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Determination of Ka of Unknown Acid
Determination of Ka of Unknown Acid
Determination of Ka of Unknown Acid
Bil
Content
Page
1.
Abstract
2.
Introduction
3.
Objective
4.
Apparatus
5.
Theory
6.
Procedure
7.
9-14
8.
Discussion
15-16
9.
Conclusion
17
10.
Recommendation
18
11.
Reference
19
4-7
8
1.1 Abstract
A solution of sodium hydroxide, a strong base, will be used as the titrant to generate a pH
titration curve for an unknown acid. Measurement of the pH as the titration proceeds is
done by using a pH electrode. The initial acid concentration and the pH at the initial
point, half-equivalence point, and equivalence point will allow the calculation of values
of the Ka for the acid. A plot of pH versus volume of NaOH solution added will be used
to determine the pKa of acid. Two methods of calculations are used to determine the Ka
of the unknown acid which are the initial Ph method and the half-equivalence method.
6
From the calculation, by using method 1, the Ka value is 6.383 x 10
while method 2
gives the Ka value of
5.163 x 10
Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP). The percentage error for method 1 is 63.2% while the
percentage error for method 2 is 98.67%. It is proven that method 1 is more accurate.
However, the results for this experiment is not acceptable as it has high percentage error.
1.2 Introduction
An unknown acid with known molarity is used in titration with sodium hydroxide. A titration
is a process in which there is a small increment of a solution of known concentration are
added to a specific volume of a solution of unknown concentration until the stoichiometry for
that reaction is attained. The calculation for the value of
Ka
quantity of known solution required to complete the titration. The purpose of this titration is
to determine the equivalence point and half-equivalence point of the reaction that can be
obtained from the graph. The equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in solution
equals to the moles of bases added in the titration, showing that the solution have been
neutralized.
1.3 Objective
To determine the unknown acid by calculating its ionization constant, Ka.
1.5 Theory
In the titration process, a burette is used to dispense a small, quantifiable increment of
solution of known concentration (Figure 1-a). A typical burette has the smallest calibration
unit of 0.1mL (Figure 1-b), therefore, volume dispense from the burette should be estimated
to the nearest 0.01mL.
Figure 1 : a) Depicts a typical 50-mL burette. b) Indicates smallest calibration unit, 0.1mL, on a typical 50
mL burette.
There are two general methods used to determine the Ka value of a weak acid:
1. Titrating the weak acid with sodium hydroxide
2. Measuring the pH of the weak acid solution
4.84 V =51.08
V =10.55 mL
10.55 mL
=5.28 mL
2
6.005.28 5.20 pH
=
5.284.00 pH 4.88
0.72 5.20 pH
=
1.28 pH4.88
0.72 pH 3.51=6.661.28 pH
2 pH =10.17
pH=5.09
(Equation 1)
The sudden change in the pH of the solution shows that the titration has reached the
equivalence point. pH in an aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration.
+
Symbolically, the hydrogen ion concentration is written as [ H 3 O ]. pH is defined as the
negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
+
pH = - log [ H 3 O ]
(Equation 2)
The quantitative measure of the position of the equilibrium is called the equilibrium constant.
For an acid dissociation, the equilibrium constant is called the acid dissociation constant,
or K a . It is defined as follows:
(Equation 3)
A
(aq)
H 3 O+
(aq)+
HA (aq )+ H 2 O (l)
+
A
H 3 O
K a =
In the case of a weak acid, the actual value of Ka is a small number, indicating that only a
small fraction of the acid is dissociated into ions at any given time. Concentrations of HA and
(Equation 4)
A
[H A]=
X , so that
[HA ]=
+
A
+
H3O X
H3O
H 3 O
K a=
Taking the negative sign of the logarithm on each side, we can derive :
(Equation 5)
+
H 3 O
log K a=log
p K a= pH
5.09
pKa
follows :
8
K a=10 p K
5.09
10
8.128 x 106
For the second method, initial pH of the weak acid is used to determine its
Ka .
