Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Opam Ingles
Opam Ingles
Opam Ingles
Fundamentals of Microelectronics
CH1
CH2
CH3
CH4
CH5
CH6
CH7
CH8
Why Microelectronics?
Basic Physics of Semiconductors
Diode Circuits
Physics of Bipolar Transistors
Bipolar Amplifiers
Physics of MOS Transistors
CMOS Amplifiers
Operational Amplifier As A Black Box
Chapter 8
11/30/2010
Chapter Outline
Basic Op Amp
11/30/2010
Ideal Op Amp
Infinite gain
Infinite input impedance
Zero output impedance
Infinite speed
11/30/2010
Virtual Short
11/30/2010
Vout
R
= 1+ 1
Vin
R2
10
11/30/2010
V out
R
R 1
1 + 1 1 1 + 1
V in
R2
R 2 A0
The error term indicates the larger the closed-loop gain, the
less accurate the circuit becomes.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
11
12
11/30/2010
Inverting Amplifier
0 V out V in
=
R1
R2
V out
R1
=
V in
R2
Infinite A0 forces the negative input to be a virtual ground.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
13
Inverting
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
Noninverting
14
11/30/2010
Vout
R 1 R
1 1 1 + 1
Vin
R2 A0 R2
The larger the closed loop gain, the more inaccurate the
circuit is.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
15
Vout
Z
1
Vin
Z2
The closed-loop gain is still equal to the ratio of two
impedances.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
16
11/30/2010
Integrator
Vout
1
=
Vin
R1C1 s
Vout =
1
Vin dt
R1C1
17
Vout =
1
V
Vindt = 1 t 0 < t < Tb
R1C1
R1C1
18
11/30/2010
19
Lossy Integrator
Vout
1
=
Vin 1 1
+ 1+ R1C1s
A0 A0
When finite op amp gain is considered, the integrator
becomes lossy as the pole moves from the origin to 1/[(1+A0)R1C1].
It can be approximated as an RC circuit with C boosted by a
factor of A0+1.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
20
10
11/30/2010
Differentiator
Vout
dV
= R1C1 in
dt
Vout
R
= 1 = R1C1s
1
Vin
C1s
21
Vout = m R1C1V1 (t )
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
22
11
11/30/2010
23
Lossy Differentiator
Vout
R1C1 s
=
Vin 1 + 1 + R1C1 s
A0
A0
When finite op amp gain is considered, the differentiator
becomes lossy as the zero moves from the origin to
(A0+1)/R1C1.
It can be approximated as an RC circuit with R reduced by a
factor of (A0+1).
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
24
12
11/30/2010
Vout
Z
= 1+ 1
Vin
Z2
25
Voltage Adder
Ao
V V
Vout = R F 1 + 2
R1 R 2
RF
Vout =
(V1 + V 2 )
R
If R1 = R2=R
26
13
11/30/2010
Precision Rectifier
27
28
14
11/30/2010
Logarithmic Amplifier
Vout = VT ln
Vin
R1 I S
29
Square-Root Amplifier
Vout =
2Vin
VTH
W
n C ox R1
L
30
15
11/30/2010
31
Effects of DC Offsets
R
Vout = 1 + 1 (Vin + Vos )
R2
32
16
11/30/2010
Since the offset will be amplified just like the input signal,
output of the first stage may drive the second stage into
saturation.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
33
Offset in Integrator
Vout
R
1
= 2
Vin
R1 R2C1s +1
34
17
11/30/2010
35
R
Vout = R2 I B 2 1 = R1I B2
R2
It turns out that IB1 has no effect on the output and IB2
affects the output by producing a voltage drop across R1.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
36
18
11/30/2010
R
Vout = Vcorr1+ 1 + I B2 R1
R2
37
IB1 = IB2
38
19
11/30/2010
Vout =
1
R1C1
I B 2 R1 )dt
39
40
20
11/30/2010
Speed Limitation
V out
A
(s ) = 0
s
V in 1 V in 2
1+
41
42
21
11/30/2010
In the linear region, when the input doubles, the output and
the output slope also double. However, when the input is
large, the op amp slews so the output slope is fixed by a
constant current source charging a capacitor.
This further limits the speed of the op amp.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
43
44
22
11/30/2010
dVout
R
= V0 1 + 1 cos t
dt
R2
As long as the output slope is less than the slew rate, the
op amp can avoid slewing.
However, as operating frequency and/or amplitude is
increased, the slew rate becomes insufficient and the
output becomes distorted.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
45
V out =
V max V min
V + V min
sin t + max
2
2
FP =
SR
Vmax Vmin
2
46
23
11/30/2010
A0
R out
R1
v out
R
= 1
v in
R 2 1 + R out + A + R1
0
R2
R2
In practical op amps, the output resistance is not zero.
It can be seen from the closed loop gain that the nonzero
output resistance increases the gain error.
CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box
47
Design Examples
48
24