost fiber supply, it is
important to develop a high yielding crops adapted to lower quality farm
land. Non-wood materials may require specialized handling and pulping
systems. These may include wet cleaning, depithing, and decortications
according to their type. Brown stock washing is different according to the
drainability; straws need larger area as they drain slowly. Although most of
the non-wood materials would require specialized handling and pulping
systems, some can be processed with no major equipment changes in the
existing mill (Mohieldin, 2014).
The aim of this research is to give economic value for waste
material which potential to produce tissue such as banana stem, sawdust
and dry leaf with chemical pulping process. Pulping is the process of
production of pulp using wood material which is a lignocelluloses fibrous
material. It is prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose
fibres from wood, fibre crops or waste paper (Marela et al, 2014). Drying
time requirement and chemical treatment in the bleaching process is the
concern of this reasearch to determine the quality of tissue. The quality of
the tissue should be suitable with SNI (Standard Nasional Indonesia).

Adinda Annisa Khurin

D500134002

Research Proposal
Manufacturing of Tissue From Organic Waste : The Effect of
Drying Time and Chemical Treatment

There are some test should be follow, such as : sighting, crumbly, water
absorption, and grammage.
1.2 Research Problem
In the tissue production there are some factors that affect the quality such
as the water contain in the raw material, the raw material itself and the
chemical material in the production process. What is the influence of drying
time, raw material and the chemical material during the production process to
the quality of tissue?
1.3 Objectives
The objectives of this research are:
1. To know the optimum time for drying process in the tissue production
process.
2. To know the most optimum raw material to produce tissue.
3. To know the optimum chemical material in the tissue production
process.

1.4 Benefit of The Study

This research is expected to give positive contribution to the society especially
for the researcher. The benefits are :
1. Decrease the environmental crisis due to tissue production.
2. To find other raw material which more environmental friendly.
3. To give information to the society about the tissue making production from
banana stem, sawdust and dry leaf.
4. Learning development and inovation.
5. As the reference for the next research.

Adinda Annisa Khurin

D500134002