A(aq)
+
H 3 O(aq)+
HA (aq )+ H 2 O (l)
Initial (M)
0.1
Change (M)
1.0 x 10
+ 1.0 x 10
1.0 x 10
Equilibrium (M)
0.1- 1.0 x 10
1.0 x 10
1.0 x 104
+
A
H 3 O
K a =
1.0 x 10
10
1.6 Procedure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
pH
Titration 1
4.17
4.46
4.71
4.88
5.11
5.22
5.37
5.59
5.81
6.18
10.49
10.76
10.96
11.07
11.17
11.24
Titration 2
4.12
4.44
4.67
4.87
5.06
5.25
5.42
5.62
5.88
6.34
10.29
10.67
10.88
11.03
11.12
11.21
12
Titration 1
12
10
8
pH of the solution
6
pH
4
2
0
0
10
12
14
Equivalence Point
10.50+ 6.18
2
= 8.34 pH
10.00V
V 9.00
V = 9.50 mL
Therefore at equivalence point pH 8.34, the volume of NaOH is 9.50 mL
5.004.75
4.754.00
13
x = 5.19
The pH at half-equivalence point is 5.19 and the volume of NaOH is 4.75 mL
12
10
8
pH of the solution
6
ph
4
2
0
0
10
12
14
Titration 2
Equivalence Point
10.29+ 6.34
2
= 8.32 pH
14
10.298.32
8.326.34
V 9.00
10.00V
V = 9.50 mL
= 4.75 mL
5.004.75
4.754.00
5.25 y
y 5.06
y = 5.20
The pH at half-equivalence point is 5.20 and the volume of NaOH is 4.75 mL.
= 6.383 10
15
Initial pH = 4.17
Concentration
+
pH
4.17
=6.761 X 105
H 30 = 10 =10
HA
Initial
0.1 M
Change
5
- 6.761 x 10
(0.1M6.761 x 105 )
Equilibrium
H20
+
H 3 O
5
+ 6.761 x 10
5
+ 6.761 x 10
6.761 x 105
6.761 x 105
+
A
(aq)
(aq)
H 3 O
K a =
[ 6.761 X 105 ]
[0.1]
K a=
[6.761 X 105 ]
K a=4.571 x 10
16
Titration 2
Initial pH = 4.12
Concentration
+
pH
4.12
5
H 30 = 10 =10 =7.586 X 10
HA
Initial
Change
Equilibrium
0.1 M
5
- 7.586 x 10
(0.1M7.586 x 105 )
H20
+
H 3 O
5
+ 7.586 x 10
7.586 x 10
5
+ 7.586 x 10
7.586 x 10
+
A
(aq)
(aq)
H 3 O
K a =
17
[ 7.586 x 105 ]
[0.1]
K a =
[7.586 x 105 ]
K a=5.755 x 108
Ka=
Ka=5.163 x 108
pKa = -log Ka
8
pKa = -log 5.163 x 10
pKa = 7.287
1.8 Discussion
The aim of the experiment is to find out the unknown acid by calculating its Ka value
by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution. The unknown acid based on
theory is KHP.
Burette
200ml beaker
pH electrode
Retort stand
A titration curve is formed by plotting the pH of the acid solution against the volume
of NaOH added. The equivalence point of the titration is achieved when all of the weak acid
(HA) has completely reacted with NaOH. On the titration curve, the equivalence point is read
at the middle of the region where the pH increases abruptly.
18
The half-equivalence point for the titration is achieved when one half of the base
needed to complete to neutralize the acid has been added. The concentration of the acid in the
The sudden change in the pH of the solution shows that the titration has reached the
equivalence point. pH in an aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration.
+
Symbolically, the hydrogen ion concentration is written as [ H 3 O ]. pH is defined as the
negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
In the case of a weak acid, the actual value of Ka is a small number, indicating that
only a small fraction of the acid is dissociated into ions at any given time. Concentrations of
HA and
19
20
1.9 Conclusion
Based on the experimental data collected, the
6
6.383 x 10
Ka
The unknown acid used in this experiment is Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP) ,
6
KHC8H4O4 with theoretical value of Ka is 3.91 10 .
TheoriticalE
m
xpieraenlt
Theoritical
100%
100% = 63.2%
100% = 98.67%
Therefore experiment is not acceptable because the high value of percentage error.
21
1.10 Recommendations
22
1.11 References
Wikipedia,
(March
24,
2016),
Acid-base
Titration,
retrieved
from
https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/acid-base_reaction
